Trade: Carpentry (Workshop Practices)

JOB 1: Crossed Lap Joint

PROCESS SHEET (Part A and B)

Sr. No. Description of Operation Tools Used

Jack plane, Try square,
1 Making each side right angle
Marking gauge, Bench vice
2 Marking Try square, Scale, Pencil

3 Sawing Rip saw, Bench vice

4 Chiseling Firmer chisel, Mallet

5 Finishing Firmer chisel, Jack plane

Department of Mechanical Engineering PVPIT Budhgaon 416304 1

 Trade: Carpentry (Workshop Practices)
JOB 2: Dovetail Half Lap Joint

PROCESS SHEET (Part A and B)

Sr. No. Description of Operation Tools Used

Jack plane, Try square,
1 Making each side right angle
Marking gauge, Bench vice
2 Marking Try square, Scale, Pencil

3 Sawing Rip saw, Bench vice

4 Chiseling Firmer chisel, Mallet

5 Finishing Firmer chisel, Jack plane

Department of Mechanical Engineering PVPIT Budhgaon 416304 2

 Trade: Carpentry (Workshop Practices)

Carpentry
Carpentry and joinery are common terms used with any class of work with wood. Carpentry
deals with all works of a carpentry such as roofs, floors, partitions etc. of a building, while
joinery deals with the making of doors, windows, cupboards and all interior fitment of a
building. Timber is the basic material used for any class of wood working. It is having good
machining characteristics and can be sliced, bent, planed, sawed and sanded.

Marking and Measuring Tools:

 Rules of various sizes and designs are used by wood workers for measuring and setting
out dimensions. Example:- Four-fold box-wood rule (0 – 60 cm) and flexible measuring
tape
 Try Squares are used for marking and testing angles of 90°. It consists of a steel blade
riveted into a cast iron stock. Sizes vary from 150 to 300 mm according to length of blade

 Bevel Square is similar to try square but has a blade that may be swiveled to any angle
from 0 to 180°

 Marking Knifes are used for converting pencil lines into cut lines. They are made of steel
having one end pointed and the other end formed into a sharp cutting edge
 Gauges are used to mark lines parallel to the edge of a piece of wood. It consists of a small
stem in stock. The stem carries one or more steel marking points or a cutting knife. The
stock is set to the desired length from the steel point and fixed by thumb screw.
 The marking gauge has one marking point. It gives an accurate cut line parallel to a
true edge

 The mortise gauge has two marking points – one fixed near the end of the stem and
other attached to a brass sliding bar. These two cut two parallel lines called mortise
lines

Department of Mechanical Engineering PVPIT Budhgaon 416304 3

 Trade: Carpentry (Workshop Practices)
 Wing Compasses are composed of two finely pointed steel legs which are set at the
desired position and held by a set screw and quadrant. They are used for marking equal
spaces, marking circles or arcs and when scribing parallel lines to straight or curved work
 Sprit level and plumb bob are used for testing the position of large surfaces. The spirit
level tests for horizontal position and the plumb bob tests for vertical position. A
combination of these two gives a right angle and they are used where try square would
be far too small

Cutting tools:
Cutting tools include saws, chisels and gouges. Different types of saws are used in wood
working. Saw is specified by the of blade and the pitch of teeth
 Rip saw is used for cutting along the grain in thick wood. The blade is made of high grade
steel. It is fitted in a wooden handle made of hard wood by means of rivets or screws. Rip
saws are about 700 mm long with 3 to 5 teeth per 25 mm. The teeth are bent alternately
one to the right and next to the left. Bending the teeth is called as “setting in saw” which
prevents the blade form binding during sawing operation

 Cross-cut saw or hand saw is used for cutting across the grain in thick wood. They are 600
to 650 mm long with 8 to 10 teeth per 25 mm

 Panel saw is about 500 mm long with 10 to 12 teeth per 25 mm and is very much like the
cross-cut saw. It has a finer blade and is used for fine work mostly on bench

 Tenon or back saw is mostly used for cross-cutting when a finer and accurate finish is
required. The blade is reinforced with a rigid steel back. Tenon saw are from 250 to 400
mm in length and generally have 13 teeth per 25 mm.

Department of Mechanical Engineering PVPIT Budhgaon 416304 4

 Trade: Carpentry (Workshop Practices)
 Dovetail saw is smaller version of the tenon saw which is used where the greatest
accuracy is needed and fine shallow cuts are made. The length varies from 200 to 350 mm
and teeth from 12 to 18 per 25 mm
 Bow saw consists of a narrow blade 250 to 350 mm long held in a wooden frame. The
blade is held in tension by twisting the string with a small wooden lever. These saws are
used for cutting quick curves.

 Coping saw has a very similar blade, held rigid in spring-metal frame. The blade is
tensioned by screwing the handle. This saw is used for small radius curves.

 Compass saw is used for sawing small curves in confined spaces and has a narrow tapering
blade about 250 to 400 mm long fixed to an open-type wooden handle

 Pad saw or keyhole saw is the smallest saw with blade about 250 mm long. The blade
length can be adjusted according to the work. This saw is used for cutting key holes or
starting of any interior cuts

Chisels:
Wood chisels most commonly used in carpentry shop are firmer chisels, paring chisels and
mortise chisels. They are usually specified by length and width of the blade
 Firmer chisel is the most useful for general purposes and may be used by hand pressure
or mallet. It has a flat blade about 125 mm long and width varies from 1.5 to 50 mm

 Beveled edge firmer chisel is used for more delicate or fine work. They are useful for
getting into corners where the ordinary firmer chisel would be difficult to use

 Paring chisel are both firmer and beveled edge chisels with thin long blades. They are
used for shaping and preparing the surfaces of wood and is manipulated by hands.

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 Trade: Carpentry (Workshop Practices)

 Mortise chisel is used for chopping out mortises. These chisels are designed to withstand
heavy work. They are made with a heavy deep blade with a generous shoulder to
withstand the force of the mallet blows. Blades vary in width from 3-16 mm

Planes:
The plane is like a chisel fastened into a block of wood and its blade cuts like a wide chisel.
The planes in use are the jack plane, trying plane and smoothing plane. There are also other
planes for special work
 Jack plane consists of a block of wood into which the blade is fixed by a wooden wedge.
The blade is set an angle of 45° to the sole. Back iron is fixed on the cutting blade which
does not cut but stiffens the blade near the cutting edge and prevents chattering. The
back iron also causes the shavings to be curled when they come out. Jack planes are
available from 350 to 425 mm in length and with blades 50 to 75 mm wide.

 Trying plane is a finishing plane and is set with a very fine cut. It is used for producing as
true surface or edge as possible and set to cut a shaving as thin as the smoothing plane.
The length of the plane varies from 550 to 650 mm with 60 mm wide blade.
 Smoothing plane is similar in action to a jack plane except that it is set to a cut a much
thinner shaving. The smoothing plane is used for finishing the work after jack plane. It is
200 to 250 mm long having a blade of 70 mm wide
 Metal plane serve the same purpose as the wooden planes but facilitate a soother and
better finish. The body of a metal plane is made from a gray iron casting, with the side and
sole machined and ground to a bright finish. The thickness of the shavings is governed by
a fine screw adjustment and a lever is used for adjusting blade at right angles.

Boring Tools:
Boring tools are frequently necessary to make round holes in woods. They are selected
according to the type and purpose of the hole

Department of Mechanical Engineering PVPIT Budhgaon 416304 6

 Trade: Carpentry (Workshop Practices)
 Bradawl and gimlet are hand operated tools and are used to bore small holes such as for
starting a screw or large nail

 The brace is a tool used for holding and turning a bit for boring holes. The wheel brace is
used to hold round and parallel shanked drills. This tool is invaluable for cutting small
holes accurately and quickly

Striking Tools:
Striking tools include hammers and mallets. Engineers use ball peened hammers and wood
workers use cross peened and claw hammers
 Warrington hammer is mostly used for bench work and all light jobs. The head is cast
steel and the face and peen is tempered. The shaft which is fixed into head is made of
wood or bamboo

 Claw hammer serves the dual purpose of a hammer and a pair of pincers. The claw is
used for pulling out any nails accidently bent in driving

 Mallet is a wooden-headed hammer of round or rectangular cross-section. The striking

face is made flat to the work. The mallet is used to give light blows the cutting tools
having wooden handle such as chisels and gouges

Department of Mechanical Engineering PVPIT Budhgaon 416304 7

 Trade: Carpentry (Workshop Practices)

Holding Tools:
To enable the wood worker to cut the wood accurately it must be held steady. There are
number of tools and devices to hold the work in position.
 Bench vice is used most commonly to for holding. Its one jaw is fixed to the side of table
while the other is kept movable by means of screw and a handle. The whole vice is made
of iron and steel and the jaws are lined with hardwood face which do not mark and can
be renewed as required

 G-cramp is used for smaller work. It consists of a malleable iron frame that can swiveled
and a steel screw to which is fitted a thumbscrew

 Sash cramp or bar cramp is made up of a steel bar of rectangle section, with malleable
iron fittings and a steel screw. This is used for holding wide work such as frames or tops

Department of Mechanical Engineering PVPIT Budhgaon 416304 8

 Trade: Carpentry (Workshop Practices)

Miscellaneous Tools:
 Rasps and files are useful for cleaning up some curved surfaces. Scratches left by the file
can be removed with the scraper and glass paper

 Pincer is mainly used for pulling out nails, tacks etc. It consists of two arms one arm has a
ball end and the other arm has a claw end for levering out small tacks

 Screw driver are used for screwing or unscrewing screws used in woodwork. A cabinet
screw driver is considered to be beat type

 The ratchet screw driver is very useful for turning screws through a few degrees in
awkward and confined spaces

Department of Mechanical Engineering PVPIT Budhgaon 416304 9