COURSE OUTLINE IN MATHEMATICS

FOR CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION

I. Integers
A. Odd and Even Integers

II. Divisibility Rules

III. Exponents
IV. Radicals
V. Fractions
VI. Decimals
VII. Scientific Notation
VIII. Percentages
IX. Interest

X. Ratio and Proportion XI. Average Problems

XII. Solving Linear Equation

A. Relationship Between Variables

XIII. Basic Concepts of Algebra

A. Rules of Algebra

XIV. Sequences and Series

XV. Number Analogy

XVI. Remainder Problems

XVII. Work Problems
XVIII. Age Problems
XIX. Distance Problems

XX. Factorials, Permutations, and Combinations

XXI. Probability
XXII. Data Interpretation

XXIII. Basic Concepts in Geometry

XXIV. Answers to Practice Exercises

XXV. Practice Test
XXVI. Practice Test Answer Key
I. Integers
An integer is a whole number (not a fractional number) that can be positive, negative, or zero.

-1 -2 -3 -4 0 1 2 3 4
Operations of Integers Same Signs Opposite Signs
Addition Add then copy the given sign subtract then copy the sign of the
greater number
3+5=8 25 + -12 = 13
9 + .41 + 6 + = 56 -25 + 12 = -13
-2 + -10 = -12 -120 + 30 = -90

Subtraction Change the sign of the subtrahend then proceed to addition

Example 1: 5 – 8
Note: Subtracting is the same as adding its negative, so 5 – 8 = 5 + –8. Note
that 5 + –8 is already addition and 5 + –8 = –3.
Example 2: –10 – 4
The expression –10 – 4 is the same as –10 + –4 = –14.

Multiplication and Multiply/Divide; answer is Multiply/Divide; answer is negative (-)

Division positive (+)

6 x 6 = 36 6 x -6 = -36
-7 x -6 = 54 -7 x 6 = -54
60 ÷ 12 = 5 60 ÷ -12 = -5
- 20 ÷ -5 = 4 - 20 ÷ 5 = -4

Practice Exercises:

1. -24 + 6 =
A. -18 C. -14
B. 30 D. 5

2. (-6) (5) =
A. 1 C. -30
B. 30 D. -1

3. 20 – (-6) =
A. 14 C. -26
B. 26 D. -14
 4. If you divide 144 by -12, the quotient will be?
A. -12 C.12
B.-156 D. 132
5. What is the difference between -14 and -60? A.
-74 C.74
B.46 D.-46

Odd and Even Integers

Long Method Shortcut Method

Consecutive Integers x, Average; where, the numerator is the

x+1, x+2, x+3 VS. sum/total; denominator determine the
number of integers. The result serves as
Consecutive Odd or Even Integers x, middle number.
x+2, x+4, x+6
(Interval of two)

Example 1:

Given that d is odd, find out which of the following is even.

I. d3 – 2 II. 5d III. d + 3

A.I only C. III only

B. II only D. All of the above

Answer: C

Solution:

Let d = 3 (odd)

d3 – 2 5d d+3

= 33 – 2 = 5(3) =3+3

= 27 – 2 = 15 =6

= 25

Note!
In odd and even number problems, use the substitution method, and plug in the smallest possible numbers.

Example 2:
There are three consecutive integers. The sum of the least and the greatest of these integers is 90. Find
the value of three integers?

Answer: 44, 45, 46

Solution:

X + x +2 = 90
2x = 90-2
2x= 88
x= 44 (smallest integer)

Example 3:

The sum of three consecutive odd numbers is 117. What is the smallest of the three numbers?

Answer: 37, 39,41

Solution:
117 = 39 (middle number)
3

Note!
Use the shortcut method. In finding the consecutive odd or even, use the result as the middle number.

Example 4:

The sum of four consecutive even integers is 116. What is the sum of the first two integers?

Answer: 54
Solution:

116 (middle number, but 29 is not an even number. Therefore, there are two =
29
4 even numbers below 29 and two even numbers above 29)

The four consecutive even integers are 26,28,30,32. If you try to get the average of 28 and 30. Still, the
answer will be 29. 26 + 28 = 54

Practice Exercises:

1. The sum of four consecutive integers is 850. What is the value of the smallest integer?
A. 209 C. 215
 B. 211 D. 217
2. 53 is 17 divided by the sum of a number and 6
A. 53= 17n / 6 C. 53 = 17n+6
B. 53 = 17/n+6 D. 53 = n+6/17
3. There are two numbers whose sum is 48. One of the numbers is greater by 6. What are
the numbers?
A. 23,24 C. 22.26
B. 21,27 D. 20,28
4. The sum of three consecutive odd integers is 597; find the sum of the first two integers
A. 396 C. 391
B. 393 D. 350
5. If the sum of 5 consecutive numbers integers is 95, what is the third number?
A. 17 C. 18
B. 20 D.19
II. Divisibility Rules
Divisible by: If: Examples:
2 The last digit is even 178 yes
139 no

3 The sum of the digits is divisible by 3 462(4+6+2=12,12÷3=4) yes

325(3+2+5=10,10÷3=3 1/3 no

4 The last two digits are divisible by 4 4424 yes

7813 no

5 The last digit is 0 or 5 185 yes

397 no

6 The number is divisible by both 2 and 3 342 (divisible by 2 because it is

even, and divisible by 3 because
3+4+2=9 and 9÷3=3) yes
278 (divisible by 2 because it is
even, but not divisible by 3
because 2+7+8=17 and 17÷3=3
2/3) no

7 Double the last digit, subtract it from the rest of the 518(8x2=16;51-16=35) yes
number; it must yield an answer which is 0 or 578(8x2=16;57-16=41) no
divisible by 7

8 The last three digits are divisible by 8 532,456 (456÷8=57) yes

323,441(441÷8=55 1/8) no

9 The sum of the digits is divisible by 9 29,493 (2+9+4+9+3=27) yes

35,443 (3+5+4+4+3=19) no

10 The number ends in 0 535,410 yes

332,539 no

Example 1:

To what numbers are 1,818 divisible to?

The last digit number is even, therefore it is divisible by 2.

The sum of the digits is 18, therefore it is divisible by 3 and 9. It
is divisible by both 2 and 3, therefore it is also divisible 6
 Answers: 2,3,6 and 9

Example 2:

How many integers that are less than 20 are both divisible by 2 and 3? Answer:

3 (6,12 and 18)

Practice Exercises:

1. If a positive integer m is divisible by both 3 and 8, then m must also be divisible by

the product of
3 and 8,
A. 10 C. 24
B. 18 D. 60

2. How many even integers between 21 to 48 is divisible by 4?

A. 6 C. 8
B. 7 D. 9

3. Which of the following numbers is divisible by 8?

A. 9 208 C. 88 254
B. 636 D. 8 886

4. To what numbers is 1,234,530 divisible?

III. Exponents
The base a raised to the power of n is equal to the multiplication of a, n times:
a n = a × a × ... × a, where a is the base and n is the exponent.
Examples
31 = 3
32 = 3 × 3 = 9
33 = 3 × 3 × 3 = 27
Exponents rules and properties
Rule name Rule Example

A. Product rule with same base a

23 24 = 23+4 = 128
n a m = a n+m

Product rules
B. Product rule with same exponent
32 42 = (3 4)2 = 144
a n b n = (a b) n

A. Quotient rule with same base

25 / 23 = 25-3 = 4
a n / a m = a n-m
Quotient rules
B. Quotient rule with same exponent 3 3
4 / 2 = (4/2)3 = 8
a n / b n = (a / b) n

A. Power rule I
(23)2 = 23 2 = 64
(bn)m = bn m

B.Power rule II
232 = 2(32) = 512
bnm = b(nm)
Power rules

Power rule with radicals 2

m √(26) = 26/2 = 8
√(bn) = b n/m

b1/n = n√b 81/3 = 3√8 = 2

Negative exponents b-n = 1 / bn 2-3 = 1/23 = 0.125

b0 = 1 50 = 1
Zero rules
0n = 0, for n>0 05 = 0

b1 = b 51 = 5
One rules
1n = 1 15 = 1

PEMDAS RULES (Parentheses, Exponent, Multiplication, Division, Addition, Subtraction)

 Calculate in the following order.
1. the expressions inside the Parentheses.
2. the expression with Exponents.
3. If no operation separates Multiplication and Division, perform from
left hand side to right whichever comes first.
4. If no operation separates Addition and Subtraction, perform from left hand
side to right whichever comes first.

Example 1: 4 + 3 x 5
Perform multiplication first before addition since M comes before A in PEMDAS.

Multiply: 4 + 3 x 5 = 4 + 15

Add: 4 + 15 = 19.

Example 2: (4 + 5) x (8 – 2)2 ÷ 2
Perform the operations inside the parentheses simultaneously, simplify the operation with exponent,
multiply, and then divide.

Parentheses: (4 + 5) x (8 – 2)2 ÷ 2 = 9 x 62 ÷ 2
Exponent: 9 x 62 ÷ 2 = 9 x 36 ÷ 2
Multiplication: 9 x 36 ÷ 2 = 324 ÷ 2
Divide: 324 ÷ 2 = 162

Example 3:
What is 7 + (4 -3 + 7)2 x 3 ÷ 3 -6?

Solution

=7+ (4 -3 + 7)2 x 3 ÷ 3 -6 (Parentheses) =7+

(8)2 x 3 ÷ 3 -6 (Exponent) =7 +
64 x 3 ÷ 3 – 6 (Multiplication)

=7+192 ÷ 3 – 6 (Division)
=7+64-6 (Addition)
=71 -6 (Subtraction)
=65

Practice Exercises:

1. What is (8y)2?
A. 8y2 C. 16y
2
B. 64y D. 64y

2. | 2 x -12|=
 A. 12 C. -12
B. 24 D. -24

3. What is (43 x 42)2?

A. 5 650 C. 4 532
B. 2 500 D. 3 543

4. What is 6x3 • 6x4?

A. 6x C. 36x12
B. 18 D. 36x7

5. Evaluate: [16 − (24 − 8)] + 22 𝑥 8 − 8

A. 150 C. 165
B. 155 D. 168

IV. Radicals
Rules and Roots of Radicals Example
 1. Simplify √180.
Solution:
We must look for the square factors, which will be factors that are repeated.

180 = 2 · 90 = 2· 2· 45 = 2· 2· 9· 5 = 2· 2· 3· 3· 5

Therefore,

2.

=7 + 2√3 + 6√3 + 5√2 -√2

= 7 + 8√3 + 4√2

Note!
Similar radicals have the same radicand. We add them as like terms.

3. Simplify 4- √8
2
Solution:

2 2
4. 2 √6 • 3√7
Solution:
2 √6 • 3√7 = 6√42

5. (2√5)2
Solution:
(2√5)2 = 4 • 5 = 20

6. √14x5 • √7x9
Solution:
√14x5 • √7x9 = √2 • 7 • 7 •x14 = 7x7√2

Practice Exercises:
1. What is the sum of √12 + V27
A.5√3 C. 13√3
B. 3√5 D. 7√3
 2. What is the difference between √150 and √54?
A. √6 C. 2√6
B. 6√2 D. 16 √2

3. Reduce to lowest terms √20/2?

A. √2 C. 2 √3
B. √5 D. √6

4. Simplify 4 - √8
2
A. √5 C. 2 - √2
B. 3 + 2 √2 D. √3

5. Find the product (√6 + √2) (√6 - √2)

A. √3 C. 4
B.6 D. √2

V. Fractions
4 numerator
5 denominator

A fraction is composed of a numerator, the number above the bar, and a denominator, the number below
the bar. Fractions whose numerator are less than the denominator is called proper fractions. Fractions
whose numerator are greater than the numerator is called improper fractions. Improper fractions can be
converted to mixed fractions or fractions that contain whole numbers.

Simplify 15 To get the GCF, list all the factors of

each number, and choose the biggest
30 common to all.
Solution: The GCF of 20 and 30 is 10.
20 ÷10 = 1 30 10 3
20: 1,2,3,4,5,10,20
30: 1,2,3,5,6,10,15,30
 Note!
To simplify a fraction, divide the numerator and the denominator by the greatest common factor (GCF)

Example 1:
What is 2+ 3

7 7

Solution:

2 + 3 = 2+3 = 5

7 7 7 7

Example 2:

What is 4 – 3 ?
7 7

Solution:

4–3=1
7 7 7

Note!
To add/ subtract fractions with the same denominators, add/subtract the numbers and retain the
denominator.
Example 3:

What is 3 + 1 ?
5 4

Solution:

3 = 20 ÷ 5 x 3 = 12 To get the LCD. List all the multiples of each number,

5 20 20 and choose the smallest one common to all
1 = 20 ÷ 4 x 1 = 5 The LCD of 5 and 4 is 20.
4 20 20 5: 5,10,15,20
3 + 1 = 12 + 5 = 17 4: 4,8,12,16,20
5 4 20 20

Example 4:

What is:
5
 3 + 1

Solution:
7x3+2 23
3 = =
7 7

9x1+5 14
1 = =
9 9

5 23 14 207 + 98 305
3+ 1 = + = =
9 7 9 63 63

Note: To add fractions with different denominators, get the least common denominator(LCD), rewrite
the fractions so the will have the same denominators, and then proceed to addition

Example 5:

What is:

Solution:

2 35 ÷ 5 x 2 14
= =
5 35 35

1
= =
7

2- = =
5
 Example 6:

15 x 6 =
7 255

Note: To multiply fractions, multiply the numerators and denominators. Cancel or reduce fractions, if
possible, before multiplying.

Example 7:

What is:

Solution:

2 2 48 ÷=x =
3 3 3 9

Note: In dividing fractions, invert the second fraction, and then proceed to multiplication

Example 8:
5
Which of the following is less than
8

A. 3/4 B. 6/7 C. 2/5 D. 8/9

Answer: C Solution:
205 324 275 648 255 216 455 864
< < > <
8 4 8 7 8 5 8 9

Note: When comparing two fractions, use cross multiplication

Arrange the following from least to greatest: 3, 5, 6, 8.

 4 8 79

Solution:

Convert the fractions (by getting the LCD of 4, 8, 10, and 5) so they will have the same denominators:
3 40 ÷ 4 x 3 30
40 ÷ 10 x 7
= == =
4 40 40 40

5 40 ÷ 8 x 5 25 4
40 ÷ 5 x 4
= ===
8 40 40 5 40

Thus, the correct order from the least to greatest is:

< < < < < <<

Note!

It is easier to compare several fractions if they have the same denominators. The bigger the numerator of the fraction,
the bigger the value of the fraction.

Practice Exercises:

1. What is 7 + 1 + 2?
10 2 3
A. 56/30 C. 1/2
B. 15/17 D. 3/5

2. Find the product of ?

A. 1 ½ C. 4 4/7
B. 5 1/9 D. 2 3/7
3. What is ?

A. 3/7 C. 4/9
B. 1 1/42 D. 7/12
 4. Find 3 ⅓ of 15
A. 25 C. 65
B. 50 D. 100

5. The fraction 52 / 91 expressed in lowest terms is__?

A. 4/7 C. 3/5
B. ½ D. ¾

6. What is (2/3 – 3/2) ÷ (2/3 + 3/2)

A. 0 C. -5/13
B. 2 D. 5/6

7. Change 13 3/7 to an improper fraction.

A. 3/8 C. 94/7
B. 65/71 D. 83/81

8. Which of the following has the greatest numerical value?

A. 5/6 C. 3/4
B. 2/5 D. 1/3

9. If the following quantities were arranged from the least to greatest, which one would have the
least value?
A. 11/12 C. 7/8
B. 10/11 D. 9/10

10. What is the least common denominator of the following fractions: 1/7, 1/6, 1/4, 1/3 ?
A. 32 C. 168
B. 64 D. 84

VI. DECIMALS
Example 1:
Convert 6/15 to decimal.

Solution:
6/15 = 6÷15 = 0.4

Note: The fraction line means to divide

Example 2:
What is 1.456 in percent form?
Answer: 145.6 %

Note: To convert decimal to percentage form, move the decimal point two places to the
right, then add the percent sign

Example 3:
What is 97.8% in decimal form?

Answer: 0.978

Example 4:
What is .56% in decimal form?

Answer: 0.0056

Note: To convert percent to decimal form, move the decimal point two places to the left, then remove
the percent sign

Example 5:
What is 36 ÷0.6?

Answer: 60

Note: Remove the decimal point of the divisor, move the decimal point of the dividend the same
number of places, and then proceed to division.

Example 6:
Find the sum of 7.543 + 13.285 + 125.320 + 15.100?

Solution:
7.543
13.285
125.320
15.100
161.248

Example 7:
What would be the result if 5.8201 is subtracted from 53.278?
 Solution:
53.2780
- 5.8201
47.4579

Note: Remember to line up the decimal points before adding or subtracting.

Example 8:
Find the product of 35.25 x 2.32?

Solution
: 35.25
x 2.32
7050
10575
7050__
81.7800

Note: When multiplying fractions, ignore the decimal points first, and then proceed to
multiplication. Put the decimal point on the product by counting the total number of digits to the right of
the decimal points.

Practice Exercises:

1. What is the sum of 1.95 + 180.2 + 20.003? A.185.75 C.202.15

B. 190.13 D.200.11

2. What is 18.5 divided by 0.2?

A.90.5 C. 92.5
B.91.5 D. 93.5

3. Find the product of 76.98301 and 100.

A.7 798.301 C. 8 798.301
B. 7 898.301 D. 7 698.301

4. Subtract 7.375 from 100.2.

A. -92.825 C. 93.825
B. 92.825 D. -93.825

5. Arrange from least to greatest: 1.823, 1.832, 1.816, 1.819, 1.83, 1.8
VII. SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
 Scientific Notation
9 x 102 where: 10 is the base and 2 is the power or index

Powers of 10
how many places to move the decimal point to the right
Examples:
102 = 10 x 10 = 100
103 = 10x 10 x 10 = 1000
1.5 x 104 = 15000
5 x 108 = 500,000,000 (5 is multiplied by 100,000,000)

Negative Powers of 10
how many times to move the decimal point to the left
Examples:
3 x 10-2 = 3 ÷10 ÷ 10 = 0.03
3 x 10-3 = 3 ÷ 10 ÷ 10 ÷ 10 = 0.003

Exercise 1:
What is (3 x 102) + (5 x 10-3)?

Solution:
( 3 x 102) + (5 x 10-3)
= 300 + 0.005
= 300.005

Exercise 2:
3.54 is multiplied by 10 to the fifth power, what would be the value?

Solution:
3.54 x 105 = 354,000

Exercise 3:
What is (4.215 x 10-2) + (3.2 x 10-4)

Solution:
(4.215 x 10-2) + (0.032 x 10-2) = 4.247 x 10-2

Exercise 3:
What is (8.97 x 104) - (2.62 x 103)?
Solution:
(8.97 x 104) - (0.262 x 104) = 8.71 x 104

Note: In addition, and subtraction, all numbers are converted to the same power of 10, and the
digit terms are added or subtracted.

Exercise 4:
(3.4 x 106) (4.2 x 103)

Solution:
= (3.4) (4.2) x 10(6+3) = 14.28 x 109 = 1.4 x 1010 (to 2 significant figures)
(6.73 x 10-5) (2.91 x 102)
= (6.73) (2.91) x 10(-5+2) = 19.58 x 10-3 = 1.96 x 10-2
(to 3 significant figures)

Note: In multiplication, the digit terms are multiplied in the normal way and the exponents are added.
The end result is changed so that there is only one nonzero digit to the left of the decimal.

Exercise 5:
(6.4 x 106)/(8.9 x 102)

Solution:

(6.4)/(8.9) x 10(6-2) = 0.719 x 104 = 7.2 x 103

(to 2 significant figures)

Exercise 6:
(3.2 x 103) / (5.7 x 10-2)

Solution:
= (3.2) / (5.7) x 103-(-2) = 0.561 x 105 = 5.6 x 104
(to 2 significant figures)

In division, the digit terms are divided in the normal way and the exponents are subtracted. The quotient is
changed (if necessary) so that there is only one nonzero digit to the left of the decimal.

Practice Exercises:
1. Write in scientific notation: 0.000467 and 32000000
A. 4.67 x 10-4; 3.2 x 107 C. 4.67 x 10-5; 3.2 x 106
B. 4.67 x 10-2; 3.2 x 105 D. 4.67 x 10-4; 3.2 x 106

2. Express 5.43 x 10-3 as a number.

 A. 5430 C. 0.00543
B. 54.300 D. .000543

3. (4.5 x 10-14) x (5.2 x 103)

A. 6.3 x 10-11 C. 2.3 x 1010
B. 6.3 x 1010 D. 2.3 x 10-10

4. (6.1 x 105)/(1.2 x 10-3)

A. 5.1 x 10-8 C. 3.5 x 10-8
B. 5.1 x 108 D. 3.5 x 108

5. (3.74 x 10-3)4
A. 1.96 x 1010 C. 1.90 x 10-10
B. 1.96 x 10-10 D. 1.90 x 1010
VIII. Percentages
Percent Fraction Percent Fraction
10% 1/10 50% 1/2
20% 1/5 60% 3/5
25% 1/4 75% ¾
40% 2/5 80% 4/5

Simple Clues;

is/are: = of: x (multiply)

what: N
Example 1:

12 is 125 % of what number?

Solution
12 = 125%N
12 = 1.25N
9.6 = N

Example 2:
What is 35% of 80?

Solution:
35% of 80
= .35 x 80
= 28

Or you may try solving the problem using decimal multiplication

0.35
x 80
28.00

Example 3:
What percent of 16 is 40?

Solution:
N16 = 40
N16 = 40
16 16
N = 2.5 or 250%
 Example 4:
168 is 25% of what number?

Solution:
168 = .25N
168 = .25N
.25 .25
672 = N

Note: In answering percentage problems, just remember the connection between percent
and fractions.

Finding the Percentage Increase Finding the percentage Decrease

% = new value – old value % = old value – new value old value
old value

Example 1:
On a trip to Tokyo, Abbie spotted a kimono at a department store. It was originally priced at
PHP5,650, but it was on sale for PHP 3,672.50. How much was the decrease in percentage?

Solution:
% = old value – new value
old value
= PHP5,650 - 3,672.50
PHP5,650
= .35 or 35%

Example 2:
The price of some apples is increased from 48p to 67p. By how much percent has the price increased
by?

Solution:
% = new value – old value
old value
= 67 – 48
48
= 0.395 0r 39.5 %

Shortcut for percentages, discounts, mark up problems

Ratio Rotation:
 New Value = 100% (Add the percentage if it increases, subtract if it decreases) Old Value 100

Example 3:
Jay is a bibliophile, and he has extensive book collection. He gave 35% of his books to Rica and 25% to
Donna. He still had 360 left afterwards. How many books did he originally have?

Solution: (using the shortcut method)

New Value = 100% Old

Value 100

360 = 40% ÷ Jay originally had 100% of the books. Since he

x 100 gave away 35% + 25% = 60%, the he had 100%
x - 60% =40%

X = 900 Then, apply now the ratio rotation technique.

Note: In ratio rotation technique, always start at the biggest number

Example 4:
Patrick needed a new laptop for school. But the cost of the brand and model that he liked
increased from PHP25,000 to PHP32,500. How much was the increase in percentage? Solution:

New Value = 100% Old

Value 100

32,500 = x Apply the ratio rotation technique:

32,500 ÷25,000 x 100 = 130
25,000 100
X = 130

Therefore, the price increases by 30%.

Example 5:
Joshua found a wrecked Trueno that he could fix. He bought the car for 14% off the original price. Of
PHP 534,000. How much did he pa for the car?

Solution:
New Value = 100%
Old Value 100
X = 86%
 534,000 100 100% - 14% (discount) = 86%
x = 459,240.00
Practice Exercises:

1. 40 is what part of 64?

A. 5/8 C. 4
B. 1/2 D. 10

2. A certain number when raised by 130% gives 754. What is the number?
A. 570 C. 580
B. 575 D.590

3. Miss Reyes attended a clearance sale where prices of all items were reduced by 25%. She bought
a blazer priced P140 and an umbrella priced P99. How much did she save on these two items?
A. 49.75 C. 69.75
B. 59.75 D. 79.25

4. A man paid P68 for a certain goods that he bought at a bargain sale which is 15% discount. What
was the regular price of the goods?
A. P102 C. P90
B. P76 D. P80

5. Three fourth of what number is 12?

A. 14 C. 15
B. 16 D. 12

IX. Interest
Example 1:
500 is put in a bank where there is 6% per annum interest. Work out the amount in the bank after 1
year.
 Solution:
I = PRT
I = 500 (.06) (1)
I = 30
To get the full value, add the interest earned to the principal amount.
P + I = Fv
500 + 30 = 530

Note: Simple interest formula; I = PRT, where I is the interest; P= Principal amount; R is the rate/percent; T is
the time. To get the new value, add the interest to the principal amount.

Example 2:
Mitch wants to earn at least P7,500 in a year. If she plans to invest in a bank with a 5% interest rate, how
much should she deposit?
Solution:
I = PRT
7,500 = P (.05) (1)
7,500 = .05P
.05
7,500 = P
.05
150,000 = P

Example 3:
Part of Alvin’s bucket list is to backpack across Europe. To prepare for his trip, he deposited
PHP40,000 in a time deposit account that earns an annual compound interest of 6%. How much will
Alvin have in the bank after 2 years?
Solution:
A=P(1+r)n
= 40,000 (1 + .06)2
= 40,000 ( 1.06)2
= 44.944

Note: A compound interest is a series of simple interest problems. The interest earned in a previous
period must be added to the principal to get the existing principal for the next period.

Practice Exercises:
 1. A 2- year loan of PHP500 is made with 4% simple interest. Find the interest earned.
A. PHP 25 C. PHP 30
B. PHP 30 D. PHP 40
2. A total of PHP1,200 is invested at a rate of 6% for 4 months. How much is the total amount after
adding the interest earned?
A. PHP 1,000 C. PHP1,224
B. PHP 1, 220 D. PHP 1,330

3. Find the compound amount on the principal 20,000 borrowed at 6% compounded annually for 3
years
A. 23820.3 C. 19078.4
B. 15056.9 D. 25091.5

4. Find compound interest on 2500 invested at 6% per annually, compound semi-annually for 8
years.
A. 3601.50 C. 5345.09
B. 4011.73 D. 3 600.50

5. How much one must invest in corporate bonds paying 9.6% to earn an income of P 12,000 per
annum?
A. P 11, 520 C. P 125 000
B. P 23 040 D. P 250 000

X. Ratio and Proportion

Example 1:
Jonah collects action figures. He has heroes, soldiers, and villains in the ratio of 5:7:10. If he has 6 heroes
in his collection, how many villains does he have?

Solution:

5 heroes = 6 heroes
10 villains x
5 (x) = 10 (6)
5x = 60
5
x = 12 villains

To check, cross multiply if the answers are equal.

Example 2:
Angie goes to the market every Saturday. One time, she purchased oranges that were being sold at
seven pieces for PHP 45. How many oranges did she get for PHP 405?

Solution:
7 oranges = x oranges
45 pesos 405 pesos

45 (x) = 7 (405)
45x =2,835
45
x = 63 oranges

Note: In Ratio and portion problems, you may also use the ratio rotation technique

Example 3:
The ratio of two numbers is 5: 8. If the smaller number is 25, what is the larger number?

Solution:
5: 8::25: __

5 = 25 8
x

X= 40

Example 4:

In an office the ratio of male employees to female is 1:3. If there are 12 male employees, how many
employees are in that office?
Solution
1: 3::12: __

1 = 12
3 x

X = 36 (Female)
36 + 12 = 48
 Example 5:
A commercial model lost 3 pounds after dieting for 15 days. At this rate, how many more days should
the model continue dieting to lose a total of 20 pounds?

Solution:

3 = 20
15 x

X= 100

Now, deduct 15 days from 100.

Therefore, a commercial model needs 85 more days to lose 20 pounds.

Example 6:
A certain bag contains blue balls and green balls. If the ratio of blue balls to green balls is 3:7 and there
are 40 balls in all; how many green balls are there in the bag?

Solution:

3N + 7N = 40
10N = 40
N=4

Substitute,

7 (4) = 28 Green Balls 3(4) = 12 Blue Balls

Example 7:

At a toy factory it takes two machines 50 minutes to create 10 teddy bears. How many teddy bears
can one machine create in 30 minutes?
Solution:
First, find how many teddy bears one machine can create in 50 minutes:
10 ÷ 2 = 5
Now find how long it takes one machine to create 1 teddy bear:
50 ÷ 5 = 10 minutes per teddy bear. At last, find how many teddy bears the machine can create in 30
minutes:
30 ÷ 10 = 3 teddy bears
Practice Exercises:
1. The ratio of two numbers is 5: 3 and their difference is 20. What are the numbers?
A. 50, 30 C. 40, 60
B. 55,35 D. 45, 65
 2. 6 is to 15 as 36 is to __?
A. 82 C. 72
B. 90 D. 60

3. The ratio of two numbers is 16:33. The larger number is 264. What is the smaller number
A.131 C. 129
B. 130 D. 128

4. If the ratio of boys to girls at City Central is 5:8 and there are 640 girls, how many students are
there?
A. 400 C. 1240
B 1040 D. 1320

5. If by working 4 days, a laborer earned P75. How many days should he work to earn P375?
A. 12 C. 18
B. 24 D. 20

XI. AVERAGE PROBLEMS

 Tips in Answering Average Problems
1. When looking for the average or mean: Mean = sum of all terms
number of terms
2. When looking for a missing term:
Missing term = sum of original terms – sum of remaining terms
3. When looking for the sum of all terms:
Sum of all the terms = average x number of terms
4. When looking for the weighted average or mean: Weighted Mean = Sum of the
weighted terms
total number terms
5. When looking for the average speed:

6. Average Speed = Total Distance

total time
Note: The formula for average speed is like weighted mean.
7. When looking for the median:
Median = ½ (n+1)
n is the number of data values in the sample
8. When looking for the mode, find the value that occurs most often.
When looking for the range:
Range: maximum value – minimum value

Example 1:

Kath would like to have an average grade of 90 after the school years. If her grades for the first three
quarters are 89,92 and 85. What would be her grade on last quarter to achieve her goal?

Solution:
Let x be the missing number (Kath’s grade on the last quarter}

Average = sum of all terms Alternative Method in answering average problems;

number of terms
90 = 89 + 92 + 85 + x Count the excess and deficit.
4 Expected Average = 90

90(4) = 266 + x Therefore: 89+1= 90 5 + 1 – 2 = 4 + 90 = 94

360 = 266 + x 92 – 2 =90
360 – 266 = x 94 = x 85 + 5 = 90
Example 2:

In a small company average salary of three employees is ₱1000 per week. If one employee earns ₱1100
and other earns ₱500, how much will the third employee earn?
Solution:
1,100 – 100 = 1000
500 + 500 = 1,000

500 – 100 = 400 + 1,000 = 1,400

Or you can use the traditional method:
1,100 + 500 + x = 1,000
3
3(1,000) = 1,100 + 500 + x
3,000 = 1,600 + x
3,000 – 1600 = x
1,400 = x
Example 3:

On her final semester as a senior student, Beth enrolled in eight courses. Her average grade in all the
said courses was 89. If a grade was removed, then her average grade in the remaining courses was
88. Find the value of the grade that was removed.

Solution:
Missing Term = sum of original terms – sum of remaining terms
x = (8 courses x 89 average score) – (7 courses x 88 average
score) x = 712 – 616 x= 96 grade that was removed
Example 4:
Ellen got the following scores in her Geology class: 16, 11, 13, 11, 7, and 14. Find the mean, median,
mode and range.

Solution:
Average = 16 + 11 +13 + 11 + 7 + 14
6
x = 12
Median
Shortcut in looking for the median If
Arrange from least to greatest
odd number, the middle number is
7,11,11,13,14,16
the median
= 11 + 13
If even number, add the two-middle
2
number divide by 2
= 12

Mode = 11 (It appears twice in the data set)

Range = Maximum value – Minimum value
= 16 – 7
=9

Exercise 5:

Felix drove to Baguio for 6 hours at the rate of 50 miles per hour. On the way back to Manila, he
drove for 4 hours at 70 miles per hour. Find the average speed for his entire journey.

Solution:
Average Speed = Total Distance
 total time

X = (6 hours x 50 mph) + (4 hours x 70 mph)

6 hours + 4 hours

= 300 + 280 = 580; x= 58 mph average speed

10 10

Exercise 6:

On the way to Bicol for the Holy Week, Cole drove for an hour at 89 kilometers per hour, three
hours at 75 kilometers per hour, and four hours at 68 kilometers per hour. What was the total distance
covered by Cole? Answer: 586 Kilometers

Solution:
Total Distance= Average Speed (Total Time)

= [89 kilometers/hour (1 hour)] + [75 Kilometers/ hour (3 hours)]

+ [ 68 kilometers/ hour (4 hours)
=89 kilometers + 225 Kilometers +272 Kilometers

= 586 kilometers

Practice Exercises:

1. Richard bowled 3 games and got scores of 139, 153, and 128. What was his average score for the
three games?
A. 100 C. 130
B. 110 D. 140

2. Jane scored 90, 85, and 98 in 3 bowling games. If she wants to have an average score of 100,
what must her score be in the fourth game?
A. 105 C. 127
B. 98 D. 130

3. Three boys weight 55 kilos, 45 kilos, and 52 kilos. What must be the weight of the fourth boy if
the average of the four will be 60?
A. 69 C. 68
B. 65 D. 64

4. John drove for 3 hours at a rate of 50 miles per hour and for 2 hours at 60 miles per hour. What
was his average speed for the whole journey?
A. 20 miles/hour C. 54 miles/hour
B. 44 miles/ hour D. 35 miles/hour

5. 33, 98, 56, 58, 98, 46, 66, 95, 98. Given the data set find the average, median, mode and range
XII. Solving for Linear Equation
An algebraic equation, such as y = 2x + 7 or 3x + 2y - z = 4, in which the highest degree
term in the variable or variables is of the first degree.

Variable(s) in linear expressions

 Cannot have exponents (or powers) For example, x squared or
x2
 Cannot multiply or divide each other
For example: "x" times "y" or xy; "x" divided by "y" or x/y
 Cannot be found under a root sign or square root sign (sqrt) For
example: √x or the "square root x"; sqrt (x)

These are examples of linear expressions:

y = 3x - 6 y – 2 = 3(x + 1) y + 2x +2 = 0 5x = 6 y/2 = 3

These are not linear expressions:

x2 (no exponents on variables)

2xy + 4 (can't multiply two variables)

2x / 4y (can't divide two variables)

√x (no square root sign on

variables)

Example 1:

Find x if: 2x + 4 = 10 Checked:

2x = 10 -4 2 (3) = 10 - 4
2x = 6 6=6 x=3

Example 2:
Find x if: 4x – 4 = 8
4x = 8 + 4
x = 12

Example 3:

What is the value of a in the statement 3ab = 15 if b = 5?

Solution:
3a (5) = 15
15a = 15
a=1

Given the equation 2(x + 2y) = 6x, what is the value of x if y= 5?

Solution:
2[ x + 2(5)] = 6x
2(x + 10) = 6x
2x + 20 = 6x
20 = 6x – 2x
20 = 4x
5=x

Relationship Between Variables

1. When the relationship between variables is direct, x doubles as y doubles.
Y1 = Y2
` X1 X2
2. When the relationship between the variables is indirect, y becomes half as x doubles.
X1Y1 = X2Y2

Example 1:

If 9 people can build 15 houses, how many houses can 12 people build?

Solution:
3
9 people = 15 houses Apply ratio rotation technique
4
12 people x
x = 20 house Direct proportion

Example 2:

If 9 people take 15 days to build a house, how many days do 12 people need to build one?
Solution:
3
9 people = x
4
12 people 15 days
x = 11 ¼ days Inverse Proportion
Example 3:

If 4 pipes can fill a pool in 25 minutes, how long would it take 10 pipes to fill the same pool?

Solution:
2
4 pipes = x
5
10 pipes 25 minutes
x = 10 minutes Inverse Proportion
 Practice Exercises:

1. Every morning, Carmina walks 565 meters for 30 minutes. Find the distance that she can cover
in 5 hours if she walks at the same rate.
A. 5 650 meters C. 5 750 meters
B. 5 700 meters D. 5 800 meters

2. Twelve students can prepare a food and wine feast in two hours. How long will it take
twentyfour students to finish the same task?
A. 30 minutes C. 1 hour and 30 minutes
B. 1-hour D. 45 minutes

3. An athlete runs 7 kilometers in 1 hour and 15 minutes. At the same rate, how many hours will it
take to run 21 kilometers?
A. 2. 75 C. 3.25
B. 3.75 D. 4.0

4. If a car consumes 18.5 gallons of gasoline in 255 miles, how many gallons of gasoline will it need
to run 550 miles?
A. 13.8 C. 27.6
B. 39.9 D. 37.5

5. If a bag of chicken feed can be consumed by 15 chickens in 45 days, in how many days can it
feed 24 chickens?
A. 60 days C. 69 days
B. 72 days D. 90 days

XIII. Basic Concepts of Algebra

 The smallest component elements in algebra are the variables and the constant
coefficients. These two components combine to form algebraic terms and the terms combine to form
the algebraic expressions. The combining process happens through the use of usual mathematical
operators.

Variables and Coefficient

2x + 5y where:
x and y are variables
2 and 5 are coefficients

Like Terms
- terms with the same variables (and exponents)

Example 1. 3x and 2x Example 2: 5ab2 and -7ab2

Unlike Terms
- terms with different variables (and exponents)

Example: 5b, 2a, and -3ab2

Note: In algebra the goal is to isolate the unknown (x) to solve the problem. Whatever you do to one
side, you must also do to the other side. Whenever is possible, plug in the number(s) instead of solving

Example 1:
If p + 3q = -15 and q = 3, what is the value of 10p?

Solution:
To solve the first equation, substitute 3 for q To find the value of 10p, substitute -24 for p
p + 3q = -15 10p
p +3(3) = -15 = 10 (-24)
p +9 = -15 =-240 p = -
15 – 9 P= -24

Example 2:

What is 2x +2y+2x+2xyz?

Solution:
2x +2y+2x+2xyz2 Combine like terms and
= 2x + 2x + 2xyz2 + 2y = 2xyz2 + arrange from highest to
4x + 2y Example 3: lowest exponent
Given the equation 2(x + 2y) = 6x, what is the value of x if y= 5?

Solution:
2[ x + 2(5)] = 6x
2(x + 10) = 6x
2x + 20 = 6x
 20 = 6x – 2x
20 = 4x
5=x

A. RULES OF ALGEBRA
Rules of Algebra Example
Like terms can be added X + x = 2x
Addition and Subtraction
Multiplication and Division The coefficient and the variable are 16y ÷ 8 = 2y
multiplied or divide
Simplifying Algebraic Use the distributive Law to simplify (4 + y) 3
expressions a(b +c) = qb + ac = 12 + 3y
Commutative property of Switching the order does not change (6 -x) x3 = x3 (6 -x)
Addition and Multiplication the result
Associative Property of The order of grouping does not change (x +5) + x3 = x + (5 + x3)
Addition and Multiplication the result
Distributive Property of Multiplication may be distributed over 2x (6 + 3x) =2x
Multiplication over addition addition (6) + 2x (3x)
= 12 x + 6x 2
Identity Property Zero (0) added to any number gives the 5x3 + 0 = 5x3
number itself
Additive Inverse A number when added to its additive 8 x 2 + (-8x2) = 0
inverse gives zero (0)
Multiplicative Inverse A number when multiplied to its (2x2 + 2) (1/ 2x2 + 2) = 1
Property multiplicative inverse gives one (1)

Practice Exercises:

1. Find x if x (24 + 1) = 100

A. 4 C. 5
B.10 D. 15
2. Given the equation 2( x + 2y) = 6x , what is the value of x if y = 5?
A. 3 C. 10
B. 5 D. 7
3. The difference between 8 times a number and 17 is 231. Find the number.
A. 31 C. 48
B. 37 D. 1 984
4. Given that a = 4.1 and b = 3.5, what is the value of c if a2 + b 2 = C?
A. 35.855 C. 58.860
B. 29.06 D. 59.685 5. 1 ¼ is subtracted from its reciprocal is?
A. -9/20 C. 2.25
B. .45 D. 6
XIV. Sequences and Series
Example 1
Look at this series: 72, 76, 73, 77, 74, __, 75, ... What number should fill the blank?
Answer: 78
This series alternates the addition of 4 with the subtraction of 3.
Example 2
10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, ________, __________
Answer: 34,38
This simple addition series adds 4 to each number to arrive at the next.
Example 3

AC, BD, EG, FH__?

Answer: IK, JL
1st and 3rd letter together,2nd and 4th letters, 5th and 7th and so on and so

Example 4
42, 40, 38, 35, 33, 31, 28, _________, __________
Answer: 26, 24
This is an alternating subtraction series in which 2 is subtracted twice, then 3 is subtracted once, then 2
is subtracted twice, and so on.
Note: Common Method Used in Recognizing Pattern
1. Single Repeating Pattern (Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division)
2. Two Alternating Pattern
3. Fibonacci- the numbers on the left determine the numbers on the right 4. Letters for
numbers

Sequence
Has a rule (formula) that allows you to find the value of each term

Example:
5, 8, 11, 14…
5 is the 1st term. 8 is the 2nd term. 14 is the 5th term. The symbol showing three dots (…) means infinite.
Rule: starts at 5 and jumps 3 every time.
n Term Test Rule: 3n + 2
1 5 3(1) + 2
2 8 3(2) + 2
3 11 3(3) + 2
4 14 3(4) + 2
Term: Xn
Term number: n
10th term: X10

In the example given, Xn =3n+2

To calculate the 10th term:

X10= 3n+2= 3(10) +2= 32

Types of Sequences
Arithmetic Sequence Geometric Sequence
Constant difference between one multiply the previous term by a fixed
term and the next number
4, 16, 64, 256, 1024…
3, 8, 13, 18, 23….
Rule: Xn = 4n

Rule: 5n -2

Square Numbers Cube Numbers

Rule: Xn = n2 Rule: Xn = n3
1,4,9,16,25… 1, 8, 27, 64, 125…

Practice Exercises:

1. Find the 10th term in the series 4, 7, 10, 13, ___

A.28 C. 31
B. 25 D. 37
2. 14, 15, 19, 20, 25, 26, 32, 33, _________, _________,
A. 40,41 C. 40,42
B.39,40 D. 38,37

3. 48, 48, 53, 43, 59, 37, _________, _________,

A. 60,65 C. 67, 32
B. 66,30 D. 63, 66

4. AZ, CX, EV, GT, ___, ___?

A. IR, KP C. IS, KP
B. IS, KQ D. IR, KQ

5. 2, 4, 6, 10, __, 26?

A. 24 C. 16
B. 18 D. 22

XV. Number Analogy

Tips in Answering Number Analogies

 1. Spot the relationship between the first and the second numbers and look for the same
relationship between the third and fourth numbers.

2. Spot the relationship between the first and third numbers, and look for the same
relationship between the second and fourth numbers (ratio and proportion problems)

Example 1:

20 is to 44 as 15 is to __

Answer: 33

Solution:
This is a ratio and proportion problem.
20 = 15
44 x Cross multiply or ratio rotation
20 (x) = 44(15) 20x = technique.
660 x = 33

Example 2:

100 is to 64 as 10 is to __

Answer: 8

Solution:
100 and 64 are square numbers. Since 100 = 10 x 10 or 102, while 64 = 8 x 8 or 82, thus 10 is 8.

Example 3:
6 is to 15 as 36 is to ___

Answer: 2 Solution: 6
= 36 15 x Use the cross multiplication
x = 90 or ratio rotation technique.
Example 4: 36 ÷ 6 x 15 = 90
3/ 4 is to 75% as ___ is to 80%

Answer: 4/5

Solution:
3/ 4 = 75% 4/5 = 80%

Practice Exercises:
 1. 14 is to 28 as 5 is to __
A. 7 C. 9
B. 8 D. 10

2. The ratio of males to females in an organization is M to F. How many males are there if there are
T females?
A. (M x T) + F C. (M x T) / F
B. T + (F +M) D. (F x T) + M

3. 8 is to 23 as 27 is to __
A. 33 C. 93
B. 53 D. 39

4. 0.2 is to 0.4 as 0.3 is to __

A. 0.009 C. 0.009
B. 0.0009 D. 0.9

5. 14 is to 28 as 5 is to ___
A. 7 C. 10
B. 15 D. 12

XVI. Remainder Problems

Example 1:

A number f has a remainder of 3 when divided by 4. What is the remainder when 5f is divided by 5?

Solution:
Plug in a number that fits the condition stated in the problem. The number f, when divided by 4 must
have a remainder of 3. Thus, f can be equal to 11 because when it is divided by 4, the remainder is 3.
The next part of the problem asks for the remainder when 5f is divided by 5. Substitute 11 for f to get
the answer. Thus:
5(11) = 55
55 ÷ 5 = 11 remainder 0

Example 2:

What is the smallest positive number which, when divided by 3, 4, or 5, will leave a remainder of 2?
A. 42 C. 62
B. 22 D. 182

Solution:
3 x 4 x 5 = 60
Or apply divisibility rules

Practice Exercises:

1. What is the remainder when 192 888 is divided by 8?

A. 0 C. 3
B. 2 D. 1

2. What number if divided by 4, 5, and 10 the remainder is 3?

A. 13 C. 53
B. 43 D. 23

3. What number if divided by 4,5, and 10 will have a remainder of 3?

A. 13 C. 33
B. 23 D. 43

XVII. Work Problems

 Tips in Solving Work Problems
1.Long Method

1 + 1 =1
t1 t2 t3

Where: t1 = time taken by the first person

t2 = time taken by the second person
t3 = time taken both

2. Shortcut Method
Individual Work = Product
Difference

Work Together = Product

Sum

Example 1:

Danny can finish a job in 10 days. Together, Miguel and Danny can finish the same job in 6 days. How
many days will it take Miguel to finish the job alone?

Solution:
1. Using the long method 2. Using the Shortcut Method 1
+ 1 =1 Individual Work = Product t1
t2 t3 Difference

1 + 1 =1 = 10 (6) 10 x 6 10 - 6 x + 10 = 1 = 60 = 15
10x 6 4
10x (1) = 6 (x+10)
10X = 6X + 60
10X – 6X = 60
4X = 60
X = 15

Example 2:

Two printers are available to print a small company’s newsletter. One printer can print an issue in 4 ½
hours while the other can print an issue in 6 hours. How long will it take the two printers to print an
issue?

Solution:
Work Together = Product
Sum
= 4.5 x 6
4.5 + 6
= 27 / 10.5 = 2 4/7
Note: Use the shortcut method to save your time.

Practice Exercises:

1. Anne can finish job in 10 days. Together, Rachel and Anne can finish the same job in 3 days. How
many days will it take Rachel to finish the job alone?
A. 10 C. 20
B. 15 D. 25

2. Peter can mow the lawn in 40 minutes and John can mow the lawn in 60 minutes. How long will it
take for them to mow the lawn together?
A. 20 C. 24
B. 22 D. 26

3. Jane, Paul and Peter can finish painting the fence in 2 hours. If Jane does the job alone she can
finish it in 5 hours. If Paul does the job alone he can finish it in 6 hours. How long will it take for
Peter to finish the job alone?
A. 7 hours C. 8 hours
B. 7.5 hours D. 8.5 hours

4. A fence surrounding a house can be painted by Sam in 10 hours. The same fence can be painted
by Joy in 12 hours. How much time will it take to paint the fence if both work together?
A. 10 C. 12
B. 9 D. 13

5. Latisha and Ricky work for a computer software company. Together they can write a computer
program in 19 hours. Latisha can write the program by herself in 32 hours. How long will it take
Ricky to write the program alone?
A. 45 hours C. 46.8 hours
B. 44.5 hours D. 45.9 hours

XVIII. Age Problems

Example 1:

Four years ago, Misa’s age was thrice as old as Kazumi. In four years, Misa’s age will be twice as old as
Kazumi. How old are they now?
Solution:

Past (-4) Now Future (+4)

Misa 3x (24) 3x+ 4 (28) 3x+8 (32)
Kazumi x (8) x + 4 (12) x + 8 (16)

(3x + 8) = 2(x+8)
3x + 8 = 2x +16
3x – 2x = 16 – 8
x=8

Example 2:
Presently, John is 4 times as old as Gary. In 10 years, Fred will be 3 times as old as Gary. How old (in
years) will Fred be in 3 years?
Solution:
Now Future
John 4x 4x +10
Gary x X +10

In 10 years,
4x + 10 = 3 (x+10)
4x + 10 = 3x +30
x = 20 → Gary’s present age
4 (20) = 80 → John’s present age
In 3 years John will be,
80 + 3 = 83

Note: Use the table technique in answering age problems.

Practice Exercises:

1. Paula is twice as old as Queenie. Seven years ago, the sum of their ages was 16. How old is
Queenie now?
A. 8 C. 16
B. 10 D. 13

2. Damien’s father is 60 years old. He is 15 years older that thrice Damien’s age. Find the age of Damien.
A. 20 C. 10
B.15 D. 25
 3. Ten years ago, Paul was half of the age he would be in six years. Find the current age of Paul.
A. 26 C. 20
B. 25 D. 30

4. Five years ago, John’s age was half of the age he will be in 8 years. How old is he now?
A. 10 years old C. 18 years old
B. 14 years old D. 20 years old

5. John is twice as old as his friend Peter. Peter is 5 years older than Alice. In 5 years, John will be
three times as old as Alice. How old is Peter now? A. 10 years old C. 7 years old
B. 5 years old D. 6 years old

XIX. Distance

Distance Formula:
Distance = Rate x Time

Example 1:

The average rate of an employee walking is 1, 680 meters per hour. If the distance of his office from
his house is 700 meters, what will be the latest time that he can leave his house to be able to reach
his office at exactly 7:45 AM?

Solution:
Time = Distance / Rate
 = 700 meters / 1,680 meters per hour
= 0.41666 x 60 mins. = 25 minutes
Therefore:
7:45 – 25 = 7:20 AM

Example 2:

Lina and her family travelled from Pampanga to Bicol at an average rate of 100 kilometers per hour
for 9 hours. On the trip back, they travelled at 45 kilometers per hour. How many hours did they
travelled for both trips?

Solution:
Rate Time Distance
First Trip 100 km/hr. 9 hours 900 km
Second Trip 45 km/hr. t 900 km

Set up and solve the equation:

45 t = 900
t = 900
45
t = 20 hours
To get the number of hours they travelled for both trips: 9 hours +20 hours = 29 hours

Practice Exercises:

1. A race car traveled for 2 ½ hours with an average speed of 132 5/8 km per hour. Find the total
distance it covered.
A. 264 5/16 km C. 330 5/16 km
B. 331 9/16 D. 135 1/8 km

2. An executive drove from home at an average speed of 30 mph to an airport where a helicopter
was waiting. The executive boarded the helicopter and flew to the corporate offices at an
average speed of 60 mph. The entire distance was 150 miles; the entire trip took three hours.
Find the distance from the airport to the corporate offices.
A. 120 miles C. 135 miles
B. 130 miles D. 140 miles

3. A bus traveling at an average rate of 50 kilometers per hour made the trip to town in 6 hours. If
it had traveled at 45 kilometers per hour, how many more minutes would it have taken to make
the trip?
A. 20 minutes C. 30 minutes
B. 30 minutes D. 40 minutes
 4. John took a drive to town at an average rate of 40 mph. In the evening, he drove back at 30
mph. If he spent a total of 7 hours traveling, what is the distance traveled by John?
A. 200 miles C. 240 miles
B. 150 miles D. 250 miles

5. boy walks at a speed of 4 kmph. How much time does he take to walk a distance of 20 km?
A. 10 hours C. 5 hours
B. 8 hours D. 4 hours

XX. Factorials, Permutations and Combinations

1. Factorials
A factorial is represented by the sign (!). When we encounter n! (known as 'n factorial') we say that
a factorial is the product of all the whole numbers between 1 and n, where n must always be
positive.

For example

0! is a special case factorial.

Thus;

n! = n x (n-1) x (n-2) x (n-3) …

2. Permutations
- used when order is important. Permutations are denoted by the following

nPr = n!
(n-r)!
which means the number of permutations of n items taken r items at a time.
3. Combinations
used when order is not important. The notation for Combinations is given as

nCr = n!
(n-r)! r!

which means the number of combinations of n items taking r items at a time

Example 1:

In condominium complex, five candidates are running for three building representative positions. How
many different combinations can the five candidates fill the three positions?

Solution:
nCr = n!
(n-r)! r!
5C3 = 5!
(5 – 3)! 3!
5C3 = 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1
(2 x 1) (3 x 2 x 1)
5C3 = 120
12
5C3 = 10

Note: Used the formula for combinations because the order is not relevant. The five candidates may be
assigned the three positions in any order.

Example 2:

In a student election, five candidates are running for the position of president, vice president, and
treasurer. How many different combinations can the five candidates fill the three positions?

Solution:
nPr = n!

(n-r!)
5P3 = 5!
(5 -3)!
5P3 = 5 x4 x3 x2 x1
2
5P3 = 120/ 2

5P3 = 60

Note: Use the formula for permutations because the order is relevant. The five candidates may only be
assigned to three specific positions.
Example 3:

In how many different ways can you choose a committee of 5 members from a group of 20 people?

nCr = n!
(n-r!) r!
20C5 = 20!
(20-5) !5!

20C5 = 20 X 19 X 18 X 17 X 16 X 15!
15!5!

20C5 = 1860480

5 X 4 X 3 X 2 X1
20C5 = 1860480 / 120 = 15504

Practice Exercises:
1. In how many ways can a president, a treasurer and a secretary be chosen from among 7
candidates?
For the first position, there are 7 possible choices. After that candidate is chosen, there are 6
possible choices. Finally, there are 5 possible choice
A. 200 C. 205
B. 208 D. 210

2. How many ways can 7 people be arranged around a roundtable?

A. 720 C. 700
B. 710 D. 705

3. You must select a committee of 3 from 12 students. How many different committees can be
formed?
A. 200 C. 210
B. 220 D. 190

4. A corporation has 3 vacancies for the position senior auditor. Out of 5 candidates, how many
groups of three could be chosen to fill the vacancies?
A. 36 C. 25
B. 15 D. 10
XXI. Probability
Probability is a type of ratio where we compare how many times an outcome can occur compared to all
possible outcomes.

P (E) = number of favorable outcomes

total number of possible outcomes

Probability that an event will occur: 0 to 1

Probability that an evet will not occur
1- probability that an event will occur

Probability of multiple unrelated events:

PA x PB

Where: A is the 1st event and B is the 2nd event

Example 1:

What is the probability to get a 6 when you roll a die?

A die has 6 sides, 1 side contain the number 6 that give us 1 wanted outcome in 6 possible outcomes.

Example 2:

What is the probability of drawing a Queen from a deck of cards?

Solution:
A deck has 52 cards. It has 4 suits: spades, clubs, hearts, and diamonds. Each suit has Ace, 2, 3, 4, 5,6,7,
8,9,10, Jack, Queen and king.

P (E) = number of favorable outcomes

total number of possible outcomes
Favorable outcomes: 4 (Queen of spades, clubs, hearts, and diamonds)
Number of favorable outcomes: 4
Total number of possible outcomes: 52
Probability (drawing a queen): 4/52 or 1/13
Example 3:

If you were to roll the dice twice, what is the probability that it will land on a 1 both times?

Solution:
P (E) = number of favorable outcomes
total number of possible outcomes
1x1=1
6 6 36

Practice Exercises:

1. A pair of dice is rolled. How many possible outcomes are there?

A. 6 C. 12
B. 18 D. 36

2. What is the probability that you will roll an even number on one roll?
A. 25% C. 70%
B. 50% D. 80%

3. What is the probability that you will roll a dice an even number on two rolls?
A. 25% C. 35%
B. 30% D. 40%

4. A number of is chosen at random from 11 to 50. Find the probability of selecting numbers with a
last digit of 9.
A. 5% C. 15%
B. 10% D. 20%

5. If you were to roll the dice twice, what is the probability that it will land on a 1 both times?
A. 1/6 C. 1/2
B. 1/36 D. 1/4
XXII. Data Interpretation
Example:

I. The Production Head of the ABM Company was asked to prepare his 2010 Budget. He
prepared the pie graph of his production expenses which looked like this: Total
budgeted expense: Php 35,000,000

Travel Exp.
Misc. Expense 4%
6%

Utilities
25%
Salaries and
Wages
50%

Materials
15%
Salaries and Wages Materials Utilities Misc. Expense Travel Exp.

1. The biggest component of the budget is:

A. Salaries and Wages C. Materials
B. Utilities D. Travel Expense

2. Allocation for materials is twice as much as that for:

A. Salaries and Wages C. Miscellaneous
B. Utilities D. Travel Expense

3. If the budget for salaries and wages was to be cut by one- third, how much will have left?
A. Php 175,000 C. Php 11,666,667
B. Php 17,500,000 D. Php 11,900,000
 II.
SNAPSHOT OF WOMEN EARNERS IN ASIA
Iceland
Australia
Japan 28637
US 11
UK 263
Hongkong
Singapore 42
17802
South Korea
Malaysia
Thailand 25005
China
Philippines 262
Vietnam 22433
Indonesia
India
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,00025,000
20044

695 17531

5900
6
5731
3833
2520
2410
1,620

SNAPSHOT OF WOMEN EARNERS IN ASIA 30,000 35,000

Questions:

1. In which country does the estimated income earned the highest?

A. China C. Australia
B. Australia D. Iceland

2. Income earned in Japan is three times as much as?

A. Malaysia C. China
B. South Korea D. Australia
 3. What is the difference between the income earned in the Philippines to Indonesia?
A. 1542 C. 1300
B. 1,423 D. 1345 III.
FLOW CHART

Enter a
number

NO
Double it and
Is it odd?
add 32

NO
Is it prime? Subtract 1 and
YES square it.

Add 17

Question:

1. Based on the flow chart, what is the result if the input number is 51?
A.68 C. 134 B.
101 D. 2600

Practice Exercises:

TIME SPENT ON HOMEWORK

Art English
15% 13%

Spanish
10% History
21%

Math Writing
29% 12%

1. Combined which two topics required the greatest amount of time?

A. English and Math C. History and Math B.
Spanish and Writing D. Art and English
2. Was the English and Spanish work or the Writing and Math work longer, or were they equally
time consuming?
A. English and Spanish work longer than Writing and Math
B. Writing and Math work longer than English and Spanish
C. They are equally time consuming
D. None of the above

3. If Miles spent 200 minutes on homework, how many minutes were spent on Math?
A. 30 minutes C. 50 minutes
B. 45 minutes D. 58 minutes
XXIII. Basic Concepts in Geometry
A point is symbolized by a dot and represents a specific location. It
has no size nor shape

A line segment is a part of a line that has two defined endpoints. A

line segment represents a collection of points inside the endpoints
and it is named by its endpoints.

The angle that is formed when two-line segment meet.

Angles can be classified according to how big they are. A right angle has a measure of 90° whereas an
angle that measures between 0° and 90° is called an acute angle. An angle that measures between 90°
and 180° is called an obtuse angle whereas a straight angle measures 180°.

Pythagorean Theorem

- applies only to right triangles

- the sum of the squared lengths of the two legs is equal to the squared length of the hypotenuse
- c2 = a 2 + b2 where: c is the hypotenuse
a and b are the legs

Lines and Angles

Transversal
 Parallel

If the two lines crossed are parallel, then the Interior Angles

vertical angles are equal:

1. 2

1. 1=4 2. 3

2. 2=3 3. 5

3. 5=7 4. 8

4. 8=6

If the two lines crossed are parallel, then the If the two lines crossed are parallel, then the

corresponding angles are equal: alternate interior angles are equal:

1. 1=5 1. 2=8

2. 3=6 2. 3=5

3. 2=8

4. 3=7

Exterior Angles: If the two lines crossed are parallel, then the

alternate exterior angles are equal:

2. 4

3. 6 1.1. = 7

4. 7 2.4 = 6

If the two lines crossed are parallel, then the consecutive interior

angles add up to 1800:

1. 2 + 5 =1800

2. 3 + 8 = 1800

Complementary Angles
- the sum of two angles is 900 x+y y0 x0 = 900
- each angle is a complement of the other

Supplementary Angles
- the sum of two angles is 1800 a0 b
- each angle is a supplement of the other Example 1:

What is the complement of an angles measuring 350?

Solution:
0a + b =1800
Since the sum of two complementary angles is 90 , then the complement of an angle measuring 350 is
0

550.

Example 2:

What is the supplement of an angle measuring 750?

Solution:
Since the sum of two supplementary angles is 750, then the complement of an angle measuring 750 is
1050

Example 3:
In the figure below, what are the values of x0, y0, and z0?

X0
z0 420
y0

Solution:
Since 420 is opposite to z0, the z = 420 because they are vertical angles and have equal values. Since a full
circle measures 3600, the 3600 – 420 = 2760.
Since x and y are also vertical angles, then they have equal values. Thus x0 = 1380, y0 = 1380

Example 4:

In the figure below, a and b are parallel lines with c as their transversal. If t0 = 930, what is the value
of u0?
c
t0 = 93 a
0
u
b
 Since t0 and u0 are consecutive interior angles then t0 + u0= 1800. Thus, u0 = 1800 – 930 = 870.

Example 5:

June travelled 12 km West. Then, she went another 16km South. By the end of the journey, how far
was she from where she started?

Solution: 12km (west)

•

16km
(south) ?

Apply the Pythagorean theorem where;

c2 = a2 + b2 c2 = 122 + 162 c2 = 144 + 256
c2 = 400 c = √400 or 20
If the shorthand of the clock is at 4, what is the degree of it’s angle?
Solution:
3 hrs. = right angle at 900 / 3hrs = 300 /hr. 4
hrs. = 900 + 300 = 1200

Practice Exercises:

1. In the figure below, what is the value of p?

p
830
v

A. 830 C. 870
B. 970 D. 890

2. If the shorthand of the clock is at 4, what is the degree of its angle?

A. 900 C. 1300
0 0
B. 120 D. 110
3. What is the complementary angle of 250?
A. 75 C. 65
B. 165 D. 120
4. How many degrees are there in the angle made by the hands of a clock at 3
o’clock?
A. 45 C. 90
B. 60 D. 120
 5. Find the hypotenuse of a right triangle whose legs measure 3 cm and 4 cm.
A. 4 C. 6
B. 5 D. 7

Note: In solving geometry problems, it is very helpful to memorize some formulas regarding
basic shapes/polygons. Perimeters and areas of triangles, rectangles, circles, etc. can
be known using the
formulas in the following table:

Shape Perimeter Area

Circle 2 πr πr2

Triangle
S1 + S 2 + S3 1 bh
2

Rectangle

2l + 2w lw

Square

4s S2

Example 1:

The perimeter of a triangle is 17 inches. Two of its sides are 6 and 7 inches. What is the measurement of
the third side?

Solution:
P=a+b+c
17 = 6 + 7 + c Perimeter is the distance
17 = 13 + c surrounding a figure
17 – 13 = c
4 inches = c
Example 2:

Each side of the square measure 8 cm. Find the perimeter

Solution:
P = 4S
P = 4(8) P
= 32

Example 3:

A rectangle has a perimeter of 48 inches and length of 8 inches. Find its width.

Solution:
P = 2l + 2w
48 = 2(8) + 2W
48 = 16 + 2W
48 – 16 = 2W
32 = 2W
2W
16 = W

Example 4:

A circle has a radius of 10 inches. Find the circumference

Solution:
C=2xrxπ
C = 2 x 10 x 3.14 C
= 62.8 inches

Example 5:

A square has an area of 144 inches. Find the measurement of the side of a square.

Solution:
A = S2
144 = S2
√144 = S
12 = S

Example 6:

Find the area of a rectangle whose length is 6 inches and a width of 4 inches.
 Area of Other Shapes
A=LXW
A=6×4 Area of a Trapezium
A= 24 in2. A = ½ (a+b) x height
Area of a Parallelogram
Find the area of a circle with a radius of 5 meters.
A = base x height
Solution:
Area of a Rhombus
A = πr2 A = 3.14 (5)2
A = ½ x diagonal x diagonal 2
A = 75.5 m2

Example 7:

What is the area of a circle with a circumference of 56.52?

Solution:
C = πd A = πr2
56.52 = 3.14d A = 3.14 (9)2
3.14 A = 254.34 d
= 18
2r
=9

Lateral Surface Area Total Surface Area Volume

Cuboid 2h (l x w) 2lh +2wh +lw lateral Lwh

perimeter of rectangular base surface area + area of length x width x height
multiplied by twice the height the base +area of the
top
Cube 4 x (length of the edge)2 6(length of the edge)2 (length of the edge)3

Cylinder 2πrh [2πr (h + r)] Πr2h

Example 8:

A cylinder has a height of 6 units and a diameter of 6 units. Find its total surface area using 3.14 as the
value of π

Solution:
A = [2 πr (h + r)]
A = [2 π x 3(6 + 3)]
A=6xπx9
A = 54 π
A = 169.56 square units
Example 9:

A cylinder has a height of 5 inches and a radius of 2 inches. Find the volume

Solution:
V = πr2h
V = π (2)2 x 5
V = 3.14 (4) x 5
V = 62.8 cubic inches

Example 10:

Find the total surface area of a cuboid with dimensions 8 cm by 6 cm by 5 cm.

Solution:
TSA = 2 (lw + wh + hl)
TSA = 2 (8*6 + 6*5 + 5*8)
TSA = 2 (48 + 30 + 40)
TSA = 236
So, the total surface area of this cuboid is 236 cm2.

Example 11:

The length, width and height of a cuboid are 10cm, 8cm and 7cm respectively. Find the lateral surface
area of a cuboid.

Solution:
Lateral surface area of cuboid is given by:
LSA = 2h(l+w) where, l = length = 10 cm
w = width = 8 cm
h = height = 7 cm

Insert these values into the formula we will get:

LSA = 2 ×7(10 + 8)
LSA = 14 × 18
LSA = 252 cm2

Practice Exercises:

1. The length of a rectangle is 8 meters more than twice its width. The perimeter is 112 meters.
Find its area.
A. 640 m2 c. 650 m2
B. 670 m3 d. 630 m2

2. What is the circumference of a circle with an area of 200.96?

A. 50.24 C. 45.24
 B. 46.27 D. 48.93

3. A square and a rectangle have equal areas. If the rectangle is 36 by 16, what is the side of a
square?
A. 40 C. 38
B. 24 D. 36

4. Calculate the volume of a cylinder where the area of the base is 30 cm2 and the height is 6cm.
A. 100cm2 C. 185cm3
B. 180cm3 D. 190 cm3
5. Given a cube with the length of each side (edge) as 3cm. Find the volume of this cube.
A. 25cm3 C. 29cm3
B. 27cm3 D. 30cm3

XXIV. Answer Sheet 1

.
Integers B
1.A 2
2. C .
3.B B
4.A 3. B
5.A 4. A 5. D
Odd and Even Integers Divisibility Rules
1. C 2. B 3. D
3. A. 4. B
4. 1, 234, 530 is divisible by 2, 3, 5, 6, 9 and 10 5. B
Exponents 1. B Percentages
2. B 1. A
3. C 2. C
4. D 3. B
5. D 4. D
5. B
Radicals
1. A Interest
2.C 1. D
3. B 2. C
4. C 3. A
5. C 4. B 5. C
Fractions Ratio and Proportion
1. A 1. A
2. B 2. B
3. D 3. D
4. B 4. B
5. A 5. D
6. C
Average Problems
7. C
1. D
8. A
2. C
3. A
4. C

5. Average = 72
9. C
Median = 66
10. D
Mode = 98
Range = 65

DECIMALS Relationship Between Variables

1. C 1. A
2. C 2. B
3. D 3.B
4. B 4. B
5. 1.8, 1.816, 1.819, 1.823, 1.83, 5. B
1.832
Basic Concepts of Algebra
Scientific Notation 1. A
1. A 2. B
2. C 3. A
4. B 3. D
5. A 4. C
5. C
Series and Sequences
1. C Factorials, Permutations and
2. A Combinations
3. B 1. D
4. A 2. A
5. C 3. B
4. D
Number Analogy
1. D
Probability
2. C
1. D
3. A
2. A
4. D
3.A
5. C
4. B
Work Problems 1. A 5. B
2. C
3. B Data Interpretation
4. C 1. C
5. C 2. B
3. D

Age Problems Angles

1. A 1. B
2. B 2.B
3. A 3. C
4. C 4. C
5. B 5. B
Distance Problems
1. A
2. A

Perimeter, Area Volume of Polygons

1. A
2. A
3. B
4. B
5. B
XXV. PRACTICE TEST

Number Series
1. -6 30 -150 750 ___.
A. -3750 C. -2649
B. -936 D. -1234
2. 19.12 18.13 16.15 13.18 9.22 ___.
A. 4.25 C. 4.27
B. 5.27 D. 5.25
3. 2 5 12.5 31.25___
A. 33.750 C. 43.250
B. 78.125 D. 50.750
4. 1/3 1/6 3/6 3/12 9/12__
A. 6/12 C. 6/24
B. 9/17 D. 9/13
5. 5 6 10 19 35 60__
A. 75 C. 85
B. 93 D. 86
6. 1 0.5 0.5 0.75 1.5 3.75__
A. 4.25 C. 7.5
B. 11.25 D. 15.75
7. 25 13 38 26 51 39 __
A. 77 C. 64
B. 39 D. 25
8. 1/2 2 7/2 5 ___
A. 9/2 C. 11/2
B. 15/2 D. 13/2
9. 1 16 61 76 67 82 28
A.43 C. 41
B. 32 D. 30
10. 3 7 15 31 63 127 ___.
A. 128 C. 154
B. 246 D. 197
11. 341 452 563 __, __
A. 675, 784 C. 675,786
B. 674,784 D. 674,785
12. 1 6 3 12 3 18 9 24 __
A. 15 C. 29
B. 27 D. 30
13. 16 36 64 100 144__
A. 169 C. 174
B. 256 D. 196
14. 2/4 1/2 2/6 1/3 2/8 1/4 2/10 __,
A. 1/5 C. 2/5
 B. 4/5 D. ¾

15. 7 3 -1 -5 -9 -13__
A. -21 C. -17
B. 17 D. 21

Common Word Problems

1. If 560 out of 700 examinees passes in the recent Career Service exam for Professional level,
what percent of the examinees passed?
A. 65% C. 80%
B. 72% D. 240%
2. A homeowner can rent s chain saw from a rental agency at P 2 700 a day. The brand new of
the same saw can be bought for P 18 900. For how many days could the homeowner rent the
saw before renting would cost more than buying?
A. 5 C. 7
B. 6 D. 8
3. A video cassette movie, purchased for P 440 was marked up 25% on the selling price. Later, as
retail prices fell, this movie was marked down 20% on the current sale price. Find its new sale
price.
A. P352 C. P 500
B. P 440 D, P 550
4. One of the side of a triangle is 3cm longer than the shortest side, and the other side is 4cm
longer than the shortest side. How long is the shortest side if the perimeter is 67cm?
A. 20 cm C. 24cm
B. 23cm D. 27cm
5. The length of a rectangle is 2cm less than twice its width. What is its width in cm, if its
perimeter is 50cm?
A. 8 C. 16
B. 9 D. 25
6. Rounding 299 943 to the nearest thousands the result is
A. 299 940 C. 299 900 B. 299 000 D. 3 00 000
7. What is 25% of 228?
A. 52 C. 54 B. 57 D.
912
8. 168 is what percent of 672?
A. 25% C. 400%
B. 50% D. 80%
9. Find the value of x in the equation 3x + 7 = 28
A. 7 C. 9
B. -7 D. 4
10. If a positive integer m is divisible by both 3 and 8, then m must also be divisible by the product
of 3 and 8.
 A. 10 C. 24
B. 18 D. 60
11. A house and lot are sold for P14 M. The house cost 1.5 times as much as the lot. How much does
the lot costs?
A. P 4.0 M C. P 5.6 M
B. P 5.1 M D. P 6.0 M
12. The sale price of a television set is P 7 200. The discount rate is 40%. Find its regular price.
A. P12 000 C. P 11 000
B. P10 000 C. P 11 500
13. Last month a store manager decided to decrease the prices of all items by 10%. This month he
increased the prices by 10%. What would be the price for a pair of pants that had cost P750
before prices were decreased last month?
A. P 742.50 C. P 675.00
B. P 750.00 D. P 825.00
14. A computer software retailer used a markup rate of 40%. Find the selling price of a computer
game that cost the retailer P25.
A. P 80 C. P 70
B. P 35 D. P 50
15. In the Philippines, 13 out of every 20 cans are recycled. What percent of cans are recycled?
A. 75% C. 65%
B. 40% D. 80%
16. Tom borrowed $600 at 10% per year, simple interest, for 3 years. How much did he have to
repay (principal + interest) at the end of the 3-year period?
A. 650 C. 780
B. 680 D. 800
17. What does D represent in Roman numeral system?
A. 100 C. 50
B. 500 D. 1 000
18. Leonardo arrives 12 minutes too late for the 14:12 train from Pisa to Milan. This train runs every
hour at 12 minutes past the hour. How long must he wait for the next train?
A. 48 minutes C. 30 minutes
B. 12 minutes D. 25 minutes
19. If 5 ounces is equal to 140 grams, then 2 pounds of ground meat is equal to how many grams?
A. 878 C. 863
B. 896 D. 915
20. If you purchase two stamps costing 60 centavos each and you give the cashier ₱2.00, how much
change should you receive?
A. 50 cents C. 80 cents
B. 25 cents D. 75 cents
21. Ben, a typical typist whose rate is P 22.00 per hour, puts in a full day of 10 hours and also 3-
hour overtime. If he is paid 1.5 times his regular rate for overtime, how much should be paid for
that particular day?
A. P 253.00 C. P 310.00
B. P 330.00 D. P 319.00
22. How many codes can be formed in a lock requiring 3 unique digits chosen from 0 to 9?
 A. 720 C. 850
B. 700 D. 750
23. Mr Myones drives 3 hours at an average speed of 40 miles per hour. Then he drives 2 hours at a
speed of 35 miles per hour. What is his average speed for the whole trip?
A. 35 miles per hour C. 40 miles per hour
B. 38 miles per hour D. 42 miles per hour
24. Given the equation 2(x + 2y) = 6x, what is the value of x if y = 5?
A. 3 C. 5
B. 9 D. 7
25. Which of the following has the greatest value?
A. 5/6 C. 1/3 B.
2/5 D. 2/3
26. Which of the following is the LEAST?
A. 41.2 m C. 4 12 cm
B. 41 200 mm D. 0.0412 km
27. Mother divided the money among Ron, Sam and Maria in the ratio 2: 3: 5. If Maria got Php150,
find the total amount received by Ron, Sam and Maria.
A. 250 C. 320
B. 300 D. 350
28. A popular bar and restaurant in Makati has 81 regular customers who visit at least once a week.
If there are 9 more vegetarian than non- vegetarian customers. How many customers are
vegetarian?
A. 36 C. 45
B. 25 D. 42
29. A group of friends took a road trip. They travelled 1,048 kilometers in 16 hours. What was their
average speed?
A. 59.5 C. 65.5
B. 62.5 D. 68.5
30. Which of the following is equivalent to:
2 +1 +2 +2
6 5 4 8
2
8

A. 496/121 C. 5.26
B. 5.13 D. 356 + 2x
XXVI. Practice Test Answer Key
Number Series
1. A 8. A

2. C 9. A

3. B 10. C

4. D 11. C

5. D 12. A

6. B 13. A

7. C 14. B

8. D 15. C

9. A 16. C

10. D 17. B

11. D 18. C

12. B 19. B 13. A 20. C 14 A 21. A

15. C 22. A

Common Word Problems 23. B

1. C 24. C

2. C 25. A

3. B 26. C

4. A 27. B

5. B 28. C

6. D 29. C

7. B 30. B