FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM DAN ALAM SEKITAR
ASSINGMENT
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KOD KURSUS BFC43201
NAMA KURSUS SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
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NAMA PELAJAR AMIRUL NAZWAN BIN ZAKIRUDDIN
SEKSYEN 12
NAMA PENSYARAH PUAN ZARINA BINTI MD ALI
TARIKH HANTAR 2/11/2019
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INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT
1. Explain three main application of HECRAS in Hydraulic Engineering.
(10 marks)
Answer
i. To design the Steady Flow Water Surface Profiles
This component of the modeling system is intended for calculating
water surface profiles for steady gradually varied flow. The system can
handle a full network of channels, a dendritic system, or a single river
reach. The steady flow component is capable of modeling subcritical,
supercritical, and mixed flow regimes water surface profiles.
The basic computational procedure is based on the solution of the one-
dimensional energy equation. Energy losses are evaluated by friction
(Manning's equation) and contraction/expansion (coefficient multiplied
by the change in velocity head). The momentum equation may be used
in situations where the water surface profile is rapidly varied. These
situations include mixed flow regime calculations (i.e., hydraulic jumps),
hydraulics of bridges, and evaluating profiles at river confluences
(stream junctions).
ii. One- and Two-Dimensional Unsteady Flow Simulation
This component of the HEC-RAS modeling system is capable of
simulating one-dimensional; two-dimensional; and combined one/two-
dimensional unsteady flow through a full network of open channels,
floodplains, and alluvial fans. The unsteady flow component can be
used to performed subcritical, supercritical, and mixed flow regime
(subcritical, supercritical, hydraulic jumps, and draw downs)
calculations in the unsteady flow computations module.
Special features of the unsteady flow component include: extensive
hydraulic structure capabilities Dam break analysis; levee breaching
and overtopping; Pumping stations; navigation dam operations;
pressurized pipe systems; automated calibration features; User defined
rules; and combined one and two-dimensional unsteady flow modeling
iii. Water Quality Analysis
This component of the modeling system is intended to allow the user to
perform riverine water quality analyses. An advection-dispersion
module is included with this version of HEC–RAS, adding the capability
to model water temperature. This new module uses the QUICKEST-
ULTIMATE explicit numerical scheme to solve the one-dimensional
advection-dispersion equation using a control volume approach with a
fully implemented heat energy budget. Transport and Fate of a limited
set of water quality constituents is now also available in HEC-RAS. The
currently available water quality constituents are: Dissolved Nitrogen
(NO3-N, NO2-N, NH4-N, and Org-N); Dissolved Phosphorus (PO4-P
and Org-P); Algae; Dissolved Oxygen (DO); and Carbonaceous
Biological Oxygen Demand (CBOD).
2. An engineer is required to analyse flow in constricted channel due to bridge
embankment is placed at both sides of the channel. Explain the consequences
of flow channel.
(10 marks)
Answer
The construction of embankments leads to change in the natural course of
river and therefore the channel characteristics and flow conditions are bound
to change. There are opposite views on the issue of construction of
embankments as flood control measures. Various studies conducted
regarding performance evaluation of different embankment systems shows
that the merits and demerits varies from case to case and cannot be
generalised. By confining the flow within the embankments, the flood plain
storage is prevented and the total discharge is constrained to flow within the
confinement. This increased discharge leads to increase in velocity and water
level. All these changes, in turn, affect the channel geometry, longitudinal
profile and river morphology. The country side drainage is also prevented
giving rise to the problems of drainage congestion at the junction of
tributaries. The effect of embankments are grouped into three categories:
effect on drainage pattern, river physical characteristics and flow
characteristics.
3. A hydraulic jump occurs in a horizontal rectangular, and give Froude number
before jump is 10 and energy loss is 3.2 m. Estimate
(a) Sequent depths
(b) Discharge in m2/s
(c) Froude number after jump
(10 marks)
Answer
a) F=10 EL=3.2m
𝑌2 1
= (−1 + √8𝐹 2 ) Y1=0.09m
𝑌1 2
Y2=1.23m
𝑌2 1
= (−1 + √8(10)2 )
𝑌1 2
𝑌2
= 13.64
𝑌1
𝑌
𝐸𝐿 ( 2 − 1)3
𝑌
= 1
𝑌1 𝑌
4(𝑌2 )
1
3.2 (13.64 − 1)3
=
𝑌1 4(13.64)
𝑦1 𝑦 2𝑞 2
b) 𝑦2 = − + √( 21 ) + (𝑔𝑦1)
2
0.09 0.09 2𝑞 2
1.23 = − + √( )+( )
2 2 (9.81)(0.09)
q=0.84m2/s
𝑌1 1
c) = (−1 + √8𝐹 2 )
𝑌2 2
0.09 1
= (−1 + √8𝐹 2 )
1.23 2
𝐹 = 0.4
