UNIT ye. Licut : REFLECTION AND REFRACTION 2.1 Introduction The variety of objects in the world around us are visible due to the light entering into our eyes afier its reflection from the object. We cannot see anything in a complete dark place. Then ultimate question that arises is : “What is light ? How can it reaches to our eyes after the reflection from the object 2” Light is an electromagnetic radiation which produces sensation in our eyes. It enters into our eyes after being transmitted through the transparent medium. In previous standard, you have studied about some of the aspects regarding the reflection and refraction of light. In this chapter you will study more about these properties of light. 2.2 Nature of Light and its Basic Properties Dear students, As intimated earlier, now you know that light is an electromagnetic radiation producing sensation in our eyes. The light waves, known to be electromagnetic waves, do not require any ‘material medium for its propagation (That is why they are also known as non-mechanical ‘waves) and travel with the speed of 3x10% m s in vacuum. When such a wave travels through transparent medium, its speed decreases notably which depends upon the medium. The wave length of visible region ranging from 4x10-7 m to 8x10’ m is very short compared to the size of the normal object. In such a situation light waves can be considered to be travelling along a straight line path joining one point to another. AA straight line path joining one point to another in the direction of propagation of light is known as ray of light and a group of such rays of light is known as beam of light.‘When there is an obstacle in the path of motion of light, the light has a tendency to bend around it, which is known as diffraction of light. To explain this phenomenon of light, its wave nature is considered which you will study in higher standards, As seen from Figure 2.1, when a ray of light is incident on a surface separting two transparent media Fig 2.1 Reflection, refraction and absorption (eg. air and water), it may be reflected, of light at water surface refracted and absorbed partially. ‘The incident light gets reflected mostly from the completely polished shining plane surface ‘whereas the light incident on the transparent medium is mostly refracted. The mirror through the reflection of light and a lens through the refraction in a transparent medium focus the light rays. ‘When many rays starting from one point meet at another point, after reflection or refraction, the image of the first point is said to be formed at this point. Ifthe rays actually meet at some point then the image formed by them is real. If the rays do not meet actually, but appear to meet when extended backwards, the image is virtual. A real image of an object can be obtained on the screen while the virtual image cannot be obtained on the screen. Thus, the image of an extended object with finite size can be obtained by collecting image points, comesponding to different points of an object. 23 Reflection of Light : Regular and Irregular Reflection of Light Dear student, ‘As mentioned earlier, we can see the objects around us only due to the reflection of light from them. If it is not so, the world would have become dark ! A moon in a full swing could not be seen ! ‘Thus, a phenomenon of returning the light from the surface of an object, when the light incident on it, is a reflection of light. The reflection of light takes place in two ways : (i) Regular reflection (ii) Irregular reflection (i) Regular reflection : Incident When a parallel beam of light is incident on™ shining plane or smooth surface, a beam remains parallel after reflection in a specific direction. Such. reflection of light is called regular reflection. The reflection of light by a mirror is an example of regular reflection (Figure 2.2). Reflected rays Fig. 2.2 Regular reflection of light(Gi Irregular reflection ; When a parallel beam of light is incident on rough or irregular surface, the beam does not remain parallel but spreads over wide region afier reflection, Such a reflection of light is Incident rays known as an irregular reflection (Figure 2.3).The mys object around us such as book, chair, table etc. can A son of i inregular be seen as a result of irreguler reflection of light. ee Wig. 2.3 Irregular reflection of light 2.4 Laws of Reflection Before we state the laws of reflection, . Normal drawn Jet us remind the terms associated with them, \ to surface // Angle of incidence (0) : Incident Reflected The angle made by an incident ray with rays rays the normal drawn at the point of incidence is known as angle of incidence (0). Angle of reflection (0,) : The angle made by reflected ray with the normal drawn at point of incidence is known as angle of reflection (@,). Surface Fig. 2.4 Reflection of light In figure 2.4, 0, represents angle of incidence and 0, represents angle of reflection. The laws of reflection using above terminology are stated as under (1) The angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection ie. 0, = 6. (2) The incident ray, the normal to the mirror at the point of incidence and the reflected ray all lie in the same plane. The laws of reflection are equally applicable to plane as well as spherical mirrors. Moreover, they are also applicable to regular as well as irregular surfaces. 2.5 Reflection by A Plane Mirror As shown in Figure 2.5, an extended object AO of height h represented by an arrow is kept in front of a plane mirror MM" at a distance u. Here, each small portion of an extended object facing the mirror acts like a point source, the position of an image obtained in this way is located by the following way : The incident rays AN and AQ are drawn from points A of the object.‘The corresponding reflected rays NA and QR are drawn applying laws M of reflection. As the reflected rays NA and QR are divergent rays, they cannot meet in front of the mirror, but they intersect at A' in extending them behind the mirror which is shown in Figure 2.5. Thus A’ is the virtaual image of A. In the similar way, all the point sources between A and O will form corresponding images between A’ and I. Plane miror It is clear from Figure 2.5 that BR (1) A plane mirror forms virtual and erect image AVI at a distance v ™ from it. Figure 2.5 Reflection by a plane mirror (2) The image A'l is formed at the same distance behind the mirror as that of an object AO kept in front of mirror. (3) The size (height) of an image is same as the object but is laterally inverted Stand in front of a plane mirror in your house and observe the image. Now raise your left hand and observe the image in a mirror. The virtual, erect and of same size as the object, will be obtained at the same distance as the object behind the mirror. When you raise your left hand, the image appears to raise the right hand. This type of image obtained from the plane mirror is called laterally inverted image. 2.6 Reflection by Spherical Mirror The spherical mirrors are formed by cutting the circular cross section of spherical shell whose inner or outer curved surface are reflecting. A spherical mirror having inner curved reflecting surface is known as concave mirror. A spherical mirror having outer curved reflecting surface is known as convex mirror. In order to study the reflection by spherical mirror, we need to understand the definitions of a few necessary terms. For this, see Figure 2.6 showing reflection by spherical mirror.Radius of curvature (R) and centre of curvature of mirror (C) : The radius of a spherical shell from which the mirror is curved, called radius of curvature (R) of mirror and the centre of this spherical shell is called centre of curvature (C) of mirror. Remember that centre of curvature is not a part of spherical mirror. Pole : A centre of reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is called pole (P) of the mirror. Principal axis : An Q imaginary line passing through Concave pole (P) and centre of curvature mirror (© of mirror is called principal axis of mirror. ci Principal_gxis Por) Aperture : The diameter of the reflecting suface of the mirror is known as aperture of the mirror. Principal focus : The point ‘on the principal axis where the parallel rays meet after the Teflection from concave mirror or appear to meet after reflection from convex mirror, is called —f— principal focus (F) of the mirror. ' Focal length : The distance ' between pole (P) and principal ' focus (F) of mirror is called focal —— length (f). Radius of curvature Fig. 26 Reflection by spherieal mirror ‘The image of an object & bra formed by spherical mirror can be located by constructing a ray diagram. For this, we may arbitarily consider a large number of rays emanating from a point, but for the sake of clarity of ray diagram, it is more convenient to consider only two rays because, at least two rays are required to locate the position of an image of point object. ‘The rays reflected from spherical mirror in different ways are represented by Figure 2.7 to 2.10, Incident ray Reflected ray Incident ray w) Fig. 27 Ray incident parallel to principal axis‘A ray parallel to the principal axis after reflection will pass through the principal focus (F) in case of a concave mirror or appears to diverge from the principal focus (F) in case of a convex mirror (Figure 2.7). Incident ray Reflected ray @ Fig, 2.8 (@) Ray passing through principal focus of concave mirror (b) Ray directed towards principal focus of convex mirror ‘A ray passing through the principal focus (F) of a concave mirror or a ray which is directed towards the principal focus (F) of a convex mirror will emerge parallel to principal axis (Figure 28). Incident ray Reflected ray @ © Fig. 2.9 (a) A ray passing through centre of curvature (C) of concave mirror (b) A ray directed toward centre of curvature (C) of convex mirror ‘A ray passing through the centre of curvature of a concave mirror or directed towards the centre of curvature of a convex mirror after reflection, is reflected along the same path, Incident ray Incident ray 3) 3 _ Reflected ray Reflected ray @ o Fig 2.10 a ray incident obliquely to principal axis towards pole of a mirrorArray incident obliquely to the principal axis towards pole (P) of a concave or a convex mirror is reflected obliquely follows the laws of reflection. 2.7 Image Formation by Concave Mirror The images formed by a concave mirror MM" of a small aperture for different positions of object AB is shown in Table 2.1. Table 2.1 Image Formation by Concave Mirror (1) Position of an object : At infinity Ray diagram Position of image : At focus (F) Nature ; Real and inverted Size : Highly diminished (Pointlike) (2) Position of an object : Beyond centre Ray diagram of curvature (C) Position of image : Between centre of curvature (C) and focus (F) Nature ; Real and inverted Size : Diminished (small) (3) Position of an object : At centre of curvature (C) Ray diagram Position of image : At centre of curvature (C) Nature ; Real and inverted Size : Same as object (4) Position of an object : Between centre of curvature (C) and principal focus (F) Position of image : Beyond the centre of curvature (C) Nature : Real and inverted Size : Magnified (enlarged)(5) Position of an object : At principal focus (F) Ray diagram Position of image : At infinity Nature : Real and inverted Size : Highly magnified (6) Position of an object : Between pole (P) and principal focus (F) Position of image : Behind the mirror Nature : Virtual and erect Size lagnified (enlarged) Hold a concave mirror in your hand and direct its reflecting surface towards the Sun. Then direct the light reflected by a mirror on to a sheet of paper held close to mirror. Move the sheet of paper back and forth until the bright sharp spot is obtained. What do you observe ? As the paper sheet is at the focus of concave mirror, the light from the Sun is converged at the focus of the mirror which produces a sharp bright spot. The heat produced due to the concen- tration of sunlight ignites the paper. The distance of spot on paper from concave mirror gives its approximate focal length, Draw a neat ray diagram for the object having 1 cm height placed at 6 cm distance from the concave mirror of focal length 4 cm. Take any two rays mentioned in Section 2.6 to locate the image. Compare your ray diagram with that given in Table 2.1. You will obtain real, inverted and having height twice to that of an object at 12 em distance from the mirror (Figure 2.10.1) x Fig, 2.10.1 (Ray diagram) Image formation by concave mirror2.8 Image Formation by Convex Mirror The image formed by a convex mirror MM’ of a small aperture for different positions of object is shown in Table 2.2. Table. 2.2 Image Formation by Convex Mirror Ray diagram M (1) Position of an object : At infinity Position of image : At focus © behind mirror Nature ; Virtual and erect ‘Size : Highly diminished (point like) (2) Position of an object : Between pole (P) and infinity Position of an image : Between pole (P) and focus (F) behind mirror ‘Nature : Virtual and erect Size : Diminished (small) Hold the convex mirror in one hand and hold peneil with its tip pointing upward in other hand. View its image in the mirror. Is the image erect or inverted ? Is the image ‘magnified or diminished ? Now when a pencil is moved away from the mirror, what will be the change in the position and size of an image ? The erect and diminished image of a pencil is obtained by a convex mirror. On ‘moving the pencil away from the mirror, the size of an image goes on decreasing and it moves toward the focus. The full length image of a tall building or a tree can be viewed by a convex mirror. One such convex mirror is fitted on the wall of Agra fort. When you visit the Agra fort, try to observe the full-length image of distant tall building. 2.9 Cartesian Sign Convention for Reffection by Spherical Mirror As shown in Figure 2.11, the pole (P) of a mirror is taken as the origin of cartesian co-ordinate system. The principal axis ofthe mirror is taken as X-axis and the axis drawn perpendicular to principal axis at pole (P) is considered as Y-axis.‘The following sign convention is used to represent the Direction of YY istance related with the reflection by ‘an ineident ray toward right spherical mirror. Height upwards positive (=) (1) The object is om the left Bw pl Positive (4) e side of a mirror means i the light rays are incident { Height downwards from the left side of a _neaatve ° as Distance towards mirror. Sit negative C) (2) Allthe distances are mea- My sured from the pole (P) of Fig. 2:11 Cartesian sign convention for spherical mirror a mirror parallel to the principal axis. (3) The distances measured in the direction of incident ray (toward right) are taken positive. (4) The distances measured in the direction opposite to incident ray (toward left) are taken nega- tive. (5) The height measured upward and perpendicular to principal axis is taken positive. (©) The height measured downward and perpendicular to principal axis is taken negative. 2.10 : Mirror Formula and Magnification of Image ‘The formula which gives relation between object distance (u), image distance (v) and focal length (f) of mirror is known as mirror formula. ‘As shown in Figure 2.12, the object AB of height h is placed at a distance u from the pole (P) in front of a concave mirror of small aper- ture just beyond centre of curvature (C). Therefore, its real, inverted and diminished image B'A' of height A' will be formed at a distance v in front of the mirror. According to Cartesian sign convention, Object distance (PB) =-u Image distance (PB') = Focal length (PF) =f Radius of curvature (PC) =-R. It is clear from the geometry of Figure 2.12 that right angle AABP and AA'B'P are similar. (See the following figure to understand.) Fig. 2.12 Reflection by a concave mirrorFor Information Only . A'B'_ PB “AB PB -w AB AB Ta (2.10.1) In the similar way A ABC and 4 A'B'C are similar , ABI _ CB 2.10.2 AB CB 210.2) From Figure 2.12 CB = PC-PB'= -R-(-v)= -R +v (Do not forget to use sign convention) and CB = PB-PC = -u-(-R)=-u+R ‘. From equation (2.10.2) AB -R+v AB -u4R (2.10.3) v_-Rt+v Comparing equation (2.10.1) and (2.10.3) 5 ==) R 5 ou + Rv=- Rut ve Rv + Ru=2 uv “R@+u) =2u (2.10.4) veu 2 Dividing equation (2.10.4) by Ruv on both the sides, =R w 44422 2.10.5) “you R (2103) ‘Now when the object is placed at an infinite distance, its image will be formed at the principal focus (F). + Object distance u and image distance v = f Putting these values in equation (2.10.5) ria vin zie VIS (2.10.6)This shows that the principal focus (F) is a mid point between pole (P) and centre of curvature (C) along principal axis, Substituting the value of R from equation (2.10.6) into (2.10.5) (2.10.7) This equation is known as mirror formula. This mirror formula is true for both types of spherical mirrors for all the positions of object. ‘Magnification of an image The ratio of height of image to the height of an object is known as magnification of an image which is denoted as m, Image height _h' ‘Object height h (2.10.8) From figure 2.12, AYBY _ PB Where A'B' = Ir height (h’), AB = obj height (h) aE TB ere image height (h"), AB = object height (h) PB' = Image distance (v), PB = object distance (u) (2.109) From equations (2.10.8) and (2.10.9) m= ; ‘Now according to cartesian sign convention, A'B' + Magnification “+m 2.10.10) Note that the object height (H) is always positive. ‘The image height (4) will be positive in case of erect image, hence its magnification will be positive. ‘The positive value of magnification represents virtual image of an object. ‘The image height (h') will be negative in case of an inverted image, hence its magnification will be negative. ‘The negative value of magnification represents real image of an object. Now consider the case of a plane mirror. In this case, Image height (h’) = object height (A) am=4l‘Therefore, the image formed by a plane mirror is virwal, erect and of the same size as the object. ‘magnification ™ +1=-% u nve-u ‘This shows that the image formed by a plane mirror is at the same distance as the object but behind the mirror. Incase of plane mirror try to obtain the position of an image using mirror formula, ‘The following Table 2.3 shows the type and size of an image and the type of mirror correspond- ing to magnification value (m). ‘Table 2.3 Magnification and Type of Image and Mirror ‘Number | Magnificatioa(m) | ‘Typeofimage and itssize | Type of mirror 1 +1 Virtual, erect and of Plane same size as an object 2 = | Real, inverted and of Concave same size as an object 3 >and negative | Real, inverted and magnified | Concave 4 and positive | Virtual, erect and magnified Concave 6 <1 and positive Virtual, erect and diminished | Convex Verify this table by comparing the images formed by concave and convex mirror given in Table 2.1 and 2.2. Illustration 1: Determine nature and size of image, and the type of mirror for the image formed by mirrors corresponding to magnification values + 1,1, + 0.5,- 0.5 + 5.0 and -5.0. From the above Table 2.3, solution will be as under Number| Magnification (m) Nature and Size of Image | Type of Mirror 1 +1 Virtual erect and of Plane same size as an object 2 =i Real, inverted and of Concave same size as an object 3 +05 Virtual, erect and diminished Convex 4 -05 Real, inverted and diminished | Concave 5 +5.0 Virtual, erect and magnified Concave 6 0) Real, inverted and magnified Concave Mo Bete aD TecoMlustration 2 An object of 4 cm height is placed at a distance of 18 em from concave mirror having focal length 12 cm. Find the position, nature and height of the image. Solution : Object height h = 4 cm Object distance w= 18 cm Focal length f= — 12cm 1 1 1 From mirror formula, 5 + 7 Fy Magnification <. From m=— h h'=mxh =-2x4 =-8cm This forms real, inverted and enlarged image of an object beyond the centre of curvature (C) at 36 cm from the pole. Illustration : 3 A convex mirror is fitted on an automobile with focal length of 3 m. If'a vehicle behind is at a distance of 5 m, determine the position and nature of an image. Solution: Object distance w= 5m Focal length f=3m From mirror formula 1jildHere, v is positive and v The phenomenon of change in velocity of light from one transparent medium to another is called refraction of light. ‘The angle formed between the incident ray and the normal at the point of incidence is called angle of incidence. ‘The angle formed by refracted ray with the normal at the point of incidence is called angle of refraction. When a ray of light passes from a rarer medium to denser medium, it moves towards the normal.‘When a ray of light passes from a denser medium to rarer medium, it moves away from the normal. Snell's law of refraction : sini sin The ratio of speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in a medium is called the absolute refractive index of the medium, The shift of emergent ray side ways from the direction of incident ray is called lateral shift. The extent of lateral shift depends upon angle of incidence, refractive index of medium and the distance between two parallel refracting surfaces. ‘The optically denser medium has larger absolute refractive index compared to optically medium rarer, ‘The convex lens converges the ray of light whereas cancave lens diverges a ray. Power of lens is the reciprocal of its focal length. Its SI unit is Dioptre. ‘Nature, size and position of images formed by concave mirror Position of Object Position of Image | Nature of Image 2 @) @ So ©) Atinfinity At focus F Real and inverted | Highly diminished Beyond C Between C and F Real and inverted Diminished Atcentre of Atcentre of C Real and inverted | Same as object curvature C Between Cand F] Beyond C Real and inverted | magnified At focus F Atinfinity Real and inverted | highly magnified Between pole P_ | Behind mirror Virtual and erect | magnified and focus F © Position, nature and size of image formed by convex mirror Position of Object Position of image _| Nature of image Size @ @ Atinfinity Atfocus F behind mirror | Virtual and erect| Highly dimin- ished (point sized) Between infinity | Between pole P and Virtual and erect] Diminished and pole Focus F behind mirror When image formed by convex lens is real, its position, nature and relative size are same as that by the concave mirror. In concave mirror, the image is formed on the same side of object whereas in convex lens it is on another side of an object. The optical centre (O) in the convex lens plays role of pole (P) that is in concave mirror. The images formed byconcave mirror and convex lens for an object placed at a distance less than focal length show different characteristic. ‘The nature and relative size of an image formed by convex mirror and concave lens are same. ‘The position of an image formed by concave lens is on the same side as the object while for convex mirror itis behind the mirror. When a convex lens is used for obtaining the magnified image of an object, itis called simple microscrope. ‘The focal length of objective lens is smaller compared to that of eye piece in a compound ‘microscope. The objective lens has larger focal length compared to that of eye piece in astronomical telescope. Properties of Light >—__, Reflection Refractjon Irregular suface Regular Plane Curved surface (Book,Table chair surface surface etc) (Mirror) tL Rectangular glass ~~ h, slab (Image with . lateral shift) Plane mirror Spherical Concave lens Convex lens Virtual, erect and migioe | ie | laterally inverted image ly Real and ‘Virtual inverted and erect Concave mirror Convex mirror image image Real fas and erect image image EXERCISE Select the proper choice from the given multiple choices : (1) What is the wavelength range of visible light ? (A) 4x 10%m to 8 x 107m (B) 4x 10%m to 8 x 10%m (C) 4x 10m to 8 x 10m (D) 4x 10m to 8 x 10%m (2) What is the relation between radius of curvature (R) and the focal length (f) of a spherical mirror ? (A) R=f2 (B) R=f (©) R=2f (D) R=3f (3) Which type of reflection will be represented by a light reflected from a book ? (A) Regular (B) Imegular_ (C) Both types (D) None(4) (5) ©) a (8) @) 0) ay (12) (13) (14) ‘Through which of the following points, a ray passing through a centre of curvature and reflected by concave mirror will pass through ? (A) Focus (B) Centre of curvature (© Pole (D) All At what distance in front of the concave mirror should an object be placed to get its virtual and erect image ? (A) At centre of curvature (B) Beyond centre of curvature (©) Between focus and pole (D) At focus ‘The magnification of plane mirror is always (A) More than 1 @) 1 (© Less than 1 (D) Zero The focal length of plane mirror is (A) Zero (B) Infinity (© Uncertain (D) Equal to object distance, The distance between the object at 2 m from a plane mirror and its image is (A) 4m (B) Im (Cc) 2m (D) 3m At what distance should an object be placed to obtain its real, inverted and of same height as the object by a convex lens ? (A) At focus (B) Between focus and centre of curvature (C) Atcentre of curvature (D) Between optical centre and focus. Which of the following materials has maximum optical density ? (A) Glass (B) Water (C) Pearl (D) Diamond ‘The absolute refractive index of any medium is always...... (A) 1 (B) >1 (c) <1 (D) Zero Which of the lenses with focal length 10 cm, 20 em, 25 em, and 50 em has maximum power ? (A) 50cm (B) 25cm = (C)_ 20 em (D) 10 cm ‘What is the focal length of a convex lens having power + 5.0 D ? (A) - 10cm (B) - 20cm (C) +10 cm (D) +20 cm If the absolute refractive indices of water, benzene, and saphire are 1.33,1.50 and 1.77 respectively, then which medium has maximum relative refractive index ? (A) Saphire relative to water (B) Saphire relative to benzene (C) Benzene relative to water (D) Water relative to benzenes(15) Which type of an image is formed by a plane mirror ? (A) Real and inverted (B)_ Real and erect (©) Virtual and erect (D) Virtual and inverted (16) If the absolute refractive indices of water and glass are 4/3 and 3/2 respectively, then what will be the ratio of velocity of light in water to that of glass ? (A) 2 (B) 8/9 (c) 98 (D) 12 (17) The absolute refractive indices of water glass and diamond are 1.77, 1.50 and 2.72 respectively, which medium is most optically denser ? (A) Water (B)_ Glass (©) Diamond (D) None (18) Which of the following always forms virtual image ? (A) Concave mirror and convex lens (B) Convex mirror and concave lens (C) Convex mirror and convex lens (D) Concave mirror and concave lens (19) What will be the angle of refraction for the light ray incident normal at the surface ? (A) 90° (B) 60° (Cc) 30° (D) (20) The compound mirroscope consists of two convex lenses of 5 em and 20 cm focal length, then which of them will be object lens and eye piece ? (A) Object lens with 20 cm focal length and eye piece with 5 cm focal length. (B) Object lens with 5 cm focal leugth and eye piece with 20 cm focal length. (©) Both should have 20 em focal length. (D) Both should have 5 cm focal length. 2. Answer the following questions in brief : (1) What is called regular and irregular reflection of light ? (2) Write the laws of reflection of light. (3) What are called centre of curvature and radius of curvature of mirror ? (4) Draw a ray diagram showing position, nature and size of an image formed by concave mirror when the object is placed beyond the centre of curvature. (5) Draw a ray-diagram showing position, nature and size of an image formed by concave mirror when the object is placed between pole and principal focus. (©) Draw a ray-diagram showing position, nature and size of an image formed by convex mirror when the object is placed between infinite distance and pole. (7) Obtain the position, nature and size of an image formed by a plane mirror from the formula of magnification. (8) Write laws of refraction of light. (9) What is called the absolute refractive index of a medium ? Obtain the general form of Snell’s law in terms of refractive indices of two media ?(10) Draw a ray-diagram showing the position, nature and size of an image formed by convex lens when the object is placed at centre of curvature of lens. (11) Draw a ray-diagram showing the position, nature and size of an image formed by a convex lens when object is placed between its optical centre and focus. (12) Draw a ray-diagram showing the position, nature and size of an image formed by a concave lens when the object is placed between an optical centre and infinite point. (13) What is called the magnification of an image ? Derive the formula of magnification for spherical lens. 3. Write answers of the following questions : (1) Explain the reflection by a plane mirror by drawing suitable figure. 2) Give the cartesian sign convention for the reflection by spherical mirror. (3) With the necessary figure, explain the refraction of light through a rectangular glass slab. (4) Obtain the lens formula for spherical lens. (5) Explain how the position of an image is located for spherical mirror by considering the different rays using necessary ray-diagrams. (© Write a note on power of lens. 4. Answer the following questions in detail : (1) Derive the formula for spherical mirror (2) Explain the construction and working of a compound microscope with a neat ray-diagram, (3) Write a note on astronomical telescope. 5. Solve the following problems : (1) An object of height 5 cm is placed at a distance of 10 em from convex mirror of focal length 15 cm, Find the position, nature and size of an image. (Ans : Virtual, erect and diminished image at a distance 6 cm behind the mirror. Height of image = 3 cm) (2) An object of height 6 cm is placed at a distance of 15 cm from a concave mirror of, focal length 10 cm. Find position, nature and height of an image. (Ans : v =~ 30 om, height = 12 em, Real, inverted and magnified) (3) The rays of light are entering from glass into glycerine. If the absolute refractive indices of glass and glycerine are 1.5 and 1.47 respectively, find the refracting index of glycerine relative to glass. (Ans : 0.98)@ © © Mo ® The refractive index of light entering glass from water is 1.12. Find absolute refractive index of water if the absoute refractive index of glass is 1.5. (Ans : 1.34) When the light entering from glass to water, refractive index of water with respect to glass is 0.9. The angle of incidence at the surface seprating two media is 26°48’. Find the angle of refraction at the surface. Take sin 26°48" = 0.45 approximately. (Ans : Angle of incidence = 30°) An object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a convex lens having focal length 10 cm. The distance of an object from the lens is 15 cm. Find the position of an image. (Ans : v = 30 cm) An object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of concave lens of focal length 30 cm, Find the position of an image when the object is at a distance 20 om from the lens. (Ans : v = - 12 em) A power of convex lens is + 4.0 D. At what distance should the object from the lens be placed to obtain its real and inverted image of the same size on the screen ? (Ans u = 50 om. At the centre of curvature of lens)UNIT 3 DISPERSION OF LIGHT AND NATURAL OPTICAL PHENOMENA 3.1 Introduction Dear student, In Chapter 2, you have studied about reflection and refraction of light. In addition to that position, nature and size of the image formed by mirrors and lenses were also discussed. You have also obtained the understanding about the formation of the image in Compound Microscope and Astronomical Telescope using convex lens. This technique is very helpful in understanding the functioning of lens in human eye. The lens also plays an important role correcting the defect of vision in human eye. The reflection and refraction of light are very useful in explaining natural phenomena like the formation of rainbow, twinkling of stars and mirage formation. In this chapter you are going to study some natural phenomena based on refraction, dispersion and the scattering of light. 3.2 Dispersion of White Light Through a Glass Prism Jn the monsoon season the phenomenon of rainbow indicates the fact that “White light is composed of seven colours”. To understand the dispersion of white light into seven colours consider the following activity. Take a glass prism. Incident the sunlight on one of the face of prism through a narrow slit. ‘Tum the prism slowly until the light is emerged from the prism and capture on the screen. What do you obsevre ? You will get beautiful bands of different colours on screen. The prism splits incident white light into seven colours in the sequence, “ Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and Red.” as seen from Figure 3.1. The acornym “VIBGYOR” is useful to remember the sequence of colours.