CARPENTRY

 What is carpentry?

Carpentry is a skilled trade and a craft in which the primary work

performed is the cutting, shaping and installation of building
materials during the construction of buildings, ships, timber
bridges, concrete formwork, etc.
Strictly speaking, carpentry deals with all works of a carpentry such
as roofs, floors, partitions, etc. of a building.
Another terms joinery deals with the making of doors, windows,
stairs and all interior fitments for a building. carpentry shop deals
with the timber, various types of tools and the art of joinery.

 Timber and wood

Timber is the basic material used for any class of wood working. The term
timber is applied to the trees which provide us with wood.

1
Hard and soft wood

 Exogenous types are also known as outward growing trees which produce
timber for commercial use.
 Endogenous trees are also known as inward growing.

2
 Seasoning of wood

Advantages:
 Lighter in weight
 More resilient
 Less liable to twist, warp and split
 Strength, hardness and stiffness increases

(a) Natural seasoning 3

(b) Artificial seasoning
 Defects in timber

 CARPENTRY TOOL
1. Marking and measuring tool
2. Cutting tool
3. Planning tool
knot
4. Boring tool
5. Striking tool
6. Holding and miscellaneous tool
4
 1. Marking and measuring tools
(a) Rules (0-60 cm)

Steel rule

Foldable rule

Flexible steel rule 5

(b) Try square (used for marking and testing angles of 90)

Blade (150 to 300 mm)

Stock
(c) Mitre square

 Used to measure an angle of 45

 Maximum blade length 300 mm

6
(d) Combination square

Centre head
Square head

Rule/blade

Protractor head

7
8
 2. Cutting tool
(a) Adze
 used for rough cutting, squaring, to
chop inside curves and to produce concave surfaces
 Its outer face is convex, inner face concave and edge is bevelled to form
a cutting edge
 It is made of carbon steel.

(b) Rip saw: used for cutting along the grain in thick wood
 used for cutting along the grain in thick wood
 Made of high grade tool steel
 About 700 mm long
 3 to 5 points or teeth per 25 mm

9
(c) cross-cut saw (hand saw)
 Used for cutting across the grain in thick wood
 600 to 650 mm long
 8 to 10 teeth per 25 mm

(d) Panel saw

 500 mm long
 10 to 12 teeth per 25 mm
 It has finer blade & mostly used for fine work

10
(e) Tenon or back saw

 Used for cross cutting when finer and more accurate finish is
required
 250 to 400 mm long
 13 teeth per 25 mm equilateral triangle shaped teeth
sometimes called “peg” teeth

(f) Dovetail saw

 A smaller version of Tenon

 Used where high accuracy needed
 200 to 350 mm long
 12 to 18 teeth per 25 mm

11
(g) Bow saw
 Narrow blade used
 The blade is held in tension by twisting the string with a smaller
wooden lever
 Used for cutting quick curve

12
(h) Coping saw
 Similar blade as bow saw
 The blade is tensioned by screwing the handle
 Used for cut small radius curve

(i) Compass saw

 Narrow tapering blade

 250to 400 mm long
 Used for sawing small curve in confined space

(j) Pad or keyhole saw

 Smallest saw
 250 mm long
 Used for interior cuts or cutting key holes

13
 CHISEL
(a) Firmer chisel
 Most useful for general purposes used by hand pressure or mallet
 Flat blade about 125mm long
 Width varies from 1.5-50 mm

(b) Bevelled edge firmer chisel

 Used for more delicate and fine work

 Useful for getting into corner where the ordinary firmer chisel would
be clumsy

(c) Paring chisel

 Both firmer and bevelled edge chisels when they are made with
long thin blades are known as pairing chisel

14
(d) Mortise chisel
 Used for chopping out mortices
 Very nearly square in cross section
 Withstand heavy blows from a mallet
(e) Gouges
 Chisel with curved section
 Inside or outside grounded
 Inside grounded gouges are called scribing gauges
 Outside ground gouges are called firmer gouges

15
 3.Planning tool

Jack planes Smoothing plane

Trying plane
16
Rabbet plane
 Rabbet plane

Blade-2

Blade-1

17
 4. Boring tool
Used to make round holes in wood.
 Types of bits
 Gimlet
 Bradawl
 Auger

Bradawl and Gimlet

18
 Handle

Bull wheel

Chuck Head
Lever
Wheel brace

Ratchet

Jaw Handle

19
Ratchet brace
 5. Striking tool
(a) Mallet
 Wooden-headed hammer of round or rectangular cross-section
 Used for giving light blows to the cutting tool like chisels and gouges

(b) Warrington hammer

 The face of hammer is hardened, tempered

and ground slightly convex
 The handle is made of wood
and is oval in cross-section to have a comfortable grip
 The head is forged from tool steel and is obtainable in
various weights.
(c) Claw hammer

20
 6. Holding & supporting tool
(a) Work bench

21
(b) Carpenter vice
Jaw

Trigger for quick opening

22
(c) Bar clamp

 Clamps are commonly used

in pairs in gluing up
operations at the final
assembly of wood joinery
work
 Both jaws of the sash
clamp are generally made
of malleable cast iron
which is tougher and less
brittle than ordinary cast
iron

23
(d) G or C clamp

24
 6. Miscellaneous tools
(a) Raps and files : used for cleaning up some curved surface

25
(b) Scraper and Glass-paper

(c) Pincer

26
 CARPENTRY PROCESSES

 Marking
 Sawing
 Planning
 Chiselling
 Boring
 Grooving
 Rebating
 Moulding

27
 COMMOM WOOD JOINTS

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

28
(e)
(f)

(g) (h)
29
 (j)
(i) Dowel joint

30