INTRODUCTION:
Wood work or carpentry deals with making joints for a variety of applications like door
frames, cabinet making furniture, packing etc.,
Timber:-
Timber is a name obtained from well grown plants or trees. The timber must cut in such a
way that the grains run parallel to the length. The common defects in timber are knots,
wet rot, dry rot etc.,
Market sizes of timber:-
Timber is sold in market in various standard shapes and sizes. They are:-
Log:-
The trunk of a tree, which is free from branches.
Balk:-
The log sawn to have roughly square cross section.
Post:-
A timber piece, round or square in cross section with more than 275 mm in width, 50 to
150 mm in thickness and 2.5 to 6.5 mts length.
Board:-
A sawn timber piece, below 175 mm in width and 30 mm to 50 mm in thickness.
Reapers:-
Sawn timber pieces of assorted and nonstandard sizes, which don’t conform to the above
shapes.
WORK HOLDING TOOLS:
Carpentry vice:-
It is a work holding device. When handle vice is turned in a clockwise direction, the
sliding jar forces the work against the fixed sawn. The greater the force applied to the
handle, the tighter to the work held.
Bar clamp:-
It is a rectangular (or) square block with V-groove on one or both sides opposite to each
other. It holds cylindrical work pieces.
C-Clamp:-
This is used to hold work against an angle plate or V-block.
MARKING AND MEASURING TOOLS:
Try square:-
It is used for marking and testing the square ness of planed surfaces. It consists of a steel
blade, fitted in a cast iron stock. It is also used for flatness. The size of a try square
usedfor varies from 150 mm to 300 mm, according to the length of the blade. It is less
accurate when compared to the try square used in fitting shop.
Fig : 1 steel rule fig: 2 marking Gauge
Fig: 3 steel tape fig: 4 Try square
Fig: 5 corpenter vice Fig: 6 Bar clamp
Fig: 7 metal jack plane Fig: 8 compass and divider
Marking gauge:-
It is a tool used to mark lines parallel to the edges of wooden pieces. It consists of a
square wooden stem with a riding wooden stock on it. A marking pin, made of steel is
fitted on the stem. A mortise gauge consists of two pins. In these it is possible to adjust
the distance between the pins, to draw two parallel lines on the stock.
Compass and dividers:-
This is used for marking circles, arcs, laying out perpendicular lines on the planed surface
of the wood.
CUTTING TOOLS:
Hack saw:-
It is used to cross cut the grains of the stock. The teeth are so set that the saw kerfs will be
wider than the blade thickness. Hard blades are used to cut hard metals. Flexible blades
are having the teeth of hardened and rest of the blade is soft and flexible.
Chisels:-
These are used for removing surplus wood. Chisels are annealed, hardened and tempered
to produce a tough shank and a hard cutting edge.
Rip saw:-
It is used for cutting the stock along the grains. The cutting edge of this saw makes a sleeper
angle about 60o whereas that saw makes an angle of 45o with the surface of the stock.
Tenon saw:-
It is used for cutting tenons and in fine cabinet works. The blade of this saw is very thin
and so it is used stiffed with back strip. Hence, this is sometimes called back saw. The
teeth shapes similar to cross cut saw.
DRILLING AND BORING TOOLS:
Auger bit:-
It is the most common tool used for boring holes with hard pressure.
Gimlet:-
This is a hand tool used for boring holes with hand pressure.
Hand drill:-
Carpenters brace is used to make relatively large size holes, whereas hand drill is used for
drilling small holes. A straight shank drill is used with these tools. It is small light in
weight and may be conveniently used than the brace. The drill is clamped in the chuck.
Fig: 9 cross cut saw Fig: 10 Tenon saw Fig: 11 compass saw
Fig: 12 Chisels Fig: 13 Carpenter’s brace Fig: 14 Auger bit
Fig: 15 Gimlet Fig: 16 wood rasp file Fig:17 Mallet
Fig: 18 Hand drill Fig: 19 Trammel Fig: 20 Claw hammer
MISCELLANEOUS TOOLS:
Ball peen hammer:-
It has a flat face, which is used for general work and a ball end is used for riveting.
Mallet:-
It is used to drive the chisel, when considerable force is to be applied, steel hammer
should not be used for these purpose, as it may damage the chisel handle. Further, for
better to apply a series of light taps with the mallet rather than a heavy single blow.
Claw hammer:-
It is a striking flat at one end and the claw at the others. The face issued to drive nails into
wood and for other striking purpose and the claw for extracting nails out of wood.
Pinches:-
It is made of steel with a hinged and is used for pulling out small nails from wood.
Wood rasp file:-
It is a finishing tool used to make the wood smooth, remove sharp edge finishing fillets
and other interior surfaces. Sharp cutting teeth are provided on its surface for the purpose.
This file is exclusively used in wood work.
EXPERIMENT NO: 1 DATE:
Aim: - To make a T- lap joint
Tools required: -
1. Carpenter’s vice
2. Steel Rule
3. Try square
4. Jack plane
5. Scriber
6. Cross cut saw
7. Marking gauge
8. Firmer chisel
9. Mallet
10. Wood rasp file and smooth file
Material required: - Wooden pieces of size 50 x 35 x 250 mm–2 Nos.
Sequence of operations: -
1. Measuring and Marking
2. Planning
3. Check for squareness
4. Removal of extra material
5. Sawing
6. Chiseling
7. Finishing
Procedure: -
1. The given reaper is checked for dimensions.
2. They are planed with jack plane and checked for straightness.
3. The two surfaces are checked for squareness with a try square.
4. Marking gauge is set and lines are marked at 30 and 45 mm to mark the
thickness and width of the model respectively.
5. The excess material is first chiseled with firmer and then planned to correct
size.
6. The mating dimensions of the parts X and Y are then marked using steel rule
and marking gauge.
7. Using the crosscut saw, the portions to be removed are cut in both the pieces,
followed by chiseling.
8. The ends of both the parts are chiseled to the exact lengths.
9. The fine finishing is given to the parts, if required so that, proper fitting is
obtained.
10. The parts are fitted to obtain a slightly tight joint.
Safety precautions: -
1. Loose cloths are to be avoided.
2. Tools to be placed at their proper placed.
3. Hands should not be placed in front of sharp edged tools.
4. Use only sharp tools.
5. Care should be taken, when thumb is used as a guide in cross cutting and
ripping.
6. Handle while chiseling, sawing and planning with care.
7.
Result: - T- lap joint is made as per the required dimensions.
EXPERIMENT NO: DATE:
Aim: - To make a Dovetail lap joint from the given reaper of size 50 x35 x250 mm.
Tools required: -
1. Carpenter’s vice
2. Steel Rule
3. Try square
4. Jack plane
5. Scriber
6. Cross cut saw
7. Marking gauge
8. Firmer chisel
9. Mortise chisel
10. Mallet
11. Wood rasp file and smooth file
Material required: - Wooden pieces of size 50 x 35 x 250 mm–2 Nos.
Sequence of operations: -
1. Measuring and Marking
2. Planning
3. Check for square ness
4. Removal of extra material
5. Sawing
6. Chiseling
7. Finishing
Procedure: -
1. The given reaper is checked for dimensions.
2. They are planed with jack plane and checked for straightness.
3. The two surfaces are checked for square ness with a try square.
4. Marking gauge is set and lines are marked at 30 and 45 mm to mark the
thickness and width of the model respectively.
5. The excess material is first chiseled with firmer chisel and then planned to
correct size.
6. The mating dimensions of the parts X and Y are then marked using steel rule
and marking gauge.
7. Using the crosscut saw, the portions to be removed are cut in both the pieces,
followed by chiseling.
8. The ends of both the parts are chiseled to the exact lengths.
9. The fine finishing is given to the parts, if required so that, proper fitting is
obtained.
10. The parts are fitted to obtain a slightly tight joint.
Safety precautions: -
1. Loose cloths are to be avoided.
2. Tools to be placed at their proper placed.
3. Hands should not be placed in front of sharp edged tools.
4. Use only sharp tools.
5. Care should be taken, when thumb is used as a guide in cross cutting and
ripping.
6. Handle while chiseling, sawing and planning with care.
Result: - Dovetail lap joint is made as per the required dimensions.
