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ZENITH / OCTAGON
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& Board Examination)

CLASS X

PHYSICS

LIGHT
 Reflection
 Refraction

A Pre-Foundation Program
by

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SP/Physics/Class-X CH-4: LIGHT REFLECTION & REFRACTION

LIGHT REFLECTION
AND REFRACTION

4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.1 Introduction A thought always comes to our mind that how the various things
4.2 Properties of Light (objects) become visible to us? Which phenomenon is the cause
4.3 Reflection of Light for it? Actually it is the light that helps us in visualizing the objects.
4.4 Image Light is an electromagnetic waves within a small range of
wavelength of about 400 × 10–9 m to 750 × 10–9 m.
4.6 Reflection from
When the light relfected from an object excites the retina of our
Spherical Surface
eye then the object becomes visible to us.
4.7 Refraction
In this chapter, first of all, we will study about the nature of light
4.8 Refraction through glass and will try to understand in what form the light is emitted from a
slab source and it propagates from one place to another place?
4.11 Refraction by Spherical After this, we will consider the phenomenon of reflection and
Lenses refraction, using the ray picture of light. Using the basic laws of
4.14 Uses of Lenses reflection and refraction, we shall study the image formation by
plane and spherical reflecting and refracting surfaces.

“IIT-JEE Foundation”
*4.5 Reflection from Plane
Surface 4.2 PROPERTIES OF LIGHT
Light is an electromagnetic wave within a small range of
*4.6.7 (c)Longitudinal
wavelength of about 4000 × 10–10 m to 7500 × 10–10 m. In some
magnification phenomena light behaves as particle and in some other phenomena
*4.6.8 Newtons formula it behaves as wave.
*4.6.9 Spherical abberation Since wavelength of light is very small compared to the size of
*4.8 (b) Lateral shift ordinary objects that we encounter commonly. So, it can be
considered to travel from one point to another along a straight line
*4.9 (a) Real and apparent joining them. The path is called a ray of light, and the bundle of
depth such rays constitutes a beam of light.
*4.10 Refraction through The light has the following properties:
multiple refracting media (i) Light travel in a straight line
*4.12 Lenses in contact (ii) Medium is not required for the propagation of this wave.
*4.13 Defects of Lenses (iii) Velocity of light is maximum in vacuum and is equal to 3×108 m/s.
*4.15 Lens Maker’s formula (iv) These waves are transverse in nature and the properties of the
*4.16 Behaviour of lenses in medium through which these waves propagate remain unaffected.
different optical medium (v) When these waves are incident upon some surface they produce
pressure on the surface. This is known as radiation pressure.
*4.17 Important Note

4.3 REFLECTION OF LIGHT

When a ray of light falls upon any smooth surface, it is sent back
into the same medium from which it came. This phenomenon is
called reflection of light.

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Incident Normal Reflected

ray ray
 

Figure 4.2
Laws of reflection
(i) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
(ii) The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane.

Illustration 1
A mirror is inclined at an angle of ° with the horizontal. If a ray of light is incident on mirror
making an angle ° with the mirror, then the reflected ray makes the following angle with the
horizontal.

 M


H
Figure 4.3

(A) ° (B) 2° (C) °/2 (D) none of these

Solution
Normal Incident ray
 M
N x O

R H
Angle of incidence = (90 – )
Angle of reflection = Angle of incidence
= (90 – )
But angle of reflection + x = 90°
or 90° –  + x = 90°
or x =
or NOR = ORH (but these are alternate angles)
or NO || RH
or Reflected ray is parallel to horizontal
or Angle between reflected ray and horizontal = 0°
 (D)

Try yourself
1. A ray of light making an angle 10° with the horizontal is incident on a plane mirror making an angle 
with the horizontal. What should be the value of . So that the reflected ray goes vertically upwards?
(A) 20° (B) 30° (C) 40° (D) 45°
4.4 IMAGE
The reproduction of an object formed by mirrors or lenses is called image of the object. Images are of
two types:
(i) An image which is formed by actual convergence of the rays of light is called real image. It can be
obtained on a screen.
(ii) An image which only appears to the eye to be formed by the rays of light is called virtual image. It
cannot be obtained on a screen.

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SP/Physics/Class-X CH-4: LIGHT REFLECTION & REFRACTION

*4.5 REFLECTION FROM PLANE SURFACE

Figure 4.4
The bundle of rays from the top of the object appears to originate from the image behind the mirror
 Characteristics of image formed by a plane mirror
(i) It is virtual, erect and of the same size as object.
(ii) It is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of it.
(iii) It is laterally inverted.
 Some facts:
(i) The focal length and radius of curvature of a plane mirror are infinite. This means that the power of
plane mirror is zero.
(ii) The magnification of a plane mirror is 1.
(iii) If the object moves with speed ‘u’ towards a fixed mirror, the image also moves towards the mirror with
speed ‘u’. The speed of the image relative to the object in this case in ‘2u’
(iv) If the mirror moves with speed ‘u’ towards or away from a fixed object, then image appears to move
towards or away from the observer with speed ‘2u’
(v) If the mirror moves away or towards an object by a distance ‘d’, then the image moves away or
towards the object by a distance ‘2d’.
(vi) If a mirror is rotated in the plane of incidence by an angle , then the reflected ray is turned through an
angle ‘2’.
(vii) On reflection from a plane mirror, a ray is deviated through an angle  = (180 – 2i), where ‘i’ is the angle
of incidence. If  is the glancing angle (i.e. angle between the plane mirror and the incident ray), then
the deviation on reflection  = 2, ( = 90 – i)
(viii) The minimum size of the mirror required to see full size image of one self is equal to half the height of the
observer.

Illustration 2
A car is moving towards a plane mirror at a speed of 30 m/s. Then the relative speed of its image
with respect to the car will be
(A) 30 m/s (B) 60 m/s (C) 15 m/s (D) 45 m/s
Solution
Speed of car towards the mirror = 30 m/s
And speed of image of car with respect to car = 2 × 30 = 60 m/s
 (B)

Try yourself
2. A ray of light is incident on a plane mirror at an angle of incidence ‘i’. Then the ray after reflection is
deviated by an angle
(A) i (B) –i (C) 2i (D) –2i

4.5.1 Inclined Mirror

If two plane mirrors are inclined at an angle , then number of images formed due to multiple reflection
of object placed in between the two mirror –
The number of image (n)
360 360
(i) When is an even integer n= 1
 
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360 360
(ii) When is an odd integer n= –1 (for symmetrical placement)
 
360
n= (for unsymmetrical placement)

360 360
(iii) when  integer n = integer value of .
 

Illustration 3
Two mirrors are kept at 60° to each other and a body is placed at the middle. The total number of
images formed is
(A) Three (B) Four (C) Five (D) Six
Solution
Here,  = 60°
360 360
n  6
 60
Since, n is an integer
360
So, number of images  1 = 6 – 1 = 5

 (C)

Try yourself
3. Five images are formed, if two plane-mirrors are inclined to each other at an angle of
(A) 45° (B) 70° (C) 30° (D) 90°

4.5.2 Uses of Plane Mirror

(i) A plane mirror is usually used as a looking glass in daily life.
(ii) In optical instruments such as periscope, kaleidoscope etc plane mirrors are used as reflectors.
(iii) Plane mirrors are also used at the blind turns on the road to guide the drivers.

4.6 REFLECTION FROM SPHERICAL SURFACE

4.6.1 Spherical Mirror
A part of a spherical reflecting surface. Spherical mirrors are of two kinds.
(i) Concave mirror : The reflecting surface is towards the centre of the sphere (or bent in reflecting
surface).
(ii) Convex mirror : The reflecting surface is away from the centre (or bulged-out reflecting surface).

4.6.2 Important Terms

(i) Pole : The centre of the spherical mirror.
(ii) Centre of Curvature : Centre of the sphere of which the mirror forms a part.
(iii) Radius of curvature : The radius of the spherical surface of which the mirror is a part.
(iv) Linear aperture : Distance between two extreme points on the periphery of the spherical mirror
(v) Angular aperture : The angle which the periphery of spherical mirror subtends at the centre of curvature.
(vi) Principal axis : The line joining the pole and the centre of curvature.
(vii) Principal focus : The point on the principal axis at which all the light rays parallel to the principal axis
after reflection from the spherical mirror converge (concave mirror) or appear to diverge from (convex
mirror).

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(viii) Focal length : The distance between the pole and principal focus denoted by f.
(ix) Paraxial rays : The rays parallel and close to the principal axis.
(x) Marginal or Peripherial rays : The rays parallel and away from the principal axis and strike the
mirror near its boundary.
(xi) Focal Plane : Plane passing through the principal focus and at right angles to the principal axis .

4.6.3 Rules for constructing the images formed by spherical mirrors

To construct the ray diagram, in order to locate the image of an object, it is convenient to consider only
two rays.
The intersection of at least two reflected rays give the position of image of the point object. Any two of
the following rays can be considered for locating the image.
(i) A ray parallel to the principal axis after reflection passes through (concave) or appear to come from the
principal focus (convex).
r

i i
r

C F P P F C

Concave mirror Convex mirror

(a) (b)

Figure: 4.5

(ii) A ray which passes through (concave) or directed towards (convex) the principal focus after reflection
becomes parallel to the principal axis.

i
r

F
C i P
r P F C

Concave mirror Convex mirror

(a) (b)
Figure: 4.6

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(iii) A ray which passes through the centre of curvature after reflection retraces its path back.

F
C P F
P C

Concave mirror Convex mirror

(a) (b)
Figure: 4.7

(iv) A ray of light incident at the pole and making an angle with the principal axis, after reflection goes on the
other side of the principal axis making the same angle with it.

i i
C F r P F
r P C

Concave mirror Convex mirror

(a) (b)
Figure: 4.8

4.6.4 Image formation in case of spherical mirrors

(i) As the object gradually moves from infinity towards the focus of a concave mirror, the image moves
from focus to infinity. The image formed is real, inverted and its size increases gradually.
(ii) As the object comes at the focus of the concave mirror, its real inverted and highly magnified image is
formed at infinity.
(iii) As the object come between the focus and pole of the concave mirror, its virtual, erect and magnified
image is formed behind the mirror.
(iv) As the object gradually moves from infinity towards the pole of a convex mirror, then irrespective of the
placement of the object in front of the mirror, the image formed is always virtual, erect and diminished
and is formed behind the mirror. The size of the image goes on increasing as the object is moved closer
to the mirror.
(a) Image formation by concave mirror
Position of the object Position of the image Size of the image Nature of the image
At infinity At the focus F Highly diminished, Real and inverted
point-sized
Beyond C Between F and C Diminished Real and inverted
At C At C Same size Real and inverted
Between C and F Beyond C Enlarged Real and inverted
At F At infinity Highly enlarged Real and inverted
Between P and F Behind the mirror Enlarged Virtual and erect

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Figure 4.9

(a) Image formation by convex mirror

Position of the object Position of the image Size of the image Nature of the image
At infinity At the focus F, behind Highly diminished, Virtual and erect
the mirror point-sized
Between infinity and Between P and F, Diminished Virtual and erect
the pole P of the behind the mirror
mirror

Figure 4.10
4.6.5 Relation between ‘f’ and ‘R’
Let two incident rays AB (parallel to the principal axis) and CP (coinciding with the principal axis) fall on
the concave mirror MM´. BT and PC are corresponding reflected rays.
M
A B
i i
r
r
Principal Axis P
C F f
R

M´
Figure: 4.11
ABC = CBF ...(i) (since i = r)
Also ABC = BCF ..(ii) (Alternate angels)
From equation (i) and (ii), we have
CBF = BCF
 BF = CF ..(iii) (sides opposite to equal angels)
For the mirror of small aperture, the point B is very near to the point P, then
BF = PF ..(iv) (nearly equal)

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From equation (iii) and (iv),

CF = PF ..(v)
Now, CP = CF + PF = PF + PF (from equation (v))
CP = 2PF
 PF = CP/2
But PF = f and CP = R
 f = R/2
The same relation is also true for a convex mirror.

4.6.6 Sign convention for reflection by spherical mirror

In this convention, the pole (P) of the mirror is taken as the origin. The pricipal axis of the mirror is taken
as the x-axis (X´X) of the coordinate system. The conventions are as follows
(i) The object is always placed to the left of the mirror. This implies that the light from the object falls on the
mirror from the left-hand side.
(ii) All distances parallel to the principal axis are measured from the pole of the mirror.
(iii) All the distances measured to the right of the origin (along + x-axis) are taken as positive while those
measured to the left of the origin (along -x-axis) are taken as negative.
(iv) Distances measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis (along +y-axis) are taken as positive.
(v) Distances measured perpendicular to and below the principal axis (along -y-axis) are taken as negative.
Object on the left M
A Direction of
Incident light
Height
upwards Distance towards Distance towards
(+ve) the left (-ve) the right (+ve)
X´ B´ X
B P
Height
downward (-ve) A´
N mirror
Figure 4.12

4.6.7 Mirror Formula and Magnification

1 1 1
(a) Mirror Formula: f  v  u

A M

B´
F P
B C f
A´
v
u N
D
Figure 4.13
(b) Linear Magnification (m)
Linear magnification is define as the ratio of the height of the image (h´) to the height of the object (h)
h'
m
h

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In triangles A´B´P and ABP, we have

B' A' B' P

BA BP
with the sign convention, this becomes
 h'  v

h u
So that,
h'  v
m 
h u
We have derived here the mirror formula and the magnification formula, for the case of real, inverted
image formed by a concave mirror. With the proper use of sign convention, these are, in fact valid for all
the cases of reflection by a spherical mirror (concave or convex) whether the image formed is real or
virtual.
(c) Magnification
(i) The transvers or linear magnification
size of image I v f f v
m= =   
size of object O u f u f
(ii) If |M| > 1 the image is enlarged
If |M| = 1 the image is of same size
If |M| < 1 the image is reduced
If M > 0 the image is erect
If M < 0 the image is inverted
*(iii) If an object lies along the axis, then its magnification is called the longitudinal magnification. It is
given by
v2
m=– 2
u
(iv) for a convex mirror, the magnification is positive and less than one. That means, the image is virtual
erect and diminished in size, for all positive of the object.
(v) For concave mirror, if object lies between the pole and focus, then, image is virtual, erect and enlarged.
*4.6.8 Newton’s Formula
Newton’s formula: f2 = xy
The distanceof the object and image from the principal focus (f) be x and y respectively

Illustration 4
An object is placed at (i) 10 cm, (ii) 5 cm in front of a concave mirror of radius of curvature 15
cm. Find the position, nature and magnification of the image in each case.
Solution
The focal length f = –15/2 cm, = –7.5 cm
(i) The object distance, u = –10 cm
1 1 1
 
v  10  7.5
1 1 1 1  5  7.5
or   or 
v 7.5 10 v 7.5  10
7.5  10
or v or v = –30 cm
 2.5
The image is 30 cm from the mirror on the same side as the object.
v   30 
Also, magnification, m       3
u   10 

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The image is magnified, real and inverted.

1 1 1
(ii) The object distance, u = –5 cm. Then  
v  5  7 .5
1 1 1 1  5  7 .5
or   or 
v 7 .5 5 v 7 .5  5
7 .5  5
or v or v = 15 cm
2 .5
This image is formed at 15 cm behind the mirror. It is a virtual image.
v 15
Magnification, m   u   (5)  3
The image is magnified, virtual and erect.

Try Yourself
4. The radius of curvature of a convex mirror used on a moving automobile is 2 m. A truck is coming
behind it at a distance of 3.5 m. Calculate (i) the position and (ii) the size of the image relative to the size
of the truck. What will be the nature of the image?

*4.6.9 Spherical Abberation

The rays of light after reflection from a concave mirror meet at a single point only if a narrow beam of
light falls on the mirror. In case of a wide beam, it is found that the marginal rays get focussed relatively
close to the pole in comparison to the paraxial rays.
The reflected lines form a pattern and this has an envelope known as the caustic curve. Because of
this the image is distorted. This defect is called spherical aberration.
The spherical aberration is not present in parabolic mirrors.
4.6.10 Identification of Mirrors
(a) By Touching : (i) plane, it is a plane mirror. (ii) depressed inwards at the middle, it is a concave
mirror. (iii) projected outwards at the middle, it is a convex mirror.
(b) By Seeing the Image :
(i) If the image formed is always erect and of the same size, it is a plane mirror.
(ii) If the image formed is always erect and smaller in size, it is a convex mirror.
(iii) If the image formed is erect and magnified when mirror is close to the face and the size and nature
(virtual to real) of the image change on moving the mirror, it is concave mirror.

4.6.11 Uses of Mirror

(a) Concave Mirror :
(i) As reflectors in the headlights of cars, searchlights, etc.
(ii) Dentists (as the dentist’s mirror) to focus light on the tooth to be examined.
(iii) Shaving mirrors and as make-up mirrors to see the enlarged erect image of the face. For this to
happen, face must be placed closer to the mirror.
(iv) Concave mirror (or parabolic mirrors) are used as radiation collector in solar heating devices.
(b) Convex Mirror :
(i) rear-view mirrors or side-mirror (also called driver’s mirror) on automobiles, such as cars, trucks and
buses to see the traffic coming from behind.
(ii) staircase-mirrors on the double-decker buses.
(iii) vigilance-mirrors in big shops and stores.

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4.7 REFRACTION
4.7.1 Optically rarer medium and optically denser medium
Speed of light is different in two media.
A medium in which the speed of light is more is known as optically rarer medium (or less denser me
dium) A medium in which the speed of light is less, is known as optically denser medium.
 The optical density of a substance should not be confused with its density.

4.7.2 Refraction
The phenomenon of bending of light at the surface separating the two media of different
optical densities.

1. When a ray of light goes from a rarer medium to a denser medium, it bends towards the
normal.
2. When a ray of light goes from a denser medium to a rarer medium it bends away from the
normal.

 The refraction of light takes place on going from one medium to another because the speed of light is
different in the two media.
 The greater is the difference in speeds of light in the two media, the greater will be the refraction or
bending of light.
 Refraction can take place without change of path also when i = r = 0.
 On refraction the frequency of light does not change but both the wavelength and the velocity changes.
vacuum
v = c / n and medium =


4.7.3 Laws of refraction

(i) The incident ray, the refracted ray and normal to the surface at the point of incidence all lie in the same
plane.
Snell’s law
(ii) The ratio of sine of angle of incidence (i) to the sine of angle of refraction (r) is constant for a given pair
of media.
sin i
= constant = n21
sin r
n21 is called refractive index of second medium w.r.t. the first medium.
v1 speed of light in first medium
n21  =
v2 speed of light in second medium
If first medium is vaccum, then the refractive index of medium is called the absolute refractive index of
medium.
n2
n21 
n1
The value of refractive index depends on:
(i) nature of media of incidence and refraction
(ii) wavelength or colour of light, and
(iii) temperature of the medium.
Refractive index decreases with increase in temperature.

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n21 = 1/n21
B C
n=A+ 2 + + .......
 4
nred < nyellow < nviolet
Illustration 5
The speed of light in air is 3 × 108 m/s. What will be its speed in diamond whose refractive index
is 2.4?
(A) 3 × 108 m/s (B) 1.25 × 108 m/s (C) 7.2 × 108 m/s (D) 332 m/s

Solution
Speed of light in air = 3 × 108 m/s
Refractive index of diamond = 2.4
Let the speed of light in diamond = v m/s
Then, n = c/v
c 3108
or v  = 1.25 × 108 m/s
n 2.4
 (B)

Illustration 6
A beam of monochromatic blue light of wavelength 420 nm in air travels in water (n = 4/3). Its
wavelength in water will be

Solution
Wavelength of blue light in air = 420 × 10–9 m
Refractive index of water = 4/3
Let the wavelength of blue light in water be ‘’
c  air
Then, n  
v  medium

4 420  10 9
or 
3 

420  10 9
or   3 = 315 × 10–9 m = 315 nm
40

Try Yourself
5. The velocity of light in glass is 2 × 108 ms–1, while in vacuum it is 3 × 108 ms–1. What is the absolute
refractive index of glass?

2 n
4.7.5 n21 =n
1

n21 = Refractive index of medium 2 w.r.t. medium 1

n2 = Absolute refractive index of medium 2
n1 = Absolute refractive index of medium 1
v2 = Speed of light in medium 2
v1 = Speed of light in medium 1
c = Speed of light in air

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c c
n1  ..(i) or n 2 
v1 v2

v1 v1 / c
n 21  or n 21 
v2 v2 / c

1 / n1 n2
or n 21  or n 21 
1/ n 2 n1

4.7.6 Relation between n21 and n12

Consider a surface XY separating a rarer medium 1 (air) from the denser medium 2 (water) as shown
in figure.

i
X Air Y
O water
r
M
N´ B

Figure. 4.14
When a ray of light travels from medium 1 (air) to the medium 2 (water) along the path AOB, then
refractive index of medium 2, w.r.t. medium 1 is given by
sin i
n 21  ...(i)
sin r
When the path of the ray of light is reversed, it travels from medium 2 (water) to medium 1 (air) along
the path BOA. Then the refractive index of medium 1 w.r.t. medium 2 is given by
sin r
n 21  ...(ii)
sin i
Multipying equation (i) and (ii), we get
sin i sin r 1
n 21  n 12   1 or n 21 
sin r sin i n 12

4.8.(a) Refraction through a Glass Slab

Consider a rectangular glass slab of refractive index n21 and thickness t.
N1
A 1–r1
i
D Air Y
O Glass
r1
t N1 L
d
B Air
i´

N2
C
Figure 4.15
where n21 is refractive index of glass slab with respect to air.
At point A,

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sin i
n21  ...(i)
sin r1
At point B, the refractive index of air w.r.t. glass slab.
sin r1
n12  ..(ii)
sin i '
We know that,
1
n21  ..(iii)
n12
From equations (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
sin i sin i´

sin r1 sin r1
or i = i´
This shows that a ray of light incident obliquely on the parallel sided glass slab emerges out parallel to the
incident ray. However, the incident ray is laterally displaced.

*4.8.(b) Lateral shift (d):

The perpendicular distance between the direction of incident ray and the emergent ray is known as
lateral shift.
From right angled BOL,
BL d
sin(i  r1 )  
OB OB
or d  OB sin(i  r1 ) ...(iv)
From right angled BOD,
OD t
cos r1  
OB OB
t
or OB  ..(v)
cos r1
From equations (iv) and (v), we get
t sin(i  r1 )
Lateral shift d 
cos r1

Illustration 7
A ray of light refracted through a glass slab of thickness 2 3 cm and refractive index 3 . If
angle of incidence is 60° then find the lateral shift?
Solution
sin i
n
sin r

sin 60 3 1 1
or 3 or sin r    = sin30°
sin r 2 3 2
or r = 30° t = 2 3 cm

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t sin(i  r )
d
cos r

2 3 sin(60o  30o ) 2 3 sin 30 o

= =
cos r cos 30

2 3 1 / 2
or d = 2 cm
3/2

*4.9.(a) Real and Apparent Depths

N D
r
A C
P Q
r
i
O´
i N´

Figure 4.16
Consider a bucket filled with water upto the level PQ.
Let an object O lie at the bottom of the bucket
i = Angle of incidence
r = Angle of refraction
OA = Real depth
O´A = Apparent depth
n21 = Refractive index of denser medium w.r.t. rarer medium.
According to Snell’s law
sin i 1
 n12  ...(i)
sin r n21
From AOC,
AC
sin i  ...(ii)
OC
and from AO´C,
AC
sin r  ...(iii)
O´C
From equations (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
1 AC O´C OC
  or n21 
n21 OC AC O´C
Since point C lies very close to A, so O´C ~ O´A and OC ~ OA

OA Real depth
or n21  ; n21 
O´ A Apparent depth
Normal shift in the position of the object is given by
x = AO – AO´

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AO  1 
x = AO  x = AO1  
or
n21 or  n 21 
Note: If a vessel is filled with two immisible liquids of refractive indices n1 and n2 respectively. Such
that one liquid is filled upto depth d1 and another liquid is filled upto depth d2 respectively, then apparent
depth is given by
d1 d
Apparent depth   2

n1 n 2

4.9.(b) If object in rarer medium is observed from denser medium, then

Apparent depth
n 21 
Real depth
where n21 = Refractive index of denser medium w.r.t. rarer medium.
Illustration 8
A fish in the pond of a water appears at a depth of 6 cm. What is the actual depth of the fish if
refractive index of water is 4/3 ?

Solution
n21 = 4/3
Apparent depth = 6 cm
4
Real depth = Apparent depth × n21 = 6 = 8 cm
3
Try yourself
6. A container is filled with water 12.5 cm deep. The depth of a needle lying on the bottom of the container
appears to be 9.4 cm. Find the refractive index of water.

*4.10 REFRACTION THROUGH MULTIPLE REFRACTING MEDIA

A compound slab made up of water and glass bounded by parallel faces and placed in air.
At point O, A
i Air
O
r1
r1 water
B
r2 glass
sin i r2
nwa  ..(i)
sin r1 C i Air

D
At point B, Figure 4.17
sin r1
ngw  ..(ii)
sin r2

At point C,
sin r2
nag  ..(iii)
sin i

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Multiplying equations (i), (ii) and (iii), we get

sin i sin r1 sin r2
nwa  ngw  nag   
sin r1 sin r2 sin i

1
or nwa  n gw  nag  1 or nwa  n gw  n or nwa  n gw  n ga
ag

Illustration 9
If refractive index of glass w.r.t. air is 3/2 and refractive index of water w.r.t. air is 4/3. Find the
refractive index of glass w.r.t. water.
Solution
nga = 3/2, nwa = 4/3, ngw = ?
 nwa × ngw = nga
4 3 9
or  ngw  or ngw 
3 2 8
Try yourself
7. The refractive index of air w.r.t. glass is 2/3. The refractive index of the diamond w.r.t. air is 12/5. What
is the refractive index of glass w.r.t. the diamond?

4.11 REFRACTION BY SPHERICAL LENSES

4.11.1 Lens
A piece of a transparent medium bounded by at least one spherical surface.

4.11.2 Types of Lens

LENS

(A piece of a transparent medium bounded

by at least one spherical surface)

Convex or coverging Concave or diverging

(thick in the middle and (Thin in the middle and
thin at the edges) thick at the edges)

Double Plano Concavo Double Plano Convexo

convex convex convex concave concave concave

4.11.3 Terms associated with spherical Lenses

(i) Principal axis : Line passing through the optical centre and joining the centres of curvature of the two
curved surface.
(ii) Optical centre: It is a point lying within a lens through which the ray of light pass undeviated.
(iii) Principal focus : It is a point on the principal axis of the lens where all the rays of light coming
parallel to the principal axis either converge actually (convex lens) or appear to diverge (concave).
(iv) Focal length (f) : The distance between the optical centre and the principal focus.
For a convex lens : f = +ve. For a concave lens : f = –ve
(v) Focal plane : A plane passing through the principal focus and perpendicular to the principal axis.
(vi) Aperture : The effective diameter of the light transmitting portion of the lens.
Brightness of image is directly proportional to square of aperture of the lens.

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4.11.4 Rules for image formation by a Lens

(i) A ray of light travelling parallel to the principal axis, after refraction passes through (convex lens) or
appears to come from (concave lens) its second principal focus.

F1 O F2 F1 O F2
(a) Convex lens (b) Concave lens
Figure 4.18
(ii) A ray of light initially travelling through (convex lens)or along the dirction of first principal focus after
refraction, travels parallel to the principal axis.

O F2
F1 F1 O F2

(a) Convex lens (b) Concave lens

Figure 4.19

(iii) A ray of light which passes through the optical centre, does not suffer any refraction.

O O
F1 F2 F1 F2

(a) Convex lens (b) Concave lens

Figure 4.20

4.11.5 Image formation in Lenses Using Ray Diagrams:

(a) Image formed by a convex lens

Position of the object Position of the image Size of the image Nature of the image
At infinity At the focus F2 Highly diminished, Real and inverted
point-sized
Beyond 2F1 Between F2 and 2F2 Diminished Real and inverted
At 2F1 At 2F2 Same size Real and inverted
Between F1 and 2F1 Beyond 2F2 Enlarged Real and inverted
At focus F1 At infinity Infinitely large or Real and inverted
highly enlarged
Between focus F1 and On the same side of Enlarged Virtual and erect
optical centre O the lens as the object

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Figure. 4.21 The position, size and the nature of the image formed by a convex lens
for various positions of the object
(B) Image formed by a concave lens

Position of the object Position of the image Relative size of the Nature of the image
image
At infinity At the focus F1 Highly diminished, Virtual and erect
point-sized
Between infinity and Between focus F1 and Diminished Virtual and erect
optical centre O of the optical centre O
lens

Figure. 4.22 The position, size and the nature of the image formed by a concave lens for various positions of the object

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4.11.6 Sign Covention for spherical Lenses

(i) All the distances are measured from the optical centre of the lens.
(ii) The distance measured in the same direction as that of incident light are taken as positive.
(iii) The distance measured against the direction of incident light are taken as negative.
(iv) The distances measured upward and perpendicular to the principal axis are taken as positive.
(v) The distances measured downward and perpendicular to the principal axis are taken as negative.
Direction of
+ve incident ray

F1 O
–ve +ve
–ve
Figure 4.23

1 1 1
4.11.7 The Lens Formula – =
v u f

f
B C

F2 A´
A F1 O
u v B´

Figure 4.24

4.11.8 Magnification (m)

It is defined as the ratio of the height of the image and the height of the object
Height of the image h´
m 
Height of the object h
From equation (i)
A' B ' OA'

AB OA
h' v h' v
or  or m 
h u h u
(i) If the image is real and inverted (i.e.. I is negative) m is – ve.
(ii) If the image is virtual and erect (i.e.. o is positive), m is +ve.
I v f –v f
m= = = =
O u f f u

4.17.9 Power of Lens (P)

1 100
P= =
f (in meter) f (in cm)
SI unit of power is dioptre (D).
(i) Power of a convex lens is +ve. (ii) Power of a concave lens is -ve.
 Power of a lens is the measure of its degree of convergences or divergence of light rays falling on it.

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Illustration 10
The image of a needle placed 45 cm from a lens is formed on a screen placed 90 cm on the other
side of the lens. Find the displacement of the image, if the object is moved by 5 cm away from the
lens. Also find the power of the lens.
Solution
Case I: u = –45 cm, v = 90 cm, f = ?
1 1 1
Using,  
f v u
1 1 1 3 1
or     or f = 30 cm
f 90 45 90 30
Case II: u´ = –45 – 5 = –50 cm
1 1 1
 
v' u ' f

1 1 1 1 1 1 2
or     or 
v' f u ' 30 50 v ' 150
150
or v'   75 cm or Displacement of image = 90 – 75 = 15 cm
2
1 1
Power of lens, P    0.033 D
f 30
Try yourself
8. An object 10 cm high is placed at the principal focus of a concave lens of focal length 20 cm. Find the
size, position and nature of the image. Also find the power of lens.

*4.12 LENSES IN CONTACT

Consider two thin lens of focal lengths, f1 and f2 respectively placed in contact with each other.
Let O be the point object placed on the principal axis of the lenses. If second lens is not present, then the
first lens forms an image I1 of the object O at a distance v1 from it.

O I I1
u v1
v
Figure 4.25
1 1 1
Using lens formula    ..(i)
u v1 f
Since second lens is in contact with the first, So I1 acts as an object for the second lens which forms the
image I at a distance v from it.
1 1 1
or    ..(ii)
v1 v f 2
Adding equation (i) and (ii), we get
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
    or   
u v f1 f 2 u v F

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1 1 1
where,  
F f1 f 2
F is equivalent focal length.
The power of the equivalent lens is given by P = P1 + P2
Magnification, m = m1 × m2
Note:
(1) when two lenses of focal lengths f1 and f2 are placed co-axially at a distance x from each other, then
the equivalent focal length is given by
1 1 1 x
  
F f1 f 2 f1 f 2 and P = P1 + P2 – xP1P2
(2) When two thin lenses of equal and opposite focal lengths (i.e. one convex and other concave
lens) are placed in contact, then the equivalent focal length is given by
1 1 1 1
  0 or F   and power, P = P – P = 0
F f f 0
Such combination of lenses behaves as a plane glass plate.
Illustration 11
Two thin lenses of focal lengths +10 cm and –5 cm are kept in contact. What is the
(a) focal length (b) power of the combination.
Solution
1 1 1
 
f f1 f 2

1 1 1 1 1
or   or  or f = –10 cm
f 10 5 f 10

100 100
Power, P    10 D
f  10
Try yourself
9. Find the focal length and power of combination of two lenses, one converging of power 8 dioptre and the
other diverging of power 4 dioptre are combined together.

*4.13 DEFECTS OF LENSES

(i) Chromatic aberration : Due to dispersion the image has coloured edges.
(ii) Spherical aberration : Due to different focal length for marginal rays and paraxial rays.
(iii) Coma : Comet like tail added to all images.
(iv) Astigmatism : Defect in image shape when the rays from horizontal plane and rays from vertical plane
focus at different points.
(v) Distortion : Due to different magnification of a lens for the upper or lower portion and central portion.

4.14 USES OF LENSES

(i) Concave, convex and other types of lenses are used in spectacles for correcting the defects of vision.
(ii) Almost all the optical instruments such as projector, telescope, microscope, camera, periscope etc.
make use of lenses.
(iii) Now-a-days powerful lenses of large aperture are used to focus solar energy.

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*4.15 LENS MAKER’S FORMULA

The relation between the focal length (f) of the lens, radii of curvature of its surfaces and refractive
index (n) of the material of the lens is called lens maker’s formula

1  1 1 
 (n  1)  
f R
 1 R 2 

When lens made of glass is immersed in liquid then focal length of the lens in the liquid is
 1 1  f l (n ga  1)n la
f l  (n lg  1)   or 
 R1 R 2  fa (n ga  n la )

*4.16 BEHAVIOUR OF LENSES IN DIFFERENT OPTICAL MEDIUM

Case I: nm < nl
where nm = Absolute refractive index of medium.
nl = Absolute refractive index of material of lens

O O
F F F F

Case II: nm = nl

O O
F F F F

Case III: nm < nl

O O
F F F F

Figure 4.26

*4.17 IMPORTANT NOTE

(1) Intensity or brightness of the image is proportional to the square of the aperture of the lens i.e. Intensity
of image  (Aperture)2

(2) If a lens is cut horizontally into two equal halves as

shown in figure, then focal length remains unchanged. Figure 4.27

(3) If a lens is cut vertically into two equal halves as

shown in figure, then focal length becomes double Figure 4.28

*****
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Solved Examples
Example 1
A plane mirror is approaching you at 10 cm/sec. You can see your image in it. At what speed will
your image approach you.
Solution
Relative speed of image with respect to mirror = 2 × Speed of object with respect to mirror
= 2 × 10 cm/sec = 20 cm/sec
Example 2
Two mirrors are kept at 72° to each other and a body is placed at middle. Find the total number
of images formed?
Solution
360 360
Here,  5
 72
360
 is odd integer and placement is symmetrical

360
So, number of images =  1 = 5 –1 = 4

Example 3
An object is placed in front of a concave mirror of radius of curvature 40 cm at a distance of
10 cm. Find the position, nature and magnification of the image.
Solution
Here, R = –40 cm, u = –10 cm
R 40
Focal length of concave mirror, f    20 cm
2 2
1 1 1
Using   , we get
u v f

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
       
v f u 20 (10) 20 10 20 20
 v = +20 cm
Thus position of the image is at 20 cm to the right side of the pole of the mirror.
Since v is position, so virtual image is formed.
v  20 I
m   2 Since, m   2
u (10) O
 I=2×O
Therefore, size of image is double than the size of the object, Moreover image is erect.
Example 4
An object is situated at a distance of 15 cm from a convex lens of focal length 30 cm. Find the
position of the image formed by it.
Solution
u = –15 cm, f = 30 cm, v = ?
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
      or  or v = –30 cm
v f u 30 15 30 v 30

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Example 5
Find the time taken by light in traveling a water column of length 1000 m if the refractive index
of water is 4/3.
Solution

va va 3  10 8
naw   vw  
vw n aw 4/3

d 1000
or vw = 2.25 × 108 m/s or t  
v w 2.25  10 8
or t = 4.4 × 10–6 sec.
Example 6
A rectangular glass slab of thickness 8 cm is placed on a figure. Eye is kept exactly above this
slab. If the refractive index of glass is 1.6, then the figure will appear to raised by
(A) 8 cm (B) 2.4 cm (C) 4.2 cm (D) 3 cm
Solution
Let the figure get raised by d cm on placing the slab, then its apparent depth will be (8–d) cm
real depth
nag 
apparent depth

8
1. 6 
8d
4 .8
or 1.6(8–d) = 8 or 12.8 – 1.6 d = 8 or d = 3 cm
1 .6
Example 7
A point object is 24 cm above the surface of water (µ = 4/3) in a lake. A fish inside the water will
observe the image to be at distance.
(A) 32 cm above the water surface (B) 18 cm above the water surface
(C) 6 cm above the water surface (D) 6 cm below the water surface
Solution
4
Apparent depth = ndr × Real depth =  24 = 32 cm
3
Example 8
A convex lens of focal length 40 cm is in contact with a concave lens of focal length 25 cm. Find
the power of the combination.
Solution
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.25  0.4  0.15
      = 
f f 1 f 2 0.4  0.25 0.4 0.25 0.4  0.25 0.4  0.25
1  0.15 1
or   1.5 or p  1.5 Dioptre
f 0.4  0.25 f
Example 9
A concave lens of glass, refractive index 1.5 has both surfaces of same radius of curvature R. On
immersion in a medium of refractive index 1.75, it will behave as a
(A) convergent lens of focal length 3.5 R (B) convergent lens of focal length 3.0 R
(C) divergent lens of focal length 3.5 R (D) divergent lens of focal length 3.0 R
Solution
According to lens maker’s formula
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1  1 1  ng 1.5
 (n gm  1)   Now, n gm  
f  R1 R2  nm 1.75
For concave lens as shown in figure in this case R1 = –R and R2 = R

nm ng nm
R1 R2

1  1 .5  1 1  0.25  2
   1     
f  1.75  R R  1.75 R
or f = +3.5 R
The positive sign shows that the lens behaves as convergent lens.

Example 10
The focal length of a convex lens is 10 cm and its refractive index is 1.5. If the radius of curvature
of one surface is 7.5 cm. Find the radius of curvature of the second surface.
Solution
By using formula

1  1 1 
 (n  1)  
f R
 1 R 2 

f = 10 cm, R1 = 7.5 cm, n = 1.5

1  1 1 
or  (1.5  1)  
10  7.5 R2 
or R2 = –15 cm

*****

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EXERCISE-I
1. What type of waves are light waves?
2. What is the radius of a plane mirror?
3. What is the angle of reflection if a ray falls normally on a plane mirror?
4. Relate the focal length f and radius of curvature R.
5. What is a real image?
6. What is a virtual image?
7. What type of image is formed:
(i) in a plane mirro and (ii) on a cinema screen?
8. Write the mirror formula
9. Name the type of mirror which always forms a virtual and diminished image.
10. Which mirror convex or concave has more field of view?
11. For what position of an object, a concave mirror forms a real image equal in size to the object?
12. What should be the position of the object when a concave mirror is to be used?
(i) as a shaving mirror and (ii) as a doctor’s mirror?
13. Differentiate between virtual image of a convave mirror and of a convex mirror.
14. The angle between an incident ray and the mirror is . The total angle turned by the ray of light is 80°.
What is the value of ?
15. What is the value of  in the following ray diagram?



25°
P
F C

16. What is a rarer medium?

17. What is the unit of refractive index?
18. Name a point inside a lens through which the light passes undeviated.
19. Define the power of a lens. Give its SI unit. State whether the power of a converging lens is positive or
negative.
20. A spherical mirror and a lens both have focal length of –20 cm. What type of mirror and lens are these?
21. What is dioptre?

EXERCISE-II
1. What is the nature of light?
2. What is a ray?
3. State two effects caused by the refraction of light
4. Distinguish between real and virtual image.
5. If you are driving a car, what type of mirror would you prefer to use for observing traffic at your back
and why?
6. Define Snell’s law of Refraction.
7. A concave lens has focal length of 20 cm. At what distance from the lens a 5 cm tall object be placed so
that it forms an image at 15 cm from the lens? Also calculate the size of the image formed.

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8. The speed of light in water 2.25 × 108 m/s. If the speed of light in vacuum be 3 × 108 m/s, calculate the
refractive index of water.
9. Draw a ray diagram to show the complete path of the light ray that travels through a rectangular glass
slab.
10. A person having a myopic eye uses a concave lens of focal length 50 cm. What is the power of the lens?
11. Draw the ray diagram in each case to show the position and nature of the image formed when the object
is placed
(i) at the centre of curvature of a concave mirror
(ii) between the pole P and focus F of a concave mirror
(iii) in front of a convex mirror
(iv) at 2F of a concave lens
12. Find the size, nature and position of image formed when an object of size 1 cm is placed at a distance of
15 cm from a concave mirror of focal length 10 cm.
13. A concave mirror of focal length 10 cm is placed at a distance of 25 cm from a wall. How far from the
wall an object be placed so that its image formed by the mirror falls on the wall?
14. An object is placed at a distance of 15 cm from a convex mirror of focal length 30 cm. Find the position
and the nature of the image.
15. A convex mirror used for rear-view on an automobile has a radius of curvature of 3 m. If a bus is
located at 5 m from this mirror, find the position, nature and size of the image.
16. An object 4 cm in size is placed at 25 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length 15 cm. At what
distance from the mirror should a screen by placed in order to obtain a sharp image? Find the nature and
the size of this image.
17. If the angle of incidence (i) for a light ray in air be 45° and the angle of refraction(r) in glass be 30°. Find
refractive index
18. Light of wavelength 6000 Å in air enters a medium of refractive index 1.5. What will be the frequency
in the medium?
19. If the refractive index of water for light going from air to water be 1.33, what will be the refractive index
for light going from water to air?
20. Refractive index of water is 4/3 and glass is 3/2 with regard to air. What is the refractive index of glass
with respect to water?
21. Light of wavelength of 500 nm in air, enters a glass plate of refractive index 1.5. Find (i) speed (ii)
frequency and (iii) wavelength of light in glass. Assume that the frequency of light remains the same in
both media.
22. A needle placed 45 cm from the lens forms an image on a screen placed 980 cm on the other side of the
lens. Identify the type of the lens and determine its focal length.
23. A concave lens has a focal length of 10 cm. An object 2.5 cm high is placed at 30 cm from the lens.
Determine the position and size of the image.
24. A real image 4/5 size of the object is formed 18 cm from a lens. Calculate the focal length of the lens.
25. A 5 cm tall object is placed on the principal axis of a convex lens of focal length 50 cm at a distance of
40 cm from it. Find the nature, position and size of the image.
26. A 5 cm tall object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a convex lens of focal length 20 cm.
The distance of the object from the lens is 30. Find the (i) position and (ii) nature of the image formed.
27. A 2 cm tall object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a convex lens of focal length 10 cm.
The distance of the object from the lens is 15 cm. Find the nature, position and size of the image. Also
find its magnification.

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EXERCISE-III
SECTION-A
 Fill in the blanks
1. A light wave of frequency 5 ×1014 Hz enters a medium of refractive index 1.5. In the medium the
velocity of light wave is __________ and its wavelength is __________.

SECTION-B
 Multiple choice question with one correct answers
1. When a ray of light enters a glass slab from air.
(A) its wavelength decreases
(B) its wavelength increases
(C) its frequency decreases
(D) neither its wavelength nor its frequency changes
2. An eye specialist prescribes spectracles having combination of convex lens of focal length 40 cm in
contact with a concave lens of focal length 25 cm. The power of this lens combination in diopters is
(A) +1.5 (B) –1.5 (C) +6.67 (D) –6.67
3. A ray of light passes through four transparent media with refractive indices µ1, µ2, µ3 and µ4 as shown in
the figure.
The surfaces of all media are parallel. If the emergent ray CD is parallel to the incident ray AB, we must
have
µ1 µ2 µ3 D
C
B µ4
A
(A) µ1 = µ2 (B) µ2 = µ3 (C) µ3 = µ4 (D) µ4 = µ1
4. A hollow double concave lens is made of very thin transparent material. It can be filled with air or either
of two liquids L1 or L2 having refractive indices µ1 and µ2 respectively (µ2 > µ1 > 1). The lens will diverge
a parallel beam of light if it is filled with
(A) air and placed in air (B) air and immersed in L1
(C) L1 and immersed in L2 (D) L2 and immersed in L1
5. A point object is placed at the centre of a glass sphere of radius 6 cm and refractive index 1.5. The
distance of virtual image from the surface is
(A) 6 cm (B) 4 cm (C) 12 cm (D) 9 cm
6. What is the relation between the refractive indices µ1 and µ2 , if the behaviour of light ray is as shown in
the figure.

µ1 µ µ1 µ2 µ µ2

(A) µ1 > µ2 (B) µ1 < µ2 (C) µ1 = µ2 (D) None of these

7. Which of the following lens can form image of an object on screen.
(A) Concave (B) Convex
(C) Both convex and concave (D) none of these
8. To obtain a dimnished image of an object, formed by a convex lens, where should the object must be
placed?
(A) between F and 2F (B) At F (C) between infinity and 2F (D) at 2F

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9. If object is placed between infinity and 2F of a convex lens, then image will form
(A) at F (B) between F and 2F (C) at 2 F (D) at infinity

SECTION-C
 Assertion & Reason
Instructions: In the following questions as Assertion (A) is given followed by a Reason (R). Mark your
responses from the following options.
(A) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of ‘Assertion’
(B) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is not the correct explanation of ‘Assertion’
(C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
(D) Assertion is false but Reason is true
1. Assertion: A ray of light entering from glass to air suffers from change in frequency.
Reason: Velocity of light in glass is less than that in air
2. Assertion: A plane mirror has unity magnification.
Reason: In the case of plane mirror the distance of image is equal to the distance of object
3. Assertion: Convex mirror is used as a driver’s mirror.
Reason: Field view of a convex mirror is large.
4. Assertion: Focal length of a lens remain same if it is cut across the axis along XX´.

X X´

Reason: Both the refracting surfaces remain in tact if the lens is cut along X – X´ plane.
5. Assertion: Power of a lens is indirectly proportional to its focal length.
Reason: Units of focal length and power of a lens are same.
SECTION-D
 Match the following (one to one)
Column-I and column-II contains four entries each. Entries of column-I are to be matched with some
entries of column-II. Only One entries of column-I may have the matching with the same entries of
column-II and one entry of column-II Only one matching with entries of column-I
1. Column I Column II
(A) Law of reflection (P) 1/focal length
(B) Law of refraction (Q) i = r
sin i
(C) Power of lens (R)  constant
sin r
Speed of light in air
(D) Absolute refractive index of glass (S) Speed of light in glass

EXERCISE-IV
SECTION-A
 Multiple choice question with one correct answers

1. A convex lens A of focal length 20 cm and a concave lens B of focal length 5 cm are kept along the
same axis with a distance ‘d’ between them. If a parallel beam of light falling on a leaves B as a parallel
beam, then d is equal to
(A) 25 cm (B) 20 cm (C) 15 cm (D) 10 cm

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SP/Physics/Class-X CH-4: LIGHT REFLECTION & REFRACTION

2. A thin rod of length f/3 is placed along the principal axis of a concave mirror of focal length f such that
its image which is real and elongated, just touches the rod. The magnification is
(A) 2/3 (B) 3/2 (C) 3/5 (D) 5/3
3. Two thin lenses, when in contact, produce a combination of power +10 diopters. When they are 0.25 m
apart, the power reduces to +6 diopters. The focal length of the lenses are
(A) 0.125 m. 0.5 m (B) 0.25 m, 0.5 m (C) 0.25 m, 0.75 m (D) none of these
4. A diminished image of an object is to be obtained on a screen 1.0 m from it. This can be achieved by
appropriately placing.
(A) A convex lens of focal length more than 0.25 m(B) A convex mirror of suitable focal length
(C) A convex lens of focal length less than 0.25 m (D) A concave lens of suitable focal length
5. An observer can see through a pin-hole the top end of a thin rod of height h, placed as shown in the
figure. The beaker height is 3h and its radius h. When the beaker is filled with a liquid up to a height 2h,
he can see the lower end of the rod. Then the refractive index of the liquid is

3h
h

2h

5 5 3 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2 2
6. Two plane mirrors A and B are aligned parallel to each other as shown in the figure. A light ray is
incident at an angle 30° at a point just inside one end of A. The plane of incidence coincides with the
plane of the figure. The maximum number of times the ray undergoes reflections (including the first
one) before it emerges out is
23 m

0.2 m 30°

(A) 28 (B) 30 (C) 31 (D) 34

7. The size of the image of an object, which is at infinity, as formed by a convex lens of focal length 30 cm
is 2 cm. If a concave lens of focal length 20 cm is placed between the convex lens and the image at a
distance of 26 cm from the convex lens, calculate the new size of the image.
(A) 1.25 cm (B) 1.67 cm (C) 1.05 cm (D) 2 cm
8. A convex lens is in contact with concave lens. The magnitude of the ratio of their focal length is 2/3.
Their equivalent focal length is 30 cm. What are their individual focal lengths?
(A) –15, 10 (B) –10, 15 (C) 75, 50 (D) –75, 50
9. A short linear object of length b lies along the axis of a concave mirror of focal length f at a distance u
from the pole of the mirror. The size of the image is approximately equal to
1/ 2 1/ 2 2
uf   f  uf   f 
(A) b  (B) b  (C) b  (D) b 
 f  uf   f  f u
10. A concave mirror is placed on a horizontal table, with its axis directed vertically upwards. Let O be the
pole of the mirror and C its centre of curvature. A point object is placed at C. It has a real image also
located at C. If the mirror is now fillect with water, the image will be
(A) real, and will remain at C (B) real, and located at a point between C and .
(C) virtual, and located at a point between C and O.(D) real, and located at a point between C and O.

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SECTION-B
 Multiple choice question with one or more than one correct answers
1. A converging lens is used to form an image on a screen. When the upper half of the lens is covered by
an opaque screen.
(A) half the image will disappear (B) complete image will be formed
(C) intensity of the image will increase (D) intensity of the image will decrease
2. Which of the following form(s) a virtual and erect image for all positions of the object?
(A) convex lens (B) concave lens (C) convex mirror (D) concave mirror

SECTION-C
 Comprehension
An object O is placed in denser medium. A light ray OA travels from denser to rarer medium. Refracted
ray AD appears to come from O´. O´ is image of the object O.
Given that: OC = 2m, O´C = 2m/3 and OB = 2m.
D Rarer
r
C A
2/3 m
O´ i
2m Dense
r
O B
2m
1. Value of sin i is
(A) 60° (B) 45° (C) 30° (D) None of these
2. Value of sin r is
(A) 60° (B) 45° (C) 30° (D) None of these
3. Refractive index of rarer medium w.r.t. denser medium is
sin i sin r sin (i  r )
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
sin r sin i sin r
4. Refractive index of denser medium w.r.t. rarer medium is
sin i sin r sin (i  r )
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
sin r sin i sin r

SECTION-D
 Match the following (one to many)
Column-I and column-II contains four entries each. Entries of column-I are to be matched with some
entries of column-II. One or more than one entries of column-I may have the matching with the same
entries of column-II and one entry of column-II may have one or more than one matching with entries of
column-I
1. Column I Column II
(A) Straight line which is normal to (P) will passes through principal focus (F)
the mirror at its pole (p)
(B) A ray, parallel to the principal axis (Q) Focal length (f)
of concave mirror after reflection
(C) The distance between the pole and (R) principal axis
the principle focus of a mirror
(D) A straight line passing through the (S) Half of radius of curvature (c)
pole (p) and the centre of curvature (c)

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SP/Physics/Class-X CH-4: LIGHT REFLECTION & REFRACTION

Answers
TRYYOURSELF
1. (D) 2. (D) 3. (A)
4. (i) 7/9 m (ii) 2/9 (iii) Virtual, erect and diminished
5. ng = 3/2 6. 125/94 7. 5/18
8. (i) hi = 5 cm (ii) v = –10 cm (iii) virtual, erect & diminished (iv) –5 D
9. f = 25 cm, P = 4D

EXERCISE-I
1. Light waves are electromagnetic waves. 2. The radius of a plane mirror is infinity.
Radius of curvature
3. The angle of reflection is 0° 4. Focal length = or f = R/2
2
5. If the rays of light after reflection or refraction actually meet at a point, the image is known as real
image.
6. If the rays do not actually meet but appear to meet when produced backwards, the image is known as
virtual image.
7. (i) virtual image and (ii) real image
1 1 1
8.   (u = objective distance, v = image distance and f = focal length)
v u f
9. Convex mirror 10. Convex mirror 11. At C, centre of curvature
12. (i) Between pole P and focus F and (ii) At focus F
13. The virtual image of a concave mirror is always magnified whereas the virtual image of a convex mirror
is diminished.
14. Since angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection,  = 90° – 40° = 50°

80°


15. 50°
16. A medium, in which the speed of light is more, is known as optically rarer medium.
17. Refractive index has no units as it is a ratio of two similar quantities
18. Optical centre.
19. Power of a lens is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length f (in metres)
1
P
f (in m)
The SI unit of a lens is dioptre. The power of a converging lens is positive
20. A concave mirror and concave lens have negative focal length.
21. One dioptre is the power of a lens whose focal length is 1 metre.

EXERCISE-II
1. Light is an electromagnetic wave which does not require a material medium for propagation.
2. The path of light is called a ray
3. Two effects caused by the refraction of light
(i) A stick partly immersed in water appears to be bent at the water surface.
(ii) A pool of water appears less deeper than it actually is

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4.
Real Image Virtual Image
(i) It is formed by the actual meeting of (i) It is formed when reflected (or
reflected (or refracted) rays. refracted) rays appear to meet when
produced backwards.
(ii) It can be obtained on the screen. (ii) It cannot be obtained on the screen.
(iii) It is always inverted (iii) It is always erect
(iv) It is always formed by concave mirror (iv) It is formed by concave, convex and
and convex lens plane mirrors, concave and convex lens

5. Convex mirror, because it formes virtual, erect and diminished image of an object. Thus have larger field
of view.
6. The second law of refraction is called Snell’s law of refraction. According to Snell’s law “The ratio of
sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is a constant for a pair of medium”
sin i
 a constant
sin r
This constant is called refractive index.
7. u = –60 cm, hi = 5/4

Speed of light in vacuum 3  10  3  100

8. Refractive index of water =   =1.33
Speed of light in water 2.25  10 8
225
9. A
i Air
O
r1
r1 water
B
r2 glass
r2
C i Air

10. Focal length, f = –50 cm (concave lens) D

1 1 100
Now, power, P =    2 D
f (in metre) 50 / 100 m 50
Thus, the power of this concave lens is –2 dioptres.
12. hi = –2 cm, real, inverted and enlarged v = –30 cm
13. 21 cm
14. v = 10 cm, virtual, erect and diminished
15. virtual, erect and smaller in size by a factor of 0.23
16. inverted and enlarged

sin 45 1 / 2
17. Refractive index of glass, n    2
sin 30 1 / 2
18. 5 × 1014 Hz 19. 0.75
20. refractive index of glass with respect to water is 9/8.
21. (i) 2 × 108 m/s (ii) 9 × 1014 Hz (iii) m = 333.33 nm
22. f = +30 cm, convex lens 23. v = –7.5 cm, hi = 5/8 cm
24. f = 10 cm
25. virtual, erect and enlarged, v = –200 cm, hi = 25 cm
26. (i) the image is situated 60 cm on the other side of the lens. (ii) the image is real
27. real, inverted and enlarged, v = 30 cm, hi = –4 cm, m = –2

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SP/Physics/Class-X CH-4: LIGHT REFLECTION & REFRACTION

EXERCISE-III
SECTION-A
1. 2 × 10 m/s, 0.4 × 10 m
8 –6

SECTION-B
1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (D) 4. (D) 5. (B) 6. (B)
7. (B) 8. (C) 9. (B)
SECTION-C
1. (D) 2. (A) 3. (A) 4. (A) 5. (C)
SECTION-D
1. (A)-(Q), (B)-(R), (C)-(P), (D)-(S)

EXERCISE-IV
SECTION-A
1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (A) 4. (C) 5. (B) 6. (C)
7. (B) 8. (A) 9. (D) 10. (D)
SECTION-B
1. (B,D) 2. (B,C)
SECTION-C
1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (A) 4. (B)
SECTION-D
1. (A)-(R), (B)-(P), (C)-(Q,S), (D)-(P,R)

*****

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A Pre-Foundation Program