EE-111 Linear Circuit Analysis

BEE - 56
Fall 2019
Instructor: Asst Prof Dr. Muhammad Imran
Introduction of the Instructor and Class
 About The Instructor
 Dr. Muhammad Imran
 PhD – Electrical (Telecom) Engg – MCS-NUST (2014)
 MS – Electrical (Telecom) Engg – MCS-NUST (2011)
 BE – Communication System Engg – SEECS-NUST (2007)
 Research Interests – Control systems, Model Reduction,
Signal Processing, Communication Systems
 Author of 23x ISI indexed Journals and 7x Conference
Publications
 4x PhD students and 3x MS students under supervision
 13x MS Students complete their degrees
 http://www.nust.edu.pk/INSTITUTIONS/Colleges/MCS/Department
s/DEE/Faculty/Pages/MuhammadImran.aspx
 Assoc HoD (Sept 2015 onward)

 Teaching Experience
 Digital Logic Design (UG)
 Digital Signal Processing (UG)
 Instrumentation and Measurement (UG)
 Linear Control Systems (UG & PG)
 Adaptive Control (PG)
 Linear Circuit Analysis (UG)
 Course Books
Text Book
 Circuit Analysis- Theory and Practice by
Robbins & Miller. 4th Edition
 Fundamentals of Electrical Circuits by
Charles K Alexander, Sadiku. 5th Edition
Reference Book
 Basic Engineering Circuit analysis by
J. David Irwin. 7th Edition
Grading Policy

TENTATIVE GRADING POLICY:

OHT’s : 30%
Final Exam : 50%
Quiz : 10%
Assignments : 5%
Project (Report and Presentations) : 5%

1st OHT : 11-16 Nov 2019

2nd OHT: 16-21 Dec 2019
Finals : 27 Jan – 2 Feb 2019
 Course Policies-1

 Copying and cheating

 Warning
 Graded marks Deduction
 Reproducing Solutions from net
 Zero Marks
 Grades
 Have to be achieved
 Not Given
 Assignments
 No delay
Course Policies -2

 Class Timings
 Regular Class – 08:00-09:50 Every Thursday CR-24
 Regular Class – 08:00-08:50 Every Friday CR-24
 Office hours – 10:00-10:50 Every Wednesday
 Contact: [email protected]
 Be responsible to get your marks correctly entered in
the result excel sheet.
 Lectures, announcements, and other related material
will be intimated through LMS.
 Course Outlines
Course Policies -2

 Class Timings
 Regular Class – 11:00-11:50 Every Thursday CR-39
 Regular Class – 08:55-10:40 Every Friday CR-27
 Office hours – 10:00-10:50 Every Wednesday
 Contact: [email protected]
 Be responsible to get your marks correctly entered in
the result excel sheet.
 Lectures, announcements, and other related material
will be intimated through LMS.
 Course Outlines
 PLO’s
Program Learning Outcomes
PLO 1 Engineering Knowledge
An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals and an engineering
 
specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
PLO 2 Problem Analysis
An ability to identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex engineering problems
  reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences and
engineering sciences.
PLO 3 Design/Development of Solutions
An ability to design solutions for complex engineering problems and design systems, components or
  processes that meet specified needs with appropriate consideration for public health and safety,
cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
PLO 4  Investigation
An ability to investigate complex engineering problems in a methodical way including literature
  survey, design and conduct of experiments, analysis and interpretation of experimental data, and
synthesis of information to derive valid conclusions.
PLO 5  Modern Tool Usage
An ability to create, select and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT
  tools, including prediction and modeling, to complex engineering activities, with an understanding of
the limitations.
 PLO’s Contd..
PLO 6  The Engineer and Society
An ability to apply reasoning informed by contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety,
  legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to professional engineering
practice and solution to complex engineering problems.
PLO 7  Environment and Sustainability
An ability to understand the impact of professional engineering solutions in societal and
 
environmental contexts and demonstrate knowledge of and need for sustainable development.
PLO 8  Professional Ethics
Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of
 
engineering practice.
PLO 9 Individual and Teamwork
An ability to work effectively, as an individual or in a team, on multifaceted and /or multidisciplinary
 
settings.
PLO 10  Communication
An ability to communicate effectively, orally as well as in writing, on complex engineering activities
with the engineering community and with society at large, such as being able to comprehend and
 
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.
 PLO’s Contd..
PLO 11  Project Management

An ability to demonstrate management skills and apply engineering principles to one’s own
  work, as a member and/or leader in a team, to manage projects in a multidisciplinary
environment.

PLO 12  Lifelong Learning

An ability to recognize importance of, and pursue lifelong learning in the broader context of
  innovation and technological developments
 CLO’s and Mapping with PLO’s

CLO’s
CLO’s PLO Domain Assessment
1 Identify circuit analysis techniques using basic 1 C1 Quiz / Exam
laws and methods of analysis.

2 Discuss and apply the network laws to analyze 2 C2 Quiz / Exam

the linear circuit.

3 Compute the voltage current relationships to 3 C3 Quiz / Exam

carry out analysis in first and second order
circuits (RLC)

4 Creating, selecting and applying different 5 P2 Lab

techniques to solve problems in lab along with
observing the functionality of circuit in MultiSim.

5 Demonstrate ability to work effectively as an 9 A3 Lab

individual or in a team
Course Contents

 Introduction
 Basic Concepts
 Basic Laws
 Methods of Analysis
 Circuit Theorems
 Operational Amplifiers
 Capacitors and Inductors
 First Order Circuits
 Second Order Circuits
Lecture-1
 Introduction
• An electrical circuit is a system of interconnected components

• The electrical behavior of these components is described by a few basic

experimental laws. These laws and the principles, concepts, mathematical
relationships, and methods of analysis.

• Much of circuit theory deals with problem solving and numerical

analysis.

• Technology is rapidly changing the way we do things; we now have

computers in our homes, electronic control systems in our cars, cellular
phones.

• A first step to understanding these technologies is electric circuit theory.

• Circuit theory provides us with the knowledge of basic principles that

we need to understand the behavior of electronic devices, circuits, and
systems.

In this course/book, we will develop and explore its basic ideas !

Spring 2017 MCS 16
Before We Begin

MCS 17
 EXAMPLE 2

Spring 2 MCS 18
 EXAMPLE 3

Spring 2017 MCS 19

 EXAMPLE 4

!!! All These thing are routed through ELECTRIC CIRCUIT THEORY

Spring 2017 MCS 20

 Quick refresher of Previous knowledge

Spring 2017 MCS 21

 The SI System of Units
The solution of technical problems requires the use of units. At present,
two major systems—the English (US Customary) and the metric

English system has been largely superseded by the SI system is used.

Table 1–1 shows quantities with units expressed in both systems.

Spring 2017 MCS 22

 The SI System of Units
The SI system combines the MKS metric units and the electrical units into
one unified system. The units in Table 1–2 are defined units, while the
units in Table 1–3 are derived units, obtained by combining units from
Table 1–2.

Spring 2017 MCS 23

 The SI System of Units
A few non-SI units are still in use. For example, electric motors are
commonly rated in horsepower, and wires are frequently specified in AWG
sizes (American Wire Gage, Section 3.2).

Spring 2017 MCS 24

 Definition of Units
• The meter was defined as one ten-millionth of the distance from
the north pole to the equator.

• The second as 1/60 1/60 1/24 of the mean solar day.

• Later, more accurate definitions based on physical laws of

nature were adopted. The meter is now defined as the distance
travelled by light in a vacuum in 1/299 792 458 of a second,
• while the second is defined in terms of the period of a cesium-
based atomic clock.

• The definition of the kilogram is the mass of a specific platinum-

iridium cylinder (the international prototype), preserved at the
International Bureau of Weights and Measures in France.

Spring 2017 MCS 25

 Relative Size of the Units
• 1 meter is equal to 39.37 inches; thus, 1 inch equals
1/39.37 = 0.0254 meter or 2.54 centimeters.

• A force of one pound is equal to 4.448 newtons; thus,

1 newton is equal to 1/4.448 = 0.225 pound of force.

• One joule is the work done in moving a distance of

one meter against a force of one newton.

• Raising the weight one meter in one second requires

about one watt of power. The watt is also the SI unit
for electrical power.

Spring 2017 MCS 26

 Power and horsepower !
• Link between electrical and mechanical units ?

• How big is a watt ?

– 8-hour day by an average man = 60-watt electric lamp continuously over

this time!

• Horsewatt

– Isaac Watt determined that a strong horse could average 746 watts.

1 horsepower = 746 watts.

– This is the figure that we still use today

Spring 2017 MCS 27

 Converting Units
• Often quantities expressed in one unit must be converted to
another.
• For example, suppose you want to determine how many
kilometers there are in ten miles. Given that 1 mile is equal
to 1.609 kilometers,

10 mi = 16.09 km.

Spring 2017 MCS 28

Spring 2017 MCS 29
 Power of Ten Notation
Electrical values vary tremendously in size. -- from a few millionths of a volt to several
thousand volts.

To handle this large range, the power of ten notation is used.

Thus, 247 000 = 2.47x105. (The number 10 is called the base, and its power is called
the exponent.)

Spring 2017 MCS 30

Spring 2017 MCS 31
 Power of Ten Notation - SI prefixes

Spring 2017 MCS 32

Spring 2017 MCS 33
Spring 2017 MCS 34
Scientific notation ! (2.47 x 105)

Engineering notation .
• Prefixes are used to represent certain powers of ten

• See Table below, a quantity such as 0.045 A (amperes) can be

expressed as 45 x 103 A, but it is preferable to express it as 45 mA.

Spring 2017 MCS 35

Spring 2017 MCS 36
Spring 2017 MCS 37
 The number of digits in a number that carry actual information are termed
significant digits.

3.57 meters long wire - three significant digits. (The number of significant
digits includes the first estimated digit.)

If we say that it is 3.570 m - we have four significant digits.

When determining significant digits, zeros used to locate the decimal point
are not counted. Thus, 0.004 57 has three significant digits; this can be seen
if you express it as 4.57x 10-3

Spring 2017 MCS 38

 Significant Digits and Numerical Accuracy ?

Circuit Diagrams !
• Block
• Pictorial
• Schemetic

Spring 2017 MCS 39

Spring 2017 MCS 40
Spring 2017 MCS 41
 1.2 Electric Charges

• Charge is an electrical property of

the atomic particles of which matter
consists, measured in coulombs (C).

• The charge e on one electron is

negative and equal in magnitude to
1.602  10-19 C which is called as
electronic charge.
 Atomic Theory
• The basic structure
• It consists of a nucleus of
protons and neutrons
surrounded by a group of
orbiting electrons.
• Each atom has an equal number
of electrons and protons, and
the atom is electrically neutral.
• The nucleus, however, has a net
positive charge, since it consists
of positively charged protons and
uncharged neutrons.
Cont..
• Hydrogen atom,
• Copper atom has 29
electrons and 29 protons,
and 35 neutrons (6
Isotopes).
• Silicon, which is important
because of its use in
transistors, has 14 electrons,
14 protons, and 14 neutrons.
• Electrons orbit the nucleus in
spherical orbits called shells.
• Only certain numbers of
 Electrical Charge
• Is an intrinsic property of matter that manifests itself in the
form of forces — electrons repel other electrons but attract
protons.

• The charge on the electron is negative while that on the proton

is positive, Charge on electrons and protons are equal and
opposite.

• If the atom acquires additional electrons (leaving it with more

electrons than protons), we say that it (the atom) is negatively
charged;

• conversely, if it loses electrons and is left with fewer electrons

than protons, we say that it is positively charged.

The term “charge” in this sense denotes an imbalance

b
atom, denoted by the letter Q, and is measured in coulomb.
 Couloumbs Law

• Charles Coulomb (1736–1806).

• where Q1 and Q2 are the charges in coulombs, r
is the center-to-center spacing between them in
meters, and k is const = 9x109.
• Force decreases inversely as the square of
distance;
• Electrons in outer orbits are less strongly
attracted to the nucleus than those in inner
orbits(tightly bound).
• Valence electrons are the least tightly bound and
will escape from their parent atoms if they
acquire sufficient energy.
 Free Electrons
• The amount of energy required to escape depends on
the number of electrons in the valence shell.
• Few valence electrons -- small amount of additional
energy is needed.
• Valence electrons can gain sufficient energy from
heat alone. They simply wander from the valence
shell and are called free electrons.
• In the presence of this large number of free electrons
in copper (1023) at room temperature becomes such
a good conductor of electric current.
• On the other hand, if the valence shell is full (or
nearly full), valence electrons are much more tightly
bound. Such materials have few (if any) free
electrons.
 Ions !
When a neutral atom gains or loses an
electron, it acquires a net electrical
charge. The charged atom is referred
to as an ion. If the atom loses an
electron, it is called a positive ion; if it
gains an electron, it is called a
negative ion.
Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors

• Materials through which charges move easily are termed

conductors (metals. silver, copper, gold, and aluminum)

• Copper is the most widely used, it is inexpensive and easily

formed into wire, making it suitable for a broad spectrum of
applications.
• Aluminum, although it is only about 60% as good a conductor
as copper, is also used, mainly in applications where light
weight is important, such as in overhead power transmission
lines.
• Silver and gold are too expensive for general use.
 Insulators
• Materials that do not conduct (e.g., glass, porcelain,
plastic, rubber, and so on) are termed insulators.

• It is used to prevent the wires from touching and to

protect us from electric shock.

• Insulators do not conduct because they have full or

nearly full valence shells and thus their electrons are
tightly bound.
 Semiconductors
• Silicon and germanium (plus a few other materials) have half-
filled valence shells and are Known as semiconductors.

• They have unique electrical properties that make them

important to the electronics industry.

• Silicon etc is used to make transistors, diodes, integrated

circuits, and other electronic devices.

• Semiconductors have made possible personal computers,

VCRs, portable CD players, calculators, and a host of other
electronic products.