Principle of extension
Is defined as set A is said to be equal to set B if both sets have the same elements or members
of the sets, i.e. if each element of set A also belongs to each element of set B, and each element
of set B also belongs to each element of set A.
Mathematically it can be written as A⊂B and B⊂A . In this case we write it as A=B . If
there is at least one elements of B which is not in A , then A is not equal to B and we
write A≠B.
Example
If A={2,4,6,8} and B={8,4,2,6}, then A=B because each element of set A that
is 2,4,6,8 is equal to each element of set B; that is 8,4,2,6. If we rearrange the elements of the set it
will remain the same.
If A= {1, 4, 7} and B= {5, 4, 8}, then A≠ B i.e.., A and B are unequal sets.
Cartesian product of two sets
If the ordered pairs of elements are formed from any two non-empty sets, then the product is named as
“Cartesian product”. That is, if P and Q are any two non-empty sets, then the Cartesian product of the
sets is defined as,
Example #1:
Consider the set P= {1,2,3} and Q={a,b,c,d,e}.
Since the set P has 3 elements and the set Q has 5 elements, the Cartesian product of these two sets
have 15 ordered pairs. That is,
These ordered pairs represent the position of the points in the plane. The Cartesian product of these two
sets is graphically represented below:
Example #2
A= { good, bad} , B= { student, prof}
AxB= { (good,student), (good,prof) , (bad,student), (bad,prof) }
BxA= { (student,good), (prof, good), (student, bad) ,(prof, bad) }
Note that, these Cartesian product can be extended to more than two sets.
Cartesian product of three sets:
Cartesian product of four sets:
Cartesian product of set A and B is not equal to Cartesian Product of set B and A.
Cartesian product of sets “A” and “B” is denoted by AxB.
And Cartesian product of sets “B” and “A” is denoted by BxA
Example
A={1,2} and set B={4,5}
AxB=[ {1,4}, {1,5} , {2,4}, {2,5} ]
BxA= [ {4,1}, {4,2}, {5,1}, {5,2} ]
ordered set
Is any well defined collection of objects
It is a collection of distinct objects, without repetition and without ordering.
Symbol: {}
An ambiguous term which is sometimes used to mean a partially ordered set and sometimes to mean
a totally ordered set.
Ordered Pair
An ordered pair is a composition of the x coordinate (abscissa) and the y coordinate
(ordinate), having two values written in a fixed order within parentheses.
It helps to locate a point on the Cartesian plane for better visual comprehension.
The numeric values in an ordered pair can be integers or fractions.
Ordered Pair = (x,y)
Where, x = abscissa, the distance measure of a point from the primary axis “x”
And, y = ordinate, the distance measure of a point from the secondary axis “y”
Examples of Ordered Pairs:
(4,2), ( -1,3), (2.5, -5), (0,0), (0,6), (2,3) and (3,2) are some examples of ordered pairs. These are
called ordered pairs as the order is important. The pair (2,3) is different from (3,2).
In the figure shown above,
(i) To locate the point A in the plane, we first move a distance of +3 units from O along x-axis. Now,
we go up to a distance of +2. Thus, the location of the point A is given by (3, 2)
In the ordered pair (3, 2) the first element (3) is called the x-coordinate or abscissa while the second
element (2) is called the y-coordinate or ordinate. The numbers 3 and 2 are called the cartesian
coordinates of point A or simply coordinates of A and are written as the pair (3, 2).
(ii) Similarly, the coordinates of point B are (2, 3). Here, 2 is the x-coordinate or abscissa and 3 is the
y coordinate or ordinate. Both points A(3, 2) and B(2, 3) lie in the first quadrant. Note that the
numbers in the ordered pairs representing points in the first quadrant are both positive. That is, the
ordered pairs are of the type (+, +).
(iii) To locate point C(-1, 3), we first move 1 unit distance to the left of the origin along x-axis (-1
unit from O along x-axis) and then, go up by 3 units. Thus, the point is represented as C (-1, 3). The
ordered pairs in the second quadrant are of the form (-, +).
(iv) To locate the point D(-2, -2), we first move a distance of -2 units from O along x-axis and then
go down a distance of -2 units. Point D(-2, -2) lies in the third quadrant. The points in the third
quadrant represent ordered pairs of the type (-, -).
(v) Finally, the point E(1, -3) lies in the fourth quadrant. The ordered pairs in the fourth quadrant are
of the form (+, -).
Ordered Pair Quadrants
Ordered pairs can be plotted as points on a coordinate plane. The coordinate axes divide the plane of
the graph paper into four regions called quadrants.
Region XOY is named as the first quadrant
Region YOX' is named as the second quadrant
Region X'OY' is named as the third quadrant
Region Y'OX is named as the fourth quadrant
The X-coordinate is called as the abscissa and the Y-coordinate is called as ordinate.
In the first quadrant, both the abscissa and the ordinate are positive.
In the second quadrant, the abscissa is negative and the ordinate is positive.
In the third quadrant, both the abscissa and the ordinate are negative.
In the fourth quadrant, the abscissa is positive and the ordinate is negative.
