A comprehensive Approach

to Circle Geometry
Mathematics
Theorems AND Questions

©June, 2018

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 Theorems of the Circle:
Theorem1: angle at the centre is twice angle at the circumference.

2x

To Proof:” that the angle subtended by an arc or chord at the centre of a circle is twice the angle
subtended at the circumference by the same arc or chord.”

Extend AO to D

AO=BO=CO (radii of same circle)

Triangle AOB is isosceles (base angles equal)

Triangle AOC is isosceles (base angles equal)

Angle AOB=180-2 (angles sum triangle)

Angle AOC=180-2

Angle COB=360-(AOB+AOC)

Angle COB=2 +2 =2(

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Theorem2: angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.

To Proof:” That angle subtended by an arc or chord in the same segment are equal.”

With Centre of Circle O draw lines OB and OC

Angle COB=2 x angle CAB (Theorem 1)

Angle COB=2 x angle BDC (Theorem 1)

2 x angle CAB =2 x angle BDC

Angle CAB=angle BDC

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 Theorem3: The angle in a semi-circle is a right-angled

To proof: angle in a semi-circle is right-angled.

X AXB=90°

AOB=180°(straight line)

AOB=2AXB (angle at the centre is twice angle

O At the circumference.
A B

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Theorem4: The opposite angels of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary, they sum
to 180°

To proof: “Angles in opposite segments are supplementary”

Draw straight lines AC and BD

Chord DC subtends equal angles (same segment)

Chord AD subtends equal angles (same segment)

Chord AB subtends equal angles (same segment)

Chord BC subtends equal angles (same segment)

2( + + + ) =360°

+ + + =180°

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Theorem 5: From any point outside a circle only two tangents can be drawn and they
are equal in lengths. Or other words “Tangents to a circle from an external point
contact are equal in lengths.”

To Proof: tangent to a circle from an external point contact are equal in lengths.

With centre of circle at O, draw straight lines OA and OB.

OA=OB (radii of the same circle)

Angle PAO=PBO=90°(tangent radius)

Draw a straight line OP

In triangles OBP and OAP, OA=OB and OP is common to

both

Triangles OBP and OAP are congruent (RHS)

Therefore AP=BP

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 Theorem 7: Alternate Segment Theorem, The angle between a tangent and a
chord through the point of contact is equal to the angle subtended by that chord in the
alternate segment OR other words, alternate segment angles are equal in size.

To Proof: alternate segment theorem

With centre of circle, O. draws straight

line: OD and OT.

Let angle DTB be denoted by

Then DTO=90- (Theorem 5)

Also angle TDO=90- (isosceles triangle)

Therefore angle TOD=180-(90- +90- )

2 (angle sum triangle)

Angle TCD= (Theorem 1 angle at the

centre)

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Theorem 8: Chord Bisector Theorem: a line drawn perpendicular to a chord and passing
through the centre of a circle bisects the chords. OR other words, a radius bisect at chord at 90°

To Proof: Chord Bisector Theorem;

From centre O draw straight line OA and OC

In triangles OAB and OCB, OC=OA (radii of the same

circle) and OB is common to both

Angle OBA=angle OBC (angles on straight line)

Triangle OAB and OCB are congruent (RHS)

Therefore AB=BC

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Theorem 9: The line joining an external point to the centre of the circle bisects the angle
between the tangents.

Intersecting chords
Chords can either intersect internally or externally in a circle.

Theorem 10: Chords intersecting internally

For any two intersecting chords, as shown,

AX.CX=BX.DX
Proof:
Triangle ABX is similar to triangle DCX

Angle BAX= angle CDX (same segment)

Angle ABX=angle DCX (same segment)

Angle AXB=angle DXC (vertically

opposite)

= =

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Theorem 11: Chords intersecting externally,

When the chord BD becomes a

tangent, and B and D coincide at the
point P, then

AX.CX=PX.PX

AX.CX=PX2

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1. P, Q, R and S lies on the circle, centre O. TP and
TQ are tangents to the circle. PR is a diameter and
angel PSQ=64°. Work out the values of W, X and A. Find the values of X, Y and Z.
Y. B. write down the value of angle OCT
C. Find the value of the reflex angle AOC.
3. A, B, C and D lie on the circle, centre O. BD is a
diameter and PAT is the tangent at A. Angle
ABD=58° and angle CDB=34°.

2. A,B, C and D lie on a circle centre O. SCT is the

tangent at C iis parallel to OB. Angel AOB=130°,
and angle BCT=40°.
Find:

A. Angle ACD
B. Angle ADB
C. Angle DAT
D. Angle CAO

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4. . A, B, and C lie on a circle, centre O. BC is a
diameter and SCT is tangent at C. angle ACB=54°.

6. A, B, C and D lie on the circle. AC is diameter. FCG

is tangent to the circle at C. DE is parallel to CG.
Find the values of X, Y and Z.
Find:

A. angle BCT
B. angle COA
C. angle CAB
D. angle ABC
5. in the Right, AB is a diameter of a circle, centre O.
C, D and E lie on the circle. EC is parallel to AB
and perpendicular to OD. Angle DOC is 38°.
Work out:
A. angel BOC
B. angle CBO
C. angle EDO

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7. P,Q, R and S lie on a circle, centre O. angle
OPS=42° and angle PRQ=35°

9. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. AD is a parallel to

BC the diagonals DB and AC meet at X. angle
ACB=62° and angle ACD=20°

Calculate:
A. angle POS
B. angle PRS
C. angle SPQ
D. angle PSQ
8. AB and AC are tangents to the circle, centre O.
angel BAC=54°.
Calculate:
Calculate:
A. write down the size of angle ABO
B. write down the size of angle BOC A. angle DBA
B. angle DAB
C. angle DAC
D. angle AXB
E. angle CDB

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10. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. the tangents at C
and D meets at E. calculate the values of P, Q, and 12. J, K and L lie on the circle, centre O. KOL is a
R. straight line and angel JKL=65°. Find the value of y.

13. A sphere, centre C. rest on horizontal ground at A

and touches a vertical wall at D. a straight plank of
11. In the diagram, the points,K, L, M and N lie on the wood, GBW, touches the sphere at B, rest on the
circle, centre O. KN is parallel to LM. Find the value ground at G and against the wall at W. angle
of P, Q, and R. WGX=42°. Find the value of a, b, c, d and e marked
on the diagram.

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 14. R,H,S, T and U lie on a circle, centre O. HT is a 15. P, Q, R, S is a cyclic quadrilateral. The diagonal PR
diameter and MN is a tangent to the circle at T. and QS intersect at X. angle SPR=21° and
angel RTM=61. PRS=80° and PXQ=33°.

Calculate:

A. angle PQS
B. b. angle QPR
C. c. angle PSQ
Calculate:
16. In the diagram PT and QR are parallel. TP and TR
A. angle RTH are tangents to the circle PQRS and PTR=RPQ=38°.
B. ii. Angle RHT A. a. angle PQR
C. iii. angle RST B. b. angle PSR
D. Angle RUT

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17. The Points A, B, C and D lie on a circle, centre O.
angle COD=50° and angle BCD=123°. The line DT
is a tangent to the circle at D.

19. EG is a diameter of the circle through E,C and G.

the tangent AEB is parallel to CD and angle
AEC=68°. Calculate the size of the following angles
and give a reason for each answer.
Calculate: A. Angel CEG
A. Angle OCD B. Angle ECG
B. Angle TDC C. Angle CGE
C. Angle ABC D. Angle ECD
D. Reflex angle AOC
18. Points A, B, and C lie on a circle, centre O with
diameter AB. BD, OCE, and AF are parallel lines.
Angle CBD=68°.
A. Angle BOC
B. Angle ACE

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 D. AB = AC. Find the value of angle ABC
20. A, B, C and D lie on a circle, centre O. AC is a
diameter of the circle. AD, BE, and CF are parallel
lines. Angle ABE=48°and angle ACF=126°.

Calculate:
22. Given that O is the centre of the circle and that
o o o
A. Angle DAE ∠AOB=75 , ∠CBD=62 ,∠ BAD=30
B. Angle EBC Calculate:-
C. Angle BAE
A. Angle ACB
D.
21. ABCDE is a pentagon. A circle, centre O, passes B. Angle BDA
through the points A, C, D and E. Angle EAC = 36°, C. Angle ABD
angle CAB = 78° and AB is parallel to DC.
Calculate:
A. Find the values of x, y and z, giving a reason for
each
B. Explain why ED is not parallel to AC
C. Find the value of angle EOC

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 23. PT is a tangent to the circle, centre O. Angle PTO 25. Chords PQ and RS, when produced, meet at point
29°. W. PQ = 7 cm. QW = 8 cm. SW = 10 cm.

(A) State, with a reason, the value of the angle marked

x.

b) Work out the value of the angle marked y

A. Work out the length WR.

B. Hence work out the length SR, marked as x cm
24. Chords AB and DC, when produced, meet at point 26. The diagram shows a circle, centre O. PT and RT
X. AB = 3 cm. BX = 12 cm. CX = 10 cm. are tangents to the circle. Angle POR = 144°

Work out the size of angle PTR, marked x

a) Work out the length DX

b) Hence work out the length DC, marked as x
cm
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 27. The diagram shows a circle, centre O. PT and RT A. Find the size of angle PQR. Give a reason for your
are tangents to the circle. Angle PTR = 32° answer.
B. Find the size of angle PRQ. Give a reason for your
Work out the size of angle PSR, marked y.
answer.
C. Find the size of angle POQ. Give a reason for your
answer.
29. A, B, C and D are four points on the circumference
of a circle. TA is the tangent to the circle at A. Angle
DAT = 30°. Angle ADC =132°.

28. P, Q, R and S are points on the circumference of a

circle, centre O. PR is a diameter of the circle. Angle
PSQ = 56°

A. Calculate the size of angle ABC. Explain your

method.
B. Calculate the size of angle CBD. Explain your
method

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30. TP and TR are tangents to the circle, centre O. A. Calculate the size of angle BAC. Give reasons for
Angle POR is 130 your answer.
B. Calculate the size of angle ACB. Give reasons for
your answer.

32. O is the centre o the circle MLY. If OLY=50, and

OMY=15. Calculate MOL?

A. What type of triangle is triangle OPR?

B. Work out the value of x. Y
C. Work out the value of y.

31. In the diagram, A, B and C are points on the

O
circle, centre O. Angle BCE =63°. FE is a tangent to
the circle at point C. 50°
L
15°

END PART ONE: EXERCISES

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Find the missing angles in these diagrams, which are not drawn to scale.
Explain your reasoning in each case.

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22
 2x
40°
a
b
60°

END PART TWO: EXERCISES

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 Reference:
Florentin Smarandache, Ion Patrascu: The Geometry of Homological Triangles. The Education
Publisher Inc., Columbus, Ohio, USA – 2012.

IGCSE Mathematics Second edition Univesity of cambridge

Ion Patrascu, Florentin Smarandache: Variance on Topics of Plane Geometry. The Education

J.B.Channon A.Micleish Smith H.C. Head M.F. Macrae. (1970). General Mathematics for
secondary schools Book2. Longman.

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 Prepared By:

Ahmed Mohamed Jama (Ahmed Dhicis)

Tel: +252906791994

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