ASIAN JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCES & TECHNOLOGY,VOL.

8, ISSUE 1 MARCH 2018

Solar Powered Irrigation System for Agriculture based on Moisture Content in the Field
and Saving Energy and Water with Optimum Designing
Ronak Ali Baladi, Madad Ali Shah
Ronak Engineering
Electrical Ali Baladi,Department,
Madad AliIBAShah
Sukkur
[email protected]
``
 importantly, as solar energy is comfortable to use, so this
Abstract: In this research, solar power derives water feature makes it worthwhile. PV panels is an effective method
pump to have water from bore well. From there, drawn for using solar energy. PV panels are used in solar heaters, street
water goes to reservoir. Outlet of tank (reservoir) is Lights and for domestic loads as a whole. The smart system,
regulated by moisture sensor (MS) and controller, so that shown in figure 1, as crisis of energy in Pakistan is going on, it
water consumption can be optimized. Flow of control is can be an appropriate option for unfortunate people and
being controlled in this smart system, water is regulated deprived farmers as a whole, of this meager country. To cope
from water tank to soil. Design of Solar Power Irrigation up with high tariffs of electricity and increasing demands day
system saves electric energy by reducing the usage of grid by day, the suggested smart system, which uses sunlight, once
energy, saves oil expenses incurred in tube wells, and most the initial investment made, then it would be a way for energy
significant, it reduces wastage of water as it is an automatic production. In this paper it has been proposed that this research
system to secure water. Solar power, a cost effective source, is solely for done to save electricity, decrease wastage of water,
can be a suitable solution to farmers, it has been proposed and reduce problems for Pakistan’s farmers as they are unable
in this research that solar power irrigation system, when to irrigate their field soils due to insufficient water supply from
used with solar pump, MS and an automatic water control government. Water comes from bore well through water pump
flow, seems to be realistic recommendation to implement to reservoir then from there to field soil by actuator and MS,
throughout Pakistan so that this nation-state could this operation is illustrated in figure 1 by flow chart. Purpose of
overcome energy crisis and save the farmers from this research is to get rid of shortage of electricity from grid
complications of not having sufficient resources for earning supply and use alternative source of energy production to run
through agriculture. As solar power is abundant energy tube wells [3] and reduce wastage of water and decrease
source, it is only answer to energy crisis, it is also expenses of electric billing [4][5]. Government is unable to
environmentally friendly. PV (Photovoltaic) panels are provide sufficient electricity to 1.1 million tube wells of
made from PV cells and they are easy to use for getting solar Pakistan.
energy from Sun rays. Efficiency comes from solar driving
module, as it is crucial part of the research and moreover II. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
without using automatic irrigation component, this Based on moisture sensor, to develop solar powered irrigation
research would be worthless. Literature survey is given in system to avoid over and under irrigation, wastage of water and
this research with proposed solution and implementation, time by farmers, to get rid of electric power shortage and
moreover cost analysis is done with help of results, and then ensuring proper and optimal water to rice crop.
conclusion is stated.
III. PROBLEM DEFINITION
Key Terms: Energy crisis, Grid Power, Irrigation System, Irrigation systems of today are either manually operated or time
Moisture Sensor, Photovoltaic, Regulator, Reservoir, Rice based. They all are causing under or over irrigation. Wastage of
Crop, Solar Power, Water Pump, Tank, Water Loss. water is done by farmers and shortage of electric power hinders
productivity of rice crop. Plant should be irrigated according to
I. INTRODUCTION its need. To address all these problems, proposed moisture
This research is conducted in Naushahro Feroze, Sindh, sensor based solar powered system gives needed water to crop,
Pakistan for irrigating rice crop. Research is done through water is utilized in proficient manner, through solar panels, and
survey and literature review, finally software (PV Syst version electric power problem is no more.
6.3.4, Arduino Programming) and hardware (Moisture Sensor
(MS), Arduino, H Bridge to name a few) are used to show IV. LITERATURE REVIEW
testing of our proposed system. Solar energy is vastly available In Pakistan, diesel cost is getting higher and higher so people
in whole world as it is natural resource to complete our basic have chance to convert their tube wells on solar powered
necessities for energy consumption. Solar energy is pumps. In this country there are 1.1 million tube wells, and from
environment friendly as it does not have any bad effects on those 30% tube wells are having supply of electricity [6], but
human health and it increases reliability of power as it is free of rest of all rely on oil, which is source of greenhouse gases’
cost to access from Sun rays in daytime. Solar energy is a emissions[7][8]. Tube wells need 2300 million liters of diesel
response to increasing demands and it is easy to get energy annually and famers do not get sufficient electricity from
through Photovoltaic cells, they can be polycrystalline, mono- national grid to run their tube wells for crop irrigation, so
crystalline, amorphous but to name a few [1][2]. Most flexible techniques need to be implemented. Pakistan’s farmers

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cannot afford prices of oil so they are being recommended to irrigation, surface irrigation system is very famous, shown in
switch from oil based to solar power irrigation system with figure 2.
solar-powered pumps [9] [10]. As it is clear getting water from
rivers and lakes has become big problem as shortfall of water
lacks farmers for their agricultural gain. Now shortfall of water
affects energy source as farmers use tube wells (run on oil) to
draw groundwater for their fields [11]. From researchers,
investigating is being done for such power plants which use
water to extract hydrocarbons and there is also research going
on in energy-related activities. Generally, around the globe little
consideration has been concentrated to make water available for
rice crop production by diminishing consumption of energy.
For agricultural purposes, seventy percent water which is fresh
is being consumed solely for this purpose, and irrigation thrusts
assembly of rice crop from each hectare of land, it goes for
being spread [13]. Nowadays, farmers are getting shift from
water that is obtained from rivers and lakes. And water is not
fulfilling demands of farmers to irrigate their fields. Moreover, Fig. 2. Surface Irrigation System
irrigation is not about water and agriculture but that is
concerned with energy crisis [14]. When water is applied to series of field ditches deep into soil
surface, this is called subsurface irrigation system. It is shown
V. THE STRATEGIC SOLUTION in figure 3.
Instead of previous irrigation systems, this proposed system
gives more efficiency than any other conventional and modern
irrigation system, shown in figure 1. This system saves water
and makes use of free energy source. Release of water slowly,
regularly and frequently is done in efficient way by determining
soil’s moisture content. Proposed irrigation system gets solar
energy from PV panel, battery is for storage, water pump does
pumping to get water for reservoir, from there according to
moisture content in soil, water releases to field.

Fig. 3. Subsurface Irrigation System

In sprinkler irrigation system, water is sprayed like rain, shown

in figure 4.

Fig. 4. Sprinkler Irrigation System

Fig. 1. Block Diagram Proposed System In drip irrigation system where there is efficient use of water,
Proposed model is automatic detector of soil moisture and takes shown in figure 5. In this type of irrigation system there is high
intelligent action to release water in field. In conventional

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efficiency because of principle of applying water slowly, and panel gives DC also, so converter is used to switch from
regularly and frequently. DC to AC, then energy to water pump is given.

Fig. 5. Drip Irrigation System Fig. 6. Solar Pumping Mechanism

Water was pumped from bore well to a well and from there It is very much important to be plunged exclusive to the well,
another pump pushes water to fields that costs huge energy so that system can be fully functional and an automatic.
consumption but in this very new flexible methods, we Combination of solar panel, water pump, battery, and converter
implement one stage algorithm, and it is core purpose of this is used here for implementation of this smart moisture based
research that pumping of water will be flexible and effective so solar powered system. In this work, two types of modules are
that from tube well, water could go to reservoir which is on being used, solar pumping module and automatic irrigation
along ground, then again MS regulates valve in case of soil module, in former module energy from panel is given to water
needs water to be irrigated. Efficient algorithm is proposed in pump and in later module water from reservoir goes to soil.
order to avoid flooding of rice crop by giving unnecessary water However, water is stored temporarily in reservoir before finally
to rice crop in Naushahro Feroze. Valve is regulated by MS releasing to fields.
which detects the level of moisture in soil, according to need of
soil, water is given by that valve with regulation by MS in land.
This smart system would conserve water and save electricity as
it is already in shortfall. Wastage of water will be also reduced.
Solar panel, battery, converter and other devices will be used to
implement this smart system. Table 1 illustrates suggested tube
well’s components’ life time and cost.

Table 1.
Components’ cost and lifetime
Component Cost Lifetime in years
Solar Panel 14000 20
(250)
Inverter 15000 4-10
Water pump 5000 2-8
Arduino 1500 5-20
Moisture Sensor 1000 3-20
Batteries (12V) 12000

Safety is main concern of system for long-lasting of

components used in planned system. Payback period (PBP) can
be achieved through security and comfortable use of proposed
system.
Fig. 7. Mechanism for Automatic irrigation module
A. SYSTEM EXPLANATION For water valve, in figure 8, as it is necessary for it to be
Block diagram of solar pumping module is given in Fig. 6. To regulated by a circuit which will be electronically operated.
recharge battery, control circuit is used. As battery stores DC
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is of important is given below and when water valve releases

water to field is also shown.

Fig. 8. Electronic controlling of water valve

In an involuntary irrigation segment, sensor is placed in the soil

for detection in condition of dryness. Sensor gives different
signals’ strength according to moisture level of soil, as different
moisture level for different crops are already set, a reference
voltage (V) level is set to trigger the circuit in need of water for
rice crop irrigation. Here are two voltages, one reference V set
by farmer for certain crop and another V of MS which is giving
after sensing moisture level of soil. Voltage difference would
determine that a certain soil needs water or not, and more vital
piece of work would be to decide the quantity of water needed
for dried field soil.
Moisture Sensor, H Bridge, Arduino Board and Stepper motor
are used in hardware prototype. Stepper Motor rotates in both Fig. 9. Flow Chart of regulating water
directions, it can be used in digital circuitry. It is used for
precise control of shaft’s position. When the pulse of electricity
is provided, then shaft turns a precise distance from magnet It is clear that more solar panels would be needed if there are
operation. Stepper motor via control signal rotates according to more number of agricultural land is to be cultivated and
difference of these two voltages. Though turns stepper motor irrigated, however system can be optimized to reduce cost of
control will be as efficient as according to need of field soil, increasing number of solar panels. In absence of rainfall, water
tank valve would be regulated either to finally release water to needed for soil is equal to moisture deficit in soil.
soil or not after careful detection from sensor of moisture. To
have an example, if 30 cm water is required for rice crops to be Table 2.
irrigated for 130 days and water flow is 18 liters per second for Specification of Solar Panel
14 hours a day. 1 Max power at STC 60W
Therefore, to calculate hectare land to be irrigated as follows; (Standard Test Conditions)
Available Water = (𝟏𝟖 ∗ 𝟔𝟎 ∗ 𝟔𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟑𝟎)/𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 m3 2 Optimum Operating 18.5 V
= 117,936 m3 Voltage
Area irrigated = 117,936/30 3 Optimum Operating 2.70 A
= 3931 Current
Hectare land to be irrigated = 3921/100 4 Open Circuit Voltage 22.7 V
= 39.31 hectare land to be irrigated
5 Short Circuit Current 2.84 A

6 Module Efficiency (Ref. 10.67 %

VI. SYSTEM DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
PVsyst Software)
Here we used 2HP water pump with proposed 60w
7 Maximum System Voltage 600 VDC UL
polycrystalline solar panel with specifications given below in
table 2. Water valve operated by MS released water to soil and 8 Cost of 60W Panel 3500
for that mechanism to work, energy comes from panel, it can be
done with amorphous and polycrystalline technology also. 9 Life of Panel 20 years
Engineers and researchers design required systems according to
requirement of the farmers and their need for energy from sun
rays according to crops’ irrigation in Naushahro Feroze district Selection of water pump is crucial in order to get reliable supply
of Sindh. Flow chart which shows how moisture sensor’s value of water according to need of soil sensed by MS. Polycrystalline

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panel sounds better in Naushahro Feroze because it is hot arid D. SOLAR PANEL
area of Sindh. If we use monocrystalline than cost of panels By PV effect, solar panel converts sunlight into electrical
would be increased which is main concern of our research. And energy. Solar panel is made up of photovoltaic cells. The
amorphous silicon technology is giving very low efficiency so characteristics like current, voltage and resistance varies when
it cannot be used in proposed model. panel exposed to sun rays.

A. CCONVERTER’s DESIGN AND BATTERY DESCRIPTION

Circuit is designed where DC 220Volts supply is achieved from
DC 12Volts supply through boost converter because it enhances
strength in great quantity to 220 Volts, and for inverter
220Volts that were being given to it as an input. Battery with
12 Volts and 100 Ah volume is used for 2HP, this 2HP is rating
of water pump, which is an essential component.

B. MOISTURE SENSOR MODULE

How much quantity of moisture is present in the soil, it would
be detected effectively and according to this detection further
action will be taken automatically. It will be sensed by MS
component with help of level detection module it can easily
determine how much water is needed for crops. Effective circuit
is being used to give proportional V according to data given by
sensor that would be absorbed from soil of field. Analog probes Fig. 12. Solar Panels
will be nice to use for this functionality. Sample of such probe
VG400 is shown in Figure 9. Conductivity between two probes E. WATER PUMP
would determine V proportional to moisture present in crops Water pump is used here to get water from tube well to reservoir
field. for storage till the need of crop comes to irrigate it. Selection of
water pump is essential, how much diameter of pump should be
for flow of water, which type of water pump should be like
displacement, submersible pump, turbine and centrifugal
pumps, these are main factors to consider in account before
selecting type of water pump. Here we use displacement pump
to move water from tube well to reservoir.

F. AUTOMATIC VALVE REGULATION

A required value is given to derive the circuit with respect to
quantity of moisture in the soil, if there is no need of water then
driver circuit do not get power, so stepper motor is closed then
controller would be in sleep mode to lower consumption.
Stepper motor, is used as actuator for controlling valve, which
is connected to outlet of reservoir’s valve.
Through MS and controller driver circuits get control pulses for
exciting stepper motor to rotate proportional to moisture
Fig. 10. Soil Moisture Sensor Probe content which is sensed by moisture sensor. By detection of
C. ARDUINO UNO moisture content in the soil of fields the valve is opened and
To integrate software and hardware, this open source arduino closed. But in case of drying moisture content in soil, controller
board is used. Arduino senses object and controls it. leaves sleep mode is wakes up for regulating flow of control
Programming in C language is done in arduino UNO. when soil moisture reaches minimum cut-off value. It is how
this whole system works automatically, and there is no any flaw
coming in regulating flow of water either to increase or decrease
by deteriorating the whole settled mechanism of algorithm, and
this complete phenomenon works efficiently.

VII. PVSyst SOFTWARE AND COMPONENTS

SELECTION
From PVsyst software, Polycrystalline panel of 60W(50W
panel is not present in PVsyst version 6.3.4) is used here.
monocrytalline is bit more costly than polycrystalline and
Fig. 11. Aarduino UNO amorphous is not being used because its efficiency is very low
as compare to crystalline family.

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VIII. RESEARCH ANALYSIS AND INVESTIGATION

Now comparison between solar and electricity based tube wells
would be illustrated. There are 11 lac tube wells operating in
whole Pakistan while consuming huge amount of oil and
electricity and suppose, if these 100% tube wells will be
converted to solar power irrigation system, then we can easily
reduce expenses and Pakistan’s government can easily
overcome energy crisis [14]. By studying several resources like
magazines and daily newspapers, it has been analyzed that
eleven million kWh (kilo watt hour) energy daily is to be used
for tube wells to have water for agriculture. Just assume if cost
of 1 kWh is 13.5 rupees then 1.157 trillion rupees is cost which
is likely to be paid by farmers in 20 years if governments
ensures required supply from national grid. However by
Fig. 13. Poly 60W panel specifications implementation of this proposed system, this amount could be
saved in 20 years by installing 11 lac solar powered tube wells
At temperature of 45 0C, irradiance from sunlight is given with in just 0.176 trillion. Hence reliance on government’s supply
different outputs. Normally in summer temperature of 45 0C will be decreased as already there is huge shortfall of electric
prevails in Naushahro Feroze. Moreover solar trackers can also energy is going on.
be implemented to increase conversion of sun rays to electrical
energy but cost would be increased. Table 3.
Proposed irrigation cost for 20 years

Cost of
Proposed
Solar Cost of 11 lac Cumulative
Year Powered tube wells cost till next
Tube well years (trillion)

1 0.176
2 0.176
3 0.176
4 0.176
5 160,000 0.176 trillion 0.176
6 0.176
7 0.176
Fig. 14. Irradiance vs panel’s output 8 0.176
Relative efficiency loss by respect to standard test conditions is 9 0.176
with 10.76% of efficiency.
10 0.176
11 0.176
12 0.176
13 0.176
14 0.176
15 0.176
16 0.176
17 0.176
18 0.176
19 0.176
20 0.176

Now, cost for 20 years from electricity based 11 tube wells

would be analyzed. Maintenance cost is same in both solar
powered and electricity based tube wells that is why it is not
Fig. 15. Relative efficiency loss being considered in analysis.

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Table 4. moisture sense phenomenon, then eleven lac tube wells would
Electricity based irrigation cost for 20 years
cost 1.76 billion rupees only one time, while in case of oil there
Year Cost of Cost of Billing in Total is expense of 184 billion annually.
Electricity 11 lac respective incurred By using moisture sensor based solar powered tube wells, 3.75
based tube year (billion) cost trillion would be saved. Moreover, due to less utilization of oil,
tube well wells from there will be no emissions of greenhouse gases. Generator of
(PKR) (billion) first high rating is being used to get ground water for soil of field
year and these generator consume massive amount of oil, while big
(billion) motors are also being used by consuming large amount of
1 80,000 88 53.46 141.46 national grid supply.
2 53.46 194.92 Table 5.
Oil based irrigation cost for 20 years
3 53.46 248.38 Year Cost of Cost of Expense(2300 Total
Oil based 11 lac m liters) of incurred
4 53.46 301.48 tube well tube oil in 1 year cost
(PKR) wells for 11 lac from
5 53.46 355.3 (billion) tube wells first
Per litter (80) year
6 53.46 408.76 2300 m liters (billion)
1 70,000 77 184 261
7 53.46 462.22 2 184 445
3 184 629
8 53.46 515.68 4 184 813
5 184 997
9 53.46 569.14 6 184 1181
7 184 1365
10 53.46 622.6 8 184 1549
9 184 1733
11 53.46 676.06 10 184 1917
11 184 2101
12 53.46 729.52 12 184 2285
13 184 2469
13 53.46 782.98 14 184 2653
15 184 2837
14 53.46 836.44 16 184 3021
17 184 3205
15 53.46 889.9 18 184 3389
19 184 3573
16 53.46 943.36 20 184 3757

17 53.46 996.82 IX. EXPLORATION AND ADVANTAGES OF THIS

PROPOSED SYSTEM
18 53.46 1050.28 Through implementing recommended moisture sensor based
solar powered system instead of surface, subsurface, sprinkler
19 53.46 1103.74 and drip irrigation systems, following advantages seem to be
realistic.
20 53.46 1157.2 1. This system Provides water to crop according to its need
avoiding under and over irrigation, by this water is being
utilized effectively while manually operated irrigation systems
Approximately 1.16 trillion would be saved if we switch from are causing flooding and dryness in field.
electricity to smart sensor based solar powered irrigation 2. Where electricity is not available, this system is designed to
system. Suppose 11 lac tube wells of Pakistan based on use sunlight by PV panels to operate water pump for releasing
electricity and fossil fuels are switching to moisture sensor water to reservoir and finally to field while previous manually
based solar powered system, then 2300 million liters oil would operated systems only rely on oil and electric power.
not be needed and expense of 184 billion can be saved annually, 3. This system saves water tariff but manually operated system
and government’s burden will be decreased to provide this high makes use of extra water.
amount of oil to farmers besides households and commercial 4. Recommended system saves electric billing cost as it used
demands. Tube well costs 160,000 which is solar based having sunlight for generating energy.

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5. This proposed sensor based solar powered irrigation system this research will be economical, as it is cost effective, if
does not require manpower and it operates automatically Government of Pakistan would think in long run development
according to crop’s need. While conventional methods of this solar powered system system will be beneficial. It will save
irrigation need huge labor to work. lot of electric energy supply given by government to farmers
6. This planned model improves crop production by adequate for tube wells, and less oil will be imported due to not use in
supply of water avoiding flooding and dryness of soil. While in irrigation purpose. And also, water preservation will be done
previous techniques of irrigation systems there is minimum and lot of wastage of water will be stopped.
chance of high net profit.
7. Saving of time is done in this anticipated moisture sensor XI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
based prototypical model while in Basin and Furrow irrigation Cooperation that was done from researchers of Electrical
system there is time taking process by labor’s involvement. Engineering Department of Sukkur IBA are appreciated. Bahria
8. Human error is decreased in this suggested sensor based University Karachi Campus faculty members gave huge
system comparatively to drip and sprinkler irrigation system. guidelines to furnish this research.
9. Oil expenses are also saved in this offered solar powered
irrigation system based on sensor as compared to surface and
subsurface irrigation system. XII. REFERENCES
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