FULLY WORKED SOLUTIONS

CHAPTER

3 MATRICES

Focus on STPM 3
i.e. A3 = A

1 2
2 1 1
1 T= p 0 p A6 = A2
-2 q -1 A7 = A3 = A

1 2
1 –1 1

1 21 2
2 1 1 2 1 1 (a) A9 = A3 = A = 2 0 1
T2 = p 0 p p 0 p 0 2 –1
-2 q -1 -2 q -1
-1 1 -1

=1
2+p
0 p
2+q 1+p
+ pq 0
2
(b) A 44 = A 2 =
 2 0 1
4 -2 3 
-2 + pq -2 - q -1 + pq

 
a b c

1
5 0 x
= 0 -3 0
y 0 -7
2 3 R= 0 d e
0 0 f
∴ p = 3, q = -2, x = 4, y = -8

 
a 0 0
RT = b d 0
1 −1 1

2 A= 2 0 1
0 2 −1
 c e f

4 −6 2
1 −1 1 1 −1 1  
R R = −6 10 −3
T


A2 = 2 0 1
 2 0 1
 2 −3 10
4 −6 2
    
0 2 −1 0 2 −1 a 0 0 a b c
b d 0 0 d e = −6 10 −3
−1 1 −1
 
c e f 0 0 f 2 −3 10
= 2 0 1
a2 ab ac 4 −6 2
  
4 −2 3
ab b + d
2 2
bc + de = −6 10 −3
-1 1 -1 1 -1 1
  
ac bc + de c 2 + e 2 + f 2 2 −3 10
A = 2 0 1
3
2 0 1
4 -2 3 0 2 -1 a2 = 4 ⇒ a = 2
1 -1 1 ab = −6 ⇒ b = −3

 
= 2 0 1 =A
0 2 -1
ac = 2 ⇒ c = 1
b 2 + d 2 = 10 ⇒ d = 1
bc + de = −3 ⇒ e = 0
c 2 + e 2 + f 2 = 10 ⇒ f = 3
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 a2 = 4 ⇒ a = 2
ab = −6 ⇒ b = −3
ac = 2 ⇒ c = 1
b 2 + d 2 = 10 ⇒ d = 1
bc + de = −3 ⇒ e = 0 If b = 0, from 1 ,
c 2 + e 2 + f 2 = 10 ⇒ f = 3 a2 - a - 1 = 0
1± 5
a b a=
4 A=
b a   2

A (2I - A) = 0 1
If a = , from 1 ,
2
a b é 1 0 a b ù
b a êêë20 1 - b aúúû = 0 1 1 5
b2 = 1 − =
2 4 4
a b 2-a -b
b a -b 2-a
=0  b=±
2
5

 
a( 2 - a ) - b 2 - ab + b( 2 - a) Four matrices M are
=0
b( 2 - a) - ab - b 2 + a( 2 - a )

1
( )
2
æ1 ö
ç 2 1± 5 0 ÷
a ( 2 - a ) - b2 = 0 ç ÷,
…1 ç
è
0
1
2
(1± 5 ÷
ø
)
and

1 2
b ( 2 − a ) − ab = 0 æ 1
±
1
5÷
ö
ç 2 2
b (2 − a − a) = 0 ç 1 1 ÷÷
ç± 5
b ( 2 − 2a ) = 0 è 2 2 ø
b = 0 or a = 1
p q p r
Substituting b = 0 into 1 :
a( 2 − a ) = 0
6 A=  r s AT = q s
a = 2 or 0 ⇒ b = 0, a = 2 AAT = 1
Substituting a = 1: p q p r 1 0
1 - b = 0, b = ±1 \ a = 1, b = ±1
2  r s   q s  = 0 1 
2 0 1 ±1 p2 + q2 pr + qs
   
1 0
\A =
0 2
or
±1 1  pr + qs r +s
2 2
=  
0 1
p2 + q2 = 1 ... 1
5 M =M+I 2
pr + qs = 0 ... 2
a b a b a b 1 0
 
b a b a
=
b a
+    
0 1
r2 + s2 = 1 ... 3
(a) If p = 0, from 2 ,
a2 + b2 a +1 b
   
2ab
= qs = 0 ⇒ q = 0 or s = 0
2ab a +b
2 2
b a +1
q ≠ 0 because from 1
a2 + b2 = a + 1 …1 p2 = 1.
2ab = b Hence s = 0 or q2 = r2 = 1
1
b = 0 or a = (b) If p ≠ 0, from 2 ,
2

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 qs a 2 + bc = 1 … …1
p=-
r 2ab = 0 … …2
qs
Substituting p = − into 1 : 2ab = 0 … …3
r
q2 s2
2
+ q2 = 1 From 2 , a = 0 or b = 0
r
(
q s2 + r 2 = r 2
2
) From 3 , a = 0 or c = 0
If a ≠ 0, b = 0 and c = 0
q2 = r 2
r = ± q, s = ± p From 1 , a2 = 1 ⇒ a = ±1
∴ A = I or -I (not admissible)
a b
7 M= c d  a + d = −1, ad − bc = 1 ∴a=0
Form 1 , bc = 1
a b a b
M2 =
c d   c d B=
1
2
1
(I + A ) , C = (I − A )
2
a + bc ab + bd
2

ac + cd bc + d 
= 2
1 1
BC = ( I + A ) ( I − A )
2 2

= 
a( - d - 1) + ad - 1 b( a + d )

1
(
= I 2 − IA + AI − A 2
2
)
c( a + d ) ad - 1 + d ( - a - 1)
-a - 1 - b
1 2
(
= I − A2 )
=  -c - 1 - d  2
1
= (I − I)
d -b 2
=  -c a  =0

M2 + M + I =  -c
d -b
a
+
a b
c d
+   
1 0
0 1
=  
0 0
0 0

d + a +1
 
0
=
0 a + d +1
 
9 A= 1 2
4 3
 
0 0
=
4 34 3 = 16 17
0 0 1 2 1 2 9 8
A2 =
=0
A 2 - 4 A - 5I
a b
8 A=  
, A ≠ I or -I
16 17 - 4 4 3 - 50 1
c a 9 8 1 2 1 0
=
A2 = I
a b a b 1 0
c ac a = 0 1 0 0 
0 0
=

a 2 + bc =0
  
2ab 1 0
 2ac a 2 + bc
=
0 1

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1 0 0 a 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
10 P = 1 -2 0 , Q = b 5 0 −1 4 0 = s 1 −2 0 + t 0 1 0
-1 3 1 c -3 2 1 −3 1 −1 3 1 0 0 1
1= s + t
(a) P = mQ + nI
−1 = s

     
1 0 0 a 0 0 1 0 0
1 -2 0 = m b 5 0 + n 0 1 0 ∴t = 2
-1 3 1 c -3 2 0 0 1 P 2 = − P + 2I
1 = ma + n ... 1 P3 = − P 2 + 2IP
1 = mb ... 2
= −( − P + 2I) + 2P
-1 = mc ... 3
3 = -3m = 3P − 2I
m = -1 P 4 = 3P 2 − 2IP
1 = 2m + n = 3( − P + 2I) − 2P
1 = -2 + n
n=3 = −5P + 6 I
From 1 , 1 = -a + 3
a=2
Form 2 , b = -1
11 P = 1 23 -112, Q= 1 17 -252
Form 3 , c = -1
Q-P= 1 -14 -362, |Q - P| = 6
  
1 0 0 2 0 0
PQ = 1 -2 0 -1 5 0

1 2
-1 3 1 1 -3 2 1
1
1 6 3
(Q - P)-1 = 1
6 - 4 -1
= 2 2 1
2

 
2 0 0 - -
= 4 -10 0 3 6
(Q - P)-1 = P + C
-4 12 2

   1 21
2 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
2 1
QP = -1 5 0
1 -3 2
1 -2 0
-1 3 1 2 1
2 =
3 -1
+C 2
- -
3 6

 
2 0 0

1 2
= 4 -10 0 -1 - 1
-4 12 2 C= 2
5
Since PQ = QP, multiplication of matrices - 11
3 6
P and Q is commutative.

2 1 æç0
1 1 2ö æ 1 1 2ö

  
1 0 0 1 0 0

1 21 2
2 1 ÷0ç ÷
(b) P 2 = 1 -2 0 1 -2 0 12
12 (a) P 0 I1= ç1 0
P=+ 11
P 2 - 62  02 1 2 ÷1ç 0 2 2 ÷
-1 3 1 -1 3 1 0 4 –3ç -1 01 4 ÷ ç -1 1 3 ÷
3–3
è øè ø

  1 2
1 0 0 4 2æ+11 1 12 ö æ1 0 0ö
= -1 4 0 = 0 1ç+ 4 1 – 3÷ ç ÷
0 2 2 ÷ + 11 ç 0 1 0 ÷
1 -3 1 0– 64 çç– 12 4 + 9÷ ç0 0 1÷
P 2 = sP + t I è -1 1 3ø è ø

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 1 2 1 21 2
4 3 1 2 2 4 2 2 4
= 0 3 –2 A = 0 4 4
2
0 4 4
0 –8 13 -2 2 6 -2 2 6
- 4 20 60
1 21 2 1 2
4 3 1 2 1 0
P3 = P2P = 0 5 – 2 0 1 1 = -8 24 60
0 –8 13 0 4 –3 -16 16 36
A2 - 12A + 44I
1 2
8 4+3+4 3–3
= 8 5–8 5+6 - 4 20 40
1 2 1 2
2 2 4
8 –8 + 52 –8 – 39
= -8 26 60 - 12
 0 4 4

1 2
8 11 0 -16 16 36 -2 2 6
= 0 –3 11

1 2
1 0 0
0 44 –47 + 44 0 1 0
(b) 11P – 14I 0 0 1
16 - 4 -8

1 2 1 2 1 2
2 1 0 1 0 0
= 11 0 1 1 – 14 0 1 0 = -8 20 -8
0 4 –3 0 0 1 8 -8 8
A(A2 - 12A + 44I)
1 21 2
22 11 0 14 0 0
- 4 -8
21 2
2 2 4 16
1
= 0 11 11 – 0 14 0
0 22 –33 0 0 14 = 0 4 4 -8 20 -8
-2 2 6 8 -8 8
1 2
8 11 0

1 2
= 0 –3 11 48 0 0
0 44 –47 =0 48 0 = 48I
0 0 48
P3 = 11P – 14I 1
A-1 = (A2 - 12A + 44I)
48
P–1P3 = P–1(11P – 14I)
-16 - 4 -8
1 2
P2 = 11I – 14P–1
1 -8 20 -8
14P–1 = 11I – P2 =
48
8 -8 8

1 21 2
1 0 0 4 3 1

1 2
1 -  1 - 1
14P–1 = 11 0 1 0 – 0 5 –2
3 12 6
0 0 1 0 –8 13
1 5 1
= -  - 

1 2
7 –3 –1 6 12 6
= 0 6 2 1 1 1
0 8 –2 - 
6 6 6

1 2
1@2 –13@14 –1@14

1 2 12 12
3 4 -1 x p
P = 11 0
–1 3@7 1@7
14 A = 1 2 1 , A y = q
0 4@7 –1@7 2 6 -3 z r
(a) By using elementary row operations

1
2 2 4
13 A = 0 4 4
-2 2 6 2 A = -   
-1 1
18
-12
5 1
6 6
-7 - 4
2 -10 2
2
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 4 3
3 -4 -3
-4 5 =  4 -5
4
T-1 = -

-3
4 30 1 4 -5
5 4 2 0 4
TDT-1 =
-12 6 6

12 1 21 2
x p -6
4 3 4 -5
1 5 4 8
(b) -
y = 18 5 -7 -4 q =
z 2 -10 2 r
-14 20
-12p + 6q + 6r
-12 17 
1 2
1 =
=- 5p - 7q - 4r
18
2p - 10q + 2r =M
x = 1 (p - q - r) M = TDT-1
3
1 M 2 = (TDT-1 )(TDT-1 )
y = (-5p + 7q + 4r)
18 = TD(T-1T)DT-1
1
z = (-p + 5q - r) = TDIDT-1
9
= TD 2 T-1
0 -2 2
1
15 R = 4 -2 4
2 0 2
2 M3 = MM 2 = (TDT-1 )(TD 2 T-1 )
= TD(T-1T)D 2 T-1
0 -2 2 0 -2 2 = TDID 2 T-1
2
1
R = 4 -2 4 4 -2 4
2 0 2 2 0 2
21 2 = TD3T-1

-4 4 -4 17 (a) AP = PD
= 1
0 -4 8
4 -4 8
2 APP −1 = PDP −1
AI = PDP −1
-4 4 -4 0 -2 2
3
1
R = 0 -4 8
4 -4 8
21 2
4 -2 4
2 0 2
A = PDP −1
A 2 = (PDP −1 )(PDP −1 )
= PD(P −1P)DP −1
1 2
8 0 0
= 0 8 0 = PDIDP −1
0 0 8
i.e. R = 8I ⇒ k = 8
3 = PD 2 P −1
R2 = 8R-1 A3 = A 2A

1 2
1
-1 1 -
2 2 2 = (PD 2 P −1 )(PDP −1 )
-4 4 -4
R-1 =
1
8 1
0 -4 8 =
4 -4 8
0 -1 1
2 2 = PD 2 (P −1P)DP −1
= PD 2 IDP −1
1 1 1
-
2 2 = PD3 P −1
(b) AB = μA
 
16 5 4
T= , T = -1 A-1AB = A-1(μA)
4 3
IB = μA-1 A
3 -4 -3 B = μI
-4 5 =  4 -5
4
T-1 = - B2 = B(μI)
= μBI
-3
4 30 1 4 -5
5 4 2 0 4 = μB
TDT-1 =
BA = λB
-6
4 3 4 -5
5 4 8
=
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 B-1BA = B-1λB C3 = C2 C = −7IC
IA = λB-1B i.e. C3 = −7C
A = λI
A2 = AλI C4 = C3C = ( − 7C )C
= λAI = −7C2 = −7( − 7I ) = 49I
= λA C5 = 49IIC = 49C
18 (a) A =  −41 12 and B = 1x 1y , x ≠ y C6 = 49C2 = 49( − 7I )
i.e. C6 = −343I
y −1
y − x x 1

−1 1
B =
−
19 P = ba 0c PT = 0a bc
B −1AB = 0a 0b
y −1 −1 2
PPT =    
a 0
b c
a b
0 c
=
a2 ab
ab b + c 2
2 
     
1 1 1 a 0
=
y − x −x 1 4 1
 a2
  
x y 0 b ab 9 12
=
ab b + c
2 2
12 41
− y − 4 2y −1 1 1
 x + 4 −2 x + 1 x y   a2 = 9 ⇒ a = 3
ab = 12 ⇒ b = 4
0 b
a 0
= ( y − x) b 2 + c 2 = 41
\- y - 4 + 2 y 2 - y = 0 16 + c 2 = 41
2 y2 - 2 y - 4 = 0 c 2 = 25 ⇒ c = 5

 4 5
y2 - y - 2 = 0 3 0
Hence P =
( y - 2)( y + 1) = 0
P P=   =
20 25
y = 2 or - 1 T 3 4 3 0 25 20
0 5 4 5
Also, x + 4 - 2 x 2 + x = 0

e f  0 f 
2x2 - 2x - 4 = 0 d 0 d e
Q= QT =
x2 - x - 2 = 0
QQT = PT P
( x - 2)( x + 1) = 0

 e f 0 f  = 20 25

x = 2 or - 1 d 0 d e 25 20
\ x = 2, y = -1or x = -1, y = 2
d2
   
de 25 20
=
(b) C = 3 2
-8 -3   de e + f
2 2
20 25

d 2 = 25 ⇒ d = 5
-8 -3-8 -3
=
3 2 3 2
C2
de = 20 ⇒ e = 4
-7 0 e 2 + f 2 = 25 ⇒ f = 3
= 
0 7 
4 3
5 0
Q=
= -71

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 R = QT P -1 x −2 −4

=   
5 4 1 5 0
0 3 15 - 4 3  
21 A = −2 y 2
1 1 2 
M11 = M 21 M 31 = M 23
 
1 9 12
=
15 −12 9 2y − 2 = 0 −4 + 4 y = x + 2
1 9 -12 y =1 0= x+2
RT = 
15 12 9  x = -2
-2 -2 -4
9 -12
  
1 9 12
RR T = A = -2 1 2
255 -12 9 12 9
1 1 2
 
1 225 0
= = −2(0) + 2( −6) − 4( −3)
255 0 225
=0
0 1 
1 0
= 22 M2 = I
M-1M2 = M-1I
(M-1M)M = M-1
   
2 2 x y
20 A = , B=
-1 1 1 0 IM = M-1
M = M-1
 
a 0
Let D = M2 = I
0 b

    
a b a b 1 0
1 1 −2 =
A−1 = 
4 1 2  c d c d 0 1
a 2 + bc ab + bd
   
1 0
ADA-1 = B =
ac + cd bc + d 2
0 1
a 0 1 -2
  0 b1 2 = 1 0
1 2 2 x y
a 2 + bc = 1 …1
4 -1 1
ab + bd = 0
a −2a
−1 1 b   
2 2 x y
=4 b( a + d ) = 0
2b 1 0
⇒ b = 0 or a + d = 0
2 
2a2a+ + 22b
b −-4a
4 a ++ 4b
 1 
4b 4x 4 y
= ac + cd = 0
− a -a+ + b b 2b2b ++ 2b
2b 4 0
c( a + d ) = 0
−a + b = 4 …1
⇒ c = 0 or a + d = 0
2a + 2b = 0
bc + d 2 = 1 …2
or a+b=0 …2
+ 2 , 2b = 4
1 (a) If b = 0, then ( a + d ) ≠ 0 or c = 0
b=2 From 1 , a 2 = 1 ⇒ a = ±1
a = -2 From 2 , d 2 = 1 ⇒ d = ±1
-2 0
D=
0 2  M=
±1 0
 0 ±1 = I or -I

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 (b) If a + d = 0 , 1 becomes
STRATEGY
- ad + bc = 1
(x 3
)
- y 3 = (x - y )(x 2 + xy + y 2 )
or ad − bc = −1
and 2 becomes
bc − ad = 1 = b c - b c - a (c - b ) + a (c - b )
2 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 2

or ad − bc = −1
= b c (c - b ) - a (c - b )(c + bc + b )
2 2 2 2 2

a b
Hence = −1 and a + d = 0 + a3 (c - b )(c + b )
c d
= ( c - b ) éëb c - a (c + bc + b )
2 2 2 2 2

23 Given det (AB) = (det A)(det B)

AA-1 = I + a3 (c + b ) ùû
det (AA-1) = det I = 1 = ( c - b ) éëb 2 c 2 - a 2 c 2 - a 2 ( bc + b 2 )
But, det (AA-1) = (det A)(det A-1)
+ a3 (c + b ) ùû
= det I = 1
∴(det A)(det A-1) = 1 = ( c - b ) éëc ( b - a ) - a b( b + c )
2 2 2 2

Given det A = 5
+ a3 (c + b ) ùû
det 2A = 23 (det A) = 8(5) = 40
(2A)(2A)-1 = I = ( c - b ) éëc ( b - a )( b + a )
2

det(2A) - det (2A)-1 = 1

+ ( b + c ) ( a3 - a 2 b ) ùû
40 det (2A)-1 = 1
1 = ( c - b ) éëc 2 ( b - a )( b + a )
det (2A)-1 =
40
+ a 2 ( b + c ) ( a - b ) ùû
é a x x + aù
a x = (c - b )( b - a ) éëc ( b + a ) - a ( b + c ) ùû
2 2
ê
24 ê x + a a x úú = a
x+a a
êë x x+a a úû = (c - b )( b - a ) éëbc + ac - a b - a c ùû
2 2 2 2

x+a x x+a a
-x + (x + a) = (c - b )( b - a ) éë( ac - a c ) + b(c - a ) ùû
2 2 2 2

x a x x+a

= a éëa 2 - x( x + a ) ùû - x éëa( x + a ) - x 2 ùû = (c - b )( b - a ) [ac(c - a )

+ b(c - a )(c + a )]
+ ( x + a ) é( x + a ) - ax ù
2
ë û = (c – b)(b – a)(c – a)(ac + bc + ab)
= a - 3ax - 3a x + x + x
3 2 2 3 3
= (a – b)(b – c)(c – a)(bc + ca + ab)
+ 3ax 2 + 3a 2 x + a3
Det B = abc det A = abc(a – b)(b – c)
= 2 a + 2 x = 2( a + x )
3 3 3 3
(c – a)(bc + ca + ab)

æa b c ö
b2 b3 2 1 b
3
3 1 b
2
ç ÷
25 det A = 2 - a + a 26 Determinant of matrix ç b a c ÷ .
c c3 1 c3 1 c2 çb c a÷
è ø

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 a c b c b a æ -6 0 0ö
= a -b +c ç ÷
c a b a b c = ç 0 -6 0 ÷
ç 0 0 -6 ÷ø
= a( a - c ) - b( ab - bc ) + c( bc - ab )
2 2 è
= -6I
= a( a - c )( a + c ) - b 2 ( a - c ) + bc(c - a )
= (c – a)[ – a(a + c) + b2 + bc] 1 1
AB = -6I Þ A -1 = - B = -
6 6
= (c – a)[ b - a ) + ( bc - ac ) ]
2 2

æ 1 -5 -2 ö
= (c – a)[(b – a)(b + a) + c(b – a)] ç ÷
ç -4 2 2 ÷
= (c – a)(b – a)(b + a + c) ç -3 3 0 ÷
è ø
= (a + b + c)(b – a)(c – a)
æ - 16 5 6 1
3 ö
ç 2 1 ÷
= ç- 3 - 3 - 3÷
STRATEGY 1

Express a sin x + b cos x = r ç- 1 1 0 ÷ø

sin(x + a ) è 2 2

Therefore (a + b + c) is a factor.
3 1 -3
1 sin q 2 cos q 28 (a) Det M = 1 2a 1
sin q 1 2 cos q = 0 0 2 a
sin q 2 cos q 1 2a 1 1 1 1 2a
=3 - -3
2 a 0 a 0 2
Þ (1 + sin q + 2 cos q )(sin q - 1)
(2 cos q - 1) = 0 ( )
= 3 2a 2 - 2 - a - 3(2)

Þ (1 + sin q + 2 cos q ) = 0, = 6a 2 - a - 12
or (sin q - 1) = 0, or (2 cos q - 1) = 0 Det M = 0 Þ 6a 2 - a - 12 = 0
(3a + 4)(2a – 3) = 0
5 sin (q + 1.11) = -1, sin q = 1, cos q = 0.5
4 3
p p a=- or a=
q + 1.11 = p + 0.4636,q = ,q = 3 2
2 3
p p æ 3 1 -3 ö
q = 2.4982, , ç ÷
2 3 (b) When a = 2, M = ç 1 4 1 ÷
ç0 2 2 ÷
è ø
æ 1 1 1 ö æ 1 -5 -2ö
27 AB = ç 1 1 -1÷ ç -4 2 2 ÷ Using Gaussian elimination method,
ç ÷ç ÷
è 1 -2 3 ø è -3 3 0 ø æ x ö æ -8ö
æ 1 - 4 - 3 -5 + 2 + 3 -2 + 2 + 0ö M ç y ÷ = ç -4÷ becomes
ç ÷ ç ÷
= ç 1 - 4 + 3 -5 + 2 - 3 -2 + 2 + 0÷ è zø è 2 ø
ç ÷
è 1 + 8 - 9 -5 - 4 + 9 -2 - 4 + 0ø

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 6 R1 ® R1
1 -3 -8 ö
1
æ3     1 æ1 0 0 56 1 6 1 2ö
ç ÷ R1 - 3R 2 ® R 2 ç
R ®R ÷
ç1 4 1 -4 ÷ 1 R ® R   12 2 2 1 0 7 12 -1 12 1 4 ÷ ,
ç0
ç0 2 2 2 ÷ø
2 3 3
  13 R 3 ® R 3
ç0 0 ÷ø
è è 0 1 23 13
æ3 1 -3 -8 ö æ56 1 6 1 2ö
ç ÷ R «R ç ÷
ç0 -11 -6 4 ÷ 2 3 -1
A = ç 7 12 -1 12 1 4 ÷
ç0 1 1 ÷ø ç23
è 1 è 13 0 ÷ø
æ 3 1 -3 -8 ö
ç ÷

 
4 8 3
ç0 1 1 1÷ 11R 2 + R 3 ® R1

ç 0 -11 -6 4 ÷ 30 Let A = 3 5 1
è ø 1 4 3
æ 3 1 -3 -8ö By using elementary row operations,
ç0 1 1 1 ÷ 11 -12 -7
ç ÷
è 0 0 5 15 ø
Row 3 : 5z = 15, z = 3
A -1 = -8 9 5
7 -8 -4  
4 x + 8 y + 3z = 2
Row 2 : y + z = 1, y + 3 = 1, y = – 2
3 x + 5 y + z = −3
Row 1 : 3x + y – 3z = –8, 3x – 2 – 9 =
– 8, x = 1 x + 4 y + 3z = 5

    
4 8 3 x 2
3 5 1 y = -3
æ -1 2 1 1 0 0 ö 2 R1 + R 2 ® R 2
1 4 3 z 5
29 ç 2 -4 1 0 1 0 ÷÷
ç
11 -12 -7
   
ç 3 -2 -2 0 0 1 ÷ 3R1 + R3 ® R3 x 2
è ø y = -8 9 5 -3
æ -1 2 1 1 0 0 ö z 7 -8 -4 5
ç ÷ R2 « R3
ç 0 0 3 2 1 0÷
 
23
ç 0 4 1 3 0 1÷ = -18
è ø
18
æ -1 2 1 1 0 0 ö
ç ÷ R -2 R ®R x = 23, y = -18, z = 18
ç 0 4 1 3 0 1÷ 2 1 1
ç 0 0 3 2 1 0÷
è ø

 
8 5 3
æ 2 0 -1 1 0 1 ö 31 A = 5 3 1
ç ÷ 3R1 + R3 ® R1 3 2 1
ç 0 4 1 3 0 1 ÷ 3R 2 - R3 ® R 2
ç0 0 3 2 1 0÷ By using elementary row operations,
è ø
1 1 -4
æ6 0 0 5 1 3ö
ç ÷
ç 0 12 0 7 -1 3 ÷
A -1 = -2 -1 7
1 -1 -1 
ç0 0 3 2 1 0÷
è ø 8 x + 5 y + 3z = 4

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 5x + 3 y + z = 5 33 AB = kI
3x + 2 y + z = 7 1 2 p -3 2 -1
1 21
q 3 2 -1 0 1 2
    
8 5 3 x 4
5 3 1 y = 5 1 0 1 3 -2 -1
3 2 1 z 7
1 2
1 0 0
1 1 -4 =k 0 1 0

    
x 4
y = -2 -1 7 5 0 0 1
1 -1 -1 -5 + 3p 2 - 2p 1 - p
1 2
z 7
-19 -3q + 3 2q - 4 -q + 1

  = 36 0 0 -2

1 2
-8 1 0 0
=k 0 1 0
x = −19, y = 36, z = −8
0 0 1
⇒ q = 1, p = 1, k = -2
x + 2y + z = 6 1 2 1 x
1 21 2 1 2
3 -1 5 6
32 Let A = 4 3 3

5 -4 -2  x + 3y + 2z = -3
x+z=2
⇒ 1 3 2 y = -3
1 0 -1 z 2
-3 2 -1 -26

12 1 21 2 1 2
By using elementary row operations, x 6
1 1
6 -22 -18 y = - -1 0 1 -3 = - -4

 
-1 2 2 2 22
A = -1
23 -31 11 z 3 -2 -1
160 -13 7 13 x = 13, y = 2, z = -11

3x − y + 5 z = 4
34 (a) 9 x − 10 y + 2 z = −16
4 x + 3 y + 3z = 3
x + 3 y + 6 z = 13
5x − 4 y − 2z = 3
4 x − y + 8 z = 13
3 -1 5
    
x 4
9 -10 2 -6
    
4 3 3 y = 3 x
5 -4 -2 z 3 1 3 6 y = 13
4 -1 8 z 13
6 -22 -18
   
x 4
1 9 -10 2
 
y =- 23 -31 11 3
z 160 -31 7 13 3 Let A = 1 3 6
4 -1 8
−96
=−
 
1
32
160 −64
By using elementary row operations,
30 78 -66
A -1 =
1

16 64 -52

 
0.6 84 -13 -31 37
= -0.2
0.4 30 78 -66 -6
   
x
1
x = 0.6, y = -0.2, z = 0.4 y = 16 64 -52 13
z 84 -13 -31 37 13

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−24
  
1 R1 − lR2 l 1 1 1
= 60 R1 − l→R2
84 156  → 0 1− l 2 1− l 1− l 2
R1 − lR3
 R1 − l→
→ 0 1− l 1− l 1− l
R3 2 3


12
2 R2 ↔ R3
-  R2 ↔→ R3 then
7  →
5 1
= R2

 
7 −l → l 1 1 1
13 1
1 0 1 1+ l 1+ l + l 2
7 R3
1 −
→l 0 1+ l 1 1− l2
2 5 13
x = - , y = ,z =
7 7 7 - R2 + R1

 
¾ ¾¾¾ ® l 0 -l -l 2 - l
4 −4 3 (1 + l ) R2 1 1+ l 1+ l + l 2
    
x 5 0
(b) 1 −2 1 y = 3 - R3 0 0 l 2 + 2l l (1 + l ) 2
2 −1 5 z 12 ¾ ¾¾¾ ®
For unique solution: l π -2
4 -4 3
Let A = 1 -2 1
2 -1 5
  For infinite number of solution: l = 0
No solution: l = -2

l (1 + l ) 2 (1 + l ) 2
By using elementary row operations, (b) Row 3: z = =
l 2 + 2l 2+l
-9 17 2
A =--11
15
-3 14 -1
3 -4 -4
  Row 2: y + (1 + l ) z = 1 + l + l 2
y = 1 + l + l 2 − (1 + l )

   
x −9 17 2 5
y =−
1
−3 14 −1 3  (1 + l ) 2
2+l 
15
z 3 −4 −4 12
(1 + l + l 2 )( 2 + l ) − (1 + l )3

 
30 =
1 2+l
=− 15
15 1
−45 =
2+l
−2

 = −1
3
Row 1: lx − lz = − l 2 − l
x − z = −l − 1
∴ x = -2, y = -1, z = 3 (1 + l ) 2
x= − ( l + 1)
35 (a) Using elementary row operation 2+l
1+ l


=−


l 1 1 1 2+l
1 l 1 l
36 Matrices A and B obey the commutative
1 1 l l2 law on multiplication ⇒ AB = BA

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 −1 1 0 2 −2 0 M2 + M - 2I = 0, M-1(M2 + M - 2I = 0)

 0 0 −1
0 −2 2  0 0 2
a b c  M + I - 2M-1 = 0, 2M-1 = M + I
1
∴ M-1 = (M + I)
2
2 −2 0 −1 1 0

= 0 0 2
a b c  0 0 −1
0 −2 2  38 det of P = 0,
(2 - x)[x(x - 8) + 12] = 0
-2 2 -2
  
2 2 2 (2 - x)(x2 - 8x + 12) = 0,
- a -b -c = 0 -4 4 (2 - x)(x - 2)(x - 6) = 0
2a 2b -4 + 2c - a a - 2c - b + 2 c
x = 2 or x = 6
a21 ⇒ a = 0, a22 ⇒ b = 4, a23 ⇒ c = −4

 
1 3 5
when x = 1, P = 0 1 2

  
1 0 0 1 0 0
0 −6 −7
37 M = 1 −2 0
2
1 −2 0
−1 3 1 −1 3 1

  
1 3 5 1 0 0 R1: R1 -3R2 1 0 -1
¾ ¾¾¾¾ ®

 
1 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 1 2
R3: 6 R2 + R3
= −1 4 0 0 -6 -7 0 0 1 ¾ ¾¾¾¾ ® 0 0 5
1 −3 1

    
1 3 5 1 0 0 R1: R1 -3R2 1 0 -1 1 -3 0
10 01 02 0 1 0 ¾ ¾¾¾¾ ®
0 1 2 0 1 0
M2 + sM + tl = 0 ⇒ −10 -46 0-7 0 0 1 R3: 6 R2 + R3
¾ ¾¾¾¾ ® 0 0 5 0 6 1
R1: 1 R1
1 −3 1 ¾ ¾¾¾ 5 ®

 
R1: 5 R1 + R3 5 0 0 5 -9 1

  
1 0 0 1 0 0 ¾ ¾¾¾¾ ® R2 : 1 R2
0 5 0 0 -7 -2 ¾ ¾¾¾ 5 ®
+ s 1 −2 0 + t 0 1 0 = 0 R2 : 5 R2 - 2 R3
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ ® 0 0 5
−1 3 1 0 0 1 0 6 1 R3: 1 R3
¾ ¾¾¾ 5 ®

1 2
R1: 1 R1

  
1+ s + t 0 0 0 0 0 9 1
¾ ¾¾¾ 5 ® 1 0 0 1 -
−1 + s 4 − 2s + t 0 = 0 0 0 5 5

 
R1: 5 R1 + R3 5 0 0 5 -9 1
1− s −3 +¾3s¾¾¾¾ 1 + s +® t 0 0 0 R2 : 1 R2 0 1 0 0 -
7
-
2
0 5 0 0 -7 -2 ¾ ¾¾¾ 5 ® 5 5
1R
a31 ⇒ s = ¾ 2 : 5 R2 - 2 R3
¾¾¾¾¾ ® 6 1
0 0 5 0 6 1 R3: 1 R3 0 0 1 0
¾ ¾¾¾ 5 ® 5 5
a33 ⇒ 1 + s + t = 0

1 2
t = -2 9 1
1 −
M2 + M - 2I = 0, M(M2 + M - 2I = 0) 5 5
M3 + M2 - 2M = 0, 7 2
∴ P-1 = 0 − −
5 5
M3 + (2I - M) - 2M = 0
6 1
∴ M = 3M - 2I
3 0
5 5

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1 -1 1 -1 a 0 1R2 : R11 - R02 0 1 -1 1 a 1 -1 1 a
¾ ¾¾¾¾ ® R3: 2 R2 - R3
1 2 2 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 -2 -1
1 39 a -1 ¾ ¾¾¾¾® 0 -2 -1 a -1
R3: 3R1 - R3
3 1 b k 2 -1¾ ¾¾¾¾ ®
0 0 0 1 0 -4 3 - b 3a - 2 0 0 b-5 -a

 
R2 : - R2 1 -1 1 a
¾ ¾¾¾ ®

 
R2 : 2 R1 + R2 -1 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 1- a
¾ ¾¾¾¾ ® R3: - R3
0 0 3 2 1 0 ¾ ¾¾¾® 0 0 5 - b a
R3: kR1 + R3
¾ ¾¾¾¾ ® 0 -1 k k -1 1
(a) b ≠ 5
(b) b = 5, a = 0

 
-1 0 1 1 0 0
R2 « R3 (c) b = 5, a ≠ 0
¾ ¾¾¾ ® 0 -1 k k -1 1
0 0 3 2 1 0
æ 2 -3 4 11ö 3 R - 2 R ® R

1 2
41 ç 3 2 -1 9 ÷ 1 2 2
1 1
R2 : - R2 -1 0 1 1 0 0 ç 1 0 0 ÷-lR1 - 2 R3 ® R3 0
¾ ¾¾¾ ® R1: R3 -èRl1 12 -11 l ø 3 3
¾ ¾¾ ¾ ¾¾ ® k k
0 1 -k -k 1 -1 0 1 0 - 1+ -1
R3: 1 R3 R2 : R2 + kR3
¾ ¾¾¾¾ æ 2 ® -3
3 3
¾ ¾¾¾3 ® 2 1 42 1 ö (3l + 24) R2 -13 R3 ® R3
11
0 0 1 0 ç0 0
-130 1 143 135 ÷ 0
3 3 ç ÷
è 0 -3l - 24 4l + 22 9l ø

1 2
1 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 - 0
R1: R3 - R1 3 3 æ 2 -3 4 11 ö
¾ ¾¾ ¾ ¾¾ ® k k
-k 1 -1 0 1 0 - 1+ -1 ç 0 -13 14 15 ÷
R2 : R2 + kR3 3 3 ç ÷
2 1 ¾ ¾¾¾¾ ® 2 1 è 0 0 50 - 10l 360 - 72l ø
0 0 0 1 0
3 3 3 3 æ 2 -3 4 11 ö
ç ÷
(a) When l = 4, ç 0 -13 14 15 ÷

1 2
1 1 ç 0 0 10 72 ÷
− 0 è ø
3 3
36
∴ inverse matrix = − k 1 + k −1 R3 : 10 z = 72, z =
3 3 5
2 1 14 z - 15 33
0 R2 : -13 y + 14 z = 15, y = =
3 3 13 5
11 + 3 y - 4 z
R1 : 2 x - 3 y + 4 z = 11, x = =1

     
1 -1 1 a R2 : R1 - R2 1 -1 1 a 1 -21 1 a
¾ ¾¾¾¾ ® R3: 2 R2 - R3
40 1 1 2 1 0 -2 -1 a - 1 ¾ ¾¾¾¾ ® 0 -2 -1 a -1
R3: 3R1 - R3 æ 2 -3 4 11 ö
3 1 b 2 ¾ ¾¾¾¾ ® 0 -4 3 - b 3a - 2 ç 0 0 b÷- 5 -a
(b) When l = 5, ç 0 -13 14 15 ÷
1çè 0 0 a 0 0 ÷ø

     
1 -1 1 a R2 : R1 - R2 1 -1 1 a 1 -1
¾ ¾¾¾¾ ® R3: 2 R2 - R3 Let z = t
1 1 2 1 0 -2 -1 a - 1 ¾ ¾¾¾¾ ® 0 -2 -1 a -1
R3: 3R1 - R3
¾ ¾¾¾¾ ® 0 -4 3 - b 3a - 2 1
3 1 b 2 R2 : -013 y0+ 14bz -=515, y-=a (14t - 15 )
13
11 + 3 y - 4 z
R1 : 2 x - 3 y + 4 z = 11, x =
2
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13
 1
R2 : -13 y + 14 z = 15, y = (14t - 15 )
13
11 + 3 y - 4 z æ 2 1 -3 5 ö
R1 : 2 x - 3 y + 4 z = 11, x = 1
2 - R2 ® R2 ç ÷
¾ ¾¾¾® ç 0 1
3
1 3 -1 ÷
1 - R3 ® R3
ç0 0 l + 9 k - 7÷
= ( 49 - 5t ) 3
è ø
13
(a) The set of equations has no unique
(a) The
solution set ofwhen
equations
λ = – has 9. no unique
42 As un is a quadratic polynomial in terms solution when l = – 9.
of n, we can express it as (b) For there to be an infinite number of
(b) For
solutions, there tok =be7.an infinite number of
un = an 2 + bn + c where a, b and c are solutions, k = 7.
real numbers Let z = t,
Let z = t,
u1 = 4 = a(1)2 + b(1) + c Þ a + b + c = 4 R2: y + 3z = – 1, y = – 3t – 1
R : y + 3z = – 1, y = – 3t – 1
R1:2 2x + y – 3z = 5, x = 3 + 3t
u2 = 5 = a ( 2 ) + b( 2 ) + c Þ 4a + 2b + c = 5
2
R1 : 2x + y – 3z = 5, x = 3 + 3t

1 21 2 1 2
1 –1 2 x k
u3 = 8 = a(3)2 + b(3) + c Þ 9a + 3b + c = 8 44 (a) 4 1 1 y = 3
æ 52 –1 1 2λö æ xzö æ 15 ö
The augmented matrix is ç ÷ç ÷ ç ÷
44 (a) ç 14 –1 2 1 ÷ç y ÷ = ç k ÷

1 2
2 k
æ 1 1 1 4ö 4 R1 - R2 ® R2 ç ÷ç ÷ ç 2 ÷
ç 4 2 1 5÷ (b) è 48 41 71ø è3z ø è k ø
ç ÷ 9 R1 - R3 ææ 522 –111 22λ 511 ö 22 RR1 -- RR2 ®
ö 1 2 ® R22
R
è 9 3 1 8ø
(b)–4Rçç 14+ R22 1 1 k –1 ÷
1 2
2 k
æ1 1 1 4 ö ç 4 2 1 k ÷÷ 44 RR1 -- RR3 ® R3
çè 8 4 7 k 22 ÷ø 0 5 1 –7
3 ® R3 3 – 4k
ç 0 2 3 11 ÷ 3 R2 - R3 ® R3 –5R è 18+ R42 7 0k ø4 λ − 10 5 – 5k
ç ÷ ææ 22 11 22 11 ö
è 0 6 8 28ø ö 2
1 2
1 –1 k
4Rçç2 –0 5R 0 3 2 - k ÷÷ RR2 « R3
æ1 1 1 4ö ç 0 0 3 0 2 -5k2 ÷ –7
3 2 « R3 3 – 4k
ç 0 2 3 11÷ èèç 00 00 11 044 - k
-0k 222ø
÷
ø – 5λ 9k – 13
ç ÷ ææ 22 11system
(c) The 22 of11 linearöö equations has
è0 0 1 5ø
çç 0 0 1many
infinitely 2÷
solutions when
çç 0 – 50λ = 0
22 44 -
1 and kk 2 ÷
- 9k –÷÷ 413 =0
R3 : c = 5 è 00 00 2233 22 - R -R ®R
ø 4 R11 - R33 ® R33
è λ=
⇒
- kk 13
and k = ø
R2 : 2b + 3c = 11, b = -2
5 9
R1 : a + b + c = 4, a - 2 + 5 = 4, a = 1 æ 2 1 2 1
çConsider row 2: 5y – 7z = 3÷ – 4k
ö
R2 - R3 ® R3
¾3¾¾¾¾ ® 0
çLet z = t0 1 4 - k 2
÷
\ un = n 2 - 2 n + 5
çè5y 0 =03 –0 4k-+3k7t2 + k + 10 ÷ø
As y =all1(3 – 4k + 7t)
æ 2 1 -3 5 ö R1 - 2 R2 ® R2 5 the entries in row 3 are zeros,
43 ç 1 2 3 1 ÷ R - R ® R so that the
Consider rowsystem
1: x – of
y +linear
2z = kequations
ç ÷ 1 3 3 does not have1 a unique solution.
è 2 -1 l k ø x = (3 – 4k + 7t) – 2t + k
(c) The system of 5 linear equations has
æ2 1 -3 5 ö 1
= (3 solutions
infinitely many + k – 3t) when
ç 0 -3 -9 3 ÷ 2 3 3
2 R +3R ® R
5
ç ÷ -3k + k + 10 = 0,
2

(d) The system of linear equations is

è 0 2 -3 - l 5 - k ø 3k 2 -when
k - 10
inconsistent 9k =– 013 ≠ 0
æ2 1 -3 5 ö (3k 13
⇒ k+≠5)(k – 2) = 0
ç 0 -3 -9 3 ÷ 9 5
ç ÷
è 0 0 -27 - 3l 21 - 3k ø
k = - of or
The set of values k = 2 13
{
3 k is k | k ≠ 9 , k ∈ ℝ }

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