Joseph Bazalgette – designed the first major sewage system Garbage – animal or vegetable wastes from handling,

prep/cooking & serving

Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 – RA. 8749
Rubbish – comb and non comb without garbage
Renewable Energy Act of 2008 – RA 9513
Trash – combustible rubbish
Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 – RA 9275
Sanitary landfill – a repository of solid wastes employing an
Toxic Substances and Hazardous Wastes and Nuclear Wastes engineered method of disposing of solid wastes on land in a
Control Act of 1990 – RA 6969 manner that minimizes environmental hazards by spreading
Ecological Waste Management Act of 2000 – RA 9003 the solid wastes to the smallest practical volume and applying
and compacting the cover material at the end of each day
PFOS – banned POP – key ingredient in Scotchgard, which is a
popular fabric protector made by the global manufacturing Turbidity – a measure of the ability of sunlight to pass
giant 3M through the H2O and the ability of the H2O to disperse
different material disposed into it.
Nitrogen fixation – conversion of N2 from the atmosphere by
some bacteria to form N2 bearing compounds used in DO – actual quantity of free O2 present in H2O
chemical process within plants Kyoto Protocol – global undertaking on global warming and
DENR – primary government agency responsible for the greenhouse gases
conversion, management, development and roper use of the Agenda 12 – blue print for action towards sustainable
country’s environment and natural resources development
Stockholm Convention – a global treaty that aims to protect Cadmium – trace metal w/c causes the Itai-itai disease
the environment and human health from persistent organic
pollutants. Amines : ‘decayed fish’ smell

Unlike other pollutants, the photochemical oxidants result ‘Convention on Wetlands’ : Ramsar Convention
entirely from the atmospheric reactions and are not direct
emissions from either people or nature; thus they are called Philippine Environmental Code : PD 1152
secondary pollutants. Minamata – a neurological disease characterized by
Scrubber – air pollution control equipment that is used to trembling, inability to walk and speak and even serious
remove particulates from gas streams by direct contact into convulsions that can lead to death
the liquid droplets or liquid that is poured continuously NOx are major air pollutants that cause reddish-brown haze
Solid wastes – all wastes arising from human and animal in city and lung problems and may be carcinogenic.
activities that are discarded as useless or unwanted; wastes Sox NOx HC – primary pollutants O3 – not
that can be reused, recycle, or reclaimed; and sludges
Stratosphere - The concentric atmosphere layer just above
troposphere; rich in ozone

Mesosphere : very low atmospheric pressure and low (operating principle)

temperature
cyclone separator:centrifugal force
Troposphere – a dusty zone containing water vapor and
clouds scrubber:diffusion

Inhalation of lead compound present in the automobile settling chamber:gravitational force

exhausts causes blood poisoning, anaemia, and nervous electrostatic precipitator:electrostatic force
system disorder.
Iron and manganese can be removed by:
The detrimental effect on organism and water quality with
temperature and rise of aquatic system is the reduction of Ion exchange process
dissolved oxygen content of water.
Oxidation followed by settling and filtration
Soluble silica present in boiler feed water can be removed by
coagulation Lime soda process or manganese zeolite process

Polystyrene may not be safe for food packaging Not by chlorination

Dianne M. Villanueva 8/31/2019

Inhalation of pollutant CO results in death by asphyxiation Catalytic converter is filled in automobiles to reduce CO
concentration in exhaust emissions.

Decomposition of plants containing chlorophyll is a natural BOD is a measure of the amount of oxygen which will be
source of CO in atmosphere. demanded & used in 5 days by the biological decomposition
of the organic matter present in water stream present as
Basel Convention – Switzerland – March 1989; currently food for the living organism
primary basis of the Philippines in its environmental dispute BOD is expressed in mg/L
with Canada
COD is a good estimate of 20-day BOD
Kyoto Protocol – Japan –December 1997 – GHGs ; “carbon
market” – CO2 – nonsignatures – CN & US
BOD5 is less than BOD4 keeping other conditions same.
Copenhagen Talks – follow up to Kyoto Protocol

ISO 14000- Environmental Management System – LCA & EIA TOD > COD >BOD

ISO 9000 - Quality Management System Flow, BOD, SS The three measurements that are essential in
calculating the solids and organics on a waste water
ISO 22000 – Food Safety Management System treatment plant
BOD is a characteristic and not a constituent of water
BOD5:Lo ::2:3

Dianne M. Villanueva 8/31/2019

1. In a BOD determination, 6 ml of wastewater are mixed with 294 mL of diluting water containing 8.6 mg/L of dissolved oxygen. After
5-day incubation at 20°C, the dissolved oxygen content of the mixture is 5.4 mg/L. Calculate the BOD5 of the wastewater. Assume that
the initial dissolved oxygen of the wastewater is zero.

2. A CSTR with a working volume of 25 m3 is used for the production of baker’s yeast. The overall reaction for aerobic fermentation is :
0.556 C6H12O6 + .301NH3 + 1.43 O2  0.301 C6H10O3N + 2.283 H2O + 1.532 CO2
The empirical formula for the biomass is C6H10O3N and molasses contains 50.29% w/v C6H12O6.
a. Calculate the daily molasses consumption to maintain a daily production of one metric ton if the residual sugar in the outgoing broth
is 2.9% w/v glucose.
b. The specific growth rate of the yeast is

3. Compute the theo O2 demand of 150 mg/L of glucose

4. A five day B.O.D at 150C of the sewage of a town is 100 kg/day. If the 5 day B.O D, per head at 150C for standard sewage is 0.01
kg/day, the population equivalent is

5. Three mL of the river water sample is diluted to 300mL, aerated and seeded. The DO content was 8.2 mg/L initially. After 5 days, the
DO content had dropped to 6.7 mg/L. The second sample was obtained 60 days later and retested in identical fashion. The initial DO
was 8.3 mg/L and after 5 days, dropped to 6.4 mg/L. What is the difference between the ultimate BOD of the two sample? Use k =
0.23/day.

6. The tannery with a waste water flow of 0.011 m3/s and a BOD5 of 590 mg/L discharges into the creek. The creek has a 10 year, 7
day low flow of 1.7 m3/s. Upstream of the tannery, the BODs of the creek is 0.6 mg/L. The BOD rate constant for the tannery and creek
are 0.115 day-1 and 3.7 day-1 respectively. Calculate the ultimate BOD after mixing.

7. A solid analysis is to be performed on a waste water sample. The abbreviated procedure is outlined as follows:
i. A gooch crucible and filter pad are dried at 105 degC to a constant mass of 25.439g.
ii. 200 mL of a well-mixed sample is passed through the filter pad.
iii. It is then dried at 105 degC to a constant mass of 25. 645 g.
iv. 100 mL of the filtrate that passes through the filter pad in step ii above is placed in an evaporation dish that had been pre-weighed at
275.410 g.
v. The sample in Sted iv is evaporated to dryness at 105 degC and the dish and residue are weighed at 276. 227 g.
vi. Both the crucible from step ill and the evaporation dish from step v are placed in a furnace at 550 degC for an hour. After cooling in
desiccators, the mass of the crucible is 25.501 g and the mass of the dish is 275.944 g.
Determine the Total Solid of the waste water sample.

Dianne M. Villanueva 8/31/2019

 BOD load from industry
𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑃𝐸) =
𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝐷𝑖 − 𝐷𝑓
𝐵𝑂𝐷 =
𝑃
𝐵𝑂𝐷 = 𝐿𝑜 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 )
𝑄𝑝 (𝐵𝑂𝐷𝑝) + 𝑄𝑠 (𝐵𝑂𝐷𝑠)
𝑄𝑝 + 𝑄𝑠

TS = TSS + TDS
TSS : evaporating dish (2-1)
TDS : crucible (2-1)
VS = SV + DV
SV : evaporating dish (2-3)
DV : crucible (2-3)
FS = TS –VS
K25 =k20 1.05625−20
𝑚𝑔
∗ 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 ∗ 32
𝑇𝑂𝐷 = 𝐿
𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡

32 Θ = 1.047

15 Θ = 0.0147

27 Θ = 1.056

Dianne M. Villanueva 8/31/2019