Lecture 19 - Real Fluids
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يوسف عادل حسانينLecture 19 - Real Fluids
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يوسف عادل حسانينFlow of Real Fluid
Lecture 19
Laminar and Turbulent Flow
Flow Regimes
Laminar Flow
Turbulent Flow
The amount of fluid friction, which
determines the amount of energy required
to maintain the desired flow, depends upon the
mode of flow
Laminar Flow
Laminar flow is also referred to as
streamline or viscous flow.
layers of water flowing over one another
at different speeds with virtually no mixing
between layers
fl id particles
fluid ti l move ini definite
d fi it and d
observable paths or streamlines, and
the flow is characteristic of viscous (thick)
fluid
Turbulent Flow
Turbulent flow is characterized by the
irregular movement of particles of the fluid
There is
Th i no definite
d fi it frequency
f as there
th i
is
in wave motion
The particles travel in irregular paths with
no observable
b bl pattern
tt andd no d
definite
fi it llayers
Viscous Pipe Flow: Flow Regime
Osborne Reynolds Experiment to
show the three regimes Laminar, Laminar
Transitional, or Turbulent:
Transitional
Turbulent
Reynolds Experiment
⎧ < 2000 Laminar flow hf ∝V
Reynolds Number ρVD ⎪
Re = ⎨2000 − 4000 Transition flow
μ ⎪
⎩ > 4000 Turbulent f low h f ∝ V 2
Laminar flow: Fluid moves in smooth
streamlines
Turbulent flow: Violent mixing, fluid
velocity at a point varies randomly with
time
Transition to turbulence in a 2 in. pipe is
at V =2 ft/s, so most pipe flows are
turbulent
Laminar Turbulent
Reynolds Number
The Reynolds Number is important in
analyzing
l i any ttype off flow
fl when
h th
there iis
substantial velocity gradient - shear force.
Th Reynolds
The R ld Number
N b indicates
i di t th
the relative
l ti
significance of the viscous effect compared to
the inertia effect
effect.
The Reynolds number is defined as the ratio
of the inertial force and the viscous force
force.
Reynolds Number
Reynolds Number can be expressed as:
LVρ LV
Re = =
μ ν
L : characteri
h t ictic
ti length
l th
V : velocity
ρ : density
μ : dynamic viscosity or obsolute viscosity
ν : kinematic viscosity
Critical Reynolds Number
LVρ LV
Re = = (1)
μ ν
True critical Reynolds Number
Rcrit ≅ 2000 (2)
For water at 59oF (15oC)
When D = 1 in Vcrit = 0.3 fps
Wh V = 3 ffps Dcrit = 0.1
When 0 1 iin
Example
In a refinery oil (s=0.85, υ=1.8x10-5 m2/s) flows
through a 100-mm-diameter
100 mm diameter pipe at 0 0.5
5 L/s
L/s. Is the
flow laminar or turbulent?
Q 4(0.0005m 3 / s )
V= = = 0.0637m / s
D 2
π (0.1m) 2
π
4
DV 0.1m(0.0637m / s )
Re = = = 354
υ −5 2
1.8 x10 m / s