Faculty of Science
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Main Examination 2015
Title of Paper Communication System Principles
University of Swaziland
Course Number : EE442
Time Allowed : 3 hrs
Instructions .•
1. Answer any four (4) questions
2. Each question carries 25 marks ,c
3. Useful information is attached at the end of the
question paper
THIS PAPER SHOULD NOT BE OPENED UNTIL PERMISSION HAS
BEEN GIVEN BY THE INVIGILATOR
The paper consists of six (8) pages
Question 1 [25]
a) With reference to the basic elements of a digital communication system. answer the
following questions:
i. What is source coding? [2]
ii. What is the purpose of the digital modulator and digital demodulator? [4]
lll. What is the purpose of the channel encoder and channel decoder [4]
b) What are the dominant sources of noise limiting perfonnance of commmrication systems
in the Very High Frequency (VHF) and Ultra High Frequency (UHF) band? [2]
c) Figure 1.1 below shows a pulse signal which is a half-cosine function.
L- . -Express this pulse signal by a mathematical fonnula. [3]
ii. Find its Fourier transfonn. [10]
/ "'~., ..........
I
/ \.
I \
,l
t
f
\\
';
l"
..l \,
!r
" o
Figure 1.1
1
Question 2 [25]
a) Find the 3-dB bandwidth of the following signal [10]
e- 201rt t>O
gCt) = { '
0, t::;O
1. What would you say about the 3-dB bandwidth of the following bandpass signal
[5]
gCt) = {e-
0,
201rt
cosC2nfct) , t>O
t::;O
Note that frequency fc » 0
b) Consider the modulation system whose system·diagram is shown in Figure 2:1; The
modulation scheme is not mentioned. Instead, you are to figure it out. In the system
diagram, the -90 0 phase shifter is a device that can perform -90 0 phase shifts to any
incoming signal.
Suppose that met) = cos(2nI1t)
r--------l! L: . ) set,)
A" eoo( 2'1i j"l) t - - - - - i
met) ---+
Figure 2.1
For some tone frequency 11
1. Determine the corresponding modulated signal sCt) of the system in Figure 2.1.
[7]
11. Based on your answer in b. (i), discuss what the modulation scheme should be.
[3]
Question 3 (25]
a) Detennine the Fourier transfonn of the resulting Amplitude Modulated (AM) signal,
sketch the corresponding AM amplitude spectra and detennine its transmission
bandwidth. [18]
Given the following message signal:
m(t} = cos(2n"ftt) cos(2rcf2t), whereIt = 10KHz'[2 = 20KHz and fc = 100KHz
b) Consider the QAM system. Suppose that at the receiver, the local oscillator is subjected
to phase error; Le., the carrier wave generated by the local oscillator is 2cos(2rcfct + qJ,
where qJ is the phase error. The situation is illustrated in Figure,3 .1. Show that this phase
error will cause crosstalk between the two demodulated signals. [7]
Product Lowpass
mOOulator filter
2cos(21f lei + th) Local
oscillator
s(t) ---?
-OCfphase
shifter
2 sin(21r fel. + ¢J)
Product Lowpass .......
modulator filter
Figure 3.1
Question 4 [25]
a) A carrier wave of frequency 100 MHz is frequency-modulated by a sinusoidal wave of
amplitude 20 volts and frequency 100 KHz. The frequency sensitivity of the modulator is
25 KHz per volt.
L Determine the approximate bandwidth of the FM signal, using Carson's rule. [3]
ii. Determine the bandwidth by transmitting only those side frequencies whose
amplitudes exceed 1 percent ofthe unmodulated carrier amplitude. Use figure 4.1,
the universal curve for this calculation. [3]
iii. Repeat your calculations, assuming that the amplitude of the modulating signal is
doubled [3]
IV. Repeat your calculations, assuming that the modulation frequency is doubled.
[3]
-------------------------------------
Figure 4.1
b) Determine the correlations of the following signal pairs. [13]
1.
a(t) bet)
1 1
t t
T
-1+ -1
(a) (b)
11.
a(t) b(t)
1
--+---~~---4-- t
-1
(a) (b)
Question 5 [25]
a) Define the following tenns:
1. Inter-symbol Interference [1]
11. Sampling [1]
iii. Quantization [1]
iv. Bandwidth [1]
v. Communication System [1]
b) Assume unifonn quantization. Design the quantization levels {va when the number of
quantization levels is 8 and the maximum signal amplitude is Imlmax = 4. Also, design
the encoding table, with the smallest possible binary codeword length. [7]
c) For Question 5. (b), determine the bit rate, that is, the number of bits transmitted per
second, when the message signal bandwidth is W = 3 kHz. Note that the smallest
possible bit rate under the requirement of the sampling theorem is desired. [3]
d) Detennine the bit rate, symbol rate and transmission bandwidth ofthe PCM system under
the following settings. Message bandwidth W = 4kHz, the N~quist sampling rate,
256 - level quantization.
i. The line code is 2-ary PAM with full-width rectangular pulse. [3]
ii. TDM is applied and the number of multiplexed message signals is 12. [3]
iii. The 16-ary PAM is employed. [2]
iv. The half-width rectangular pulse is employed for line coding. [2]
."...
'.ala. ..
no.
?et.'"Ine .........
,(lit)
Ac.ll ... Ifte,)} .4.-[1 + m(t))
A,.._(/) A,..-(,)
A.:~JII,,11"'(t'! A.rC()il\ tf),.-( I ) 1
~ ~ lOt J~T< -(~) dO" I
SSB·AM·SC" A.r{m(t) :! jm(l)j A.:*(')
SSB-PM"
"""41" """r.j c:os!D,.m(t)j
A.-~.D.(_.("'I..t"COJlDI f:.. M{U)dUl
A.. .. t-:'''''''''·r!O ,.: I """t):} A.. [1 + ,,('li Q')I{lA (I + M(t) n
""'.. tsll'} t 100{ 1 • -.(1); ~ oW I!" (Ill,) A.~t ... nt(l} C05U IAr I ... M(f)U
A.ri",.(/) .. jlft,:{/)i ~"'(l}
,-----'---------'---.-.------,-.,--~----
TABU! .....I COMPlEX ~'\IVEI.OPE FUNCllO!'IS fOR VARIOUS T"t'PES OF MOOlJl.ATlON (toft'.)
1'Jpe 01
JtodDIllha R(I1
O. mer) >-1
Adl ... m(I)t { ItKr. m{l) <: -l
DSB-SC
o. ' M(r) >0
{ 180". mC') < 0
PM A.. D,m(r)
Df f m(O') dO'
SSB-AM-SC" A.,.~[".,(t)12'" (m(,}p
--
an -I[ :tm(r}/m(,)} L
SS8·PM'" ""C' '! 1>';'(/) D,m(t) N"l
0, J~ m(a) tkT NL
~Il + m(t)t :ttn[l ... met)] Nt.
it.. .Jl+;;(t) =! In(1 + m(/)] Nt..
lin -t( ntl(I)1 1ft 1{t} 1 L
, ..
,
Cos (A:l:B)aCosA CesB :; SiD ASinB Sin (A:I: B) '" Sin A Cos B:I: Cos A Sin B.
Sin A Sin B = ~ [Cos (A - B) - C<ls (A + B)l Cos A Cos B = V2 [Cos (A + B) + Cos (A· B)
Sin A Cos B.. ~ (Sin (A + B). + Sin (A. B)]
Boltzmann 00DStant It ... 1J 8 X lO·D JJK
1
ISmax,dx=
,
....;.-Cosax
Q
TABLE A
Bessel functions of the first kind
m l m
0.0 1.000
0.2 0.990
-
0.0990.005
-- -
-
,
0.4 0.960 0.196 ' 0.019 0.001
0.6 0.912 0.286' 0.043 0.004
0.8 ' 0.846
, 1.0 '0.765
0.368 0.075
0.«0, 0.114,
0.010
0.019
0.001
0.002 "'--
--
2.0 0.223 0.576 0.352 0.128 0.034 0.007 0.001
3.0 .. -0.260 0~39 0.486 0.309 0.132 0.043 0.011 0.002l
4.0 -0.397 -0.066 ,0;364 O~430 0.211 0.132 0.049 O.OlS 0.004
S.O -0.177 -0.321 0.046 0.364 OJ9t 0.261 0.131 0.OS3 0.018 0.005 0.001
6.0 0.150 .Q.116 .Q.242 0.114 0.357 0.362 0.245 .0.1·29 0.056 0.021 0.000
7.0 o.lOO -0.004 -0.301 .Q.167 0.\57 0.341 0.339 0.233 0.128 O.OSS 0.023
&.0 0.111 0.234 -0.113 -O.l91 .o.lOS 0.185 0.331· 0.320 0.223 0.126 0-060
9.0 ..Q;090 0.245 0.144 -0.180 -O.265..o.0S5 0.204 0.327 0.30S 0.214 0.124
.lO~O" .o.l4S 0.045 0.254 0.058 -0.219 -0.234 -G.OI4 0.216 0.317 0.191 0.201
..
