YP) | = 7. 2} 2) Graphical Representation (Fn | Gray (Ilistograms and Ogives) ES 23.1] Graphical Representation : ata co epresented by diagram, chart, efc., so that the signifier pied aeons may immediately be grasped. Of course, the diagrams should be neatly and accurately drawn. : Out of several types of diagrams, charts, efc., we shall be studying only the following three types of diagrams + 1. Histogram, 2. Frequency polygon, 3. Ogive (cumulative frequency curve). 23.2] Histogram : A histogram is a two-dimensional graphical representation of continuous frequency distribution, In this case, rectangles are drawn with bases proportional to class intervals and heights proportional to the frequencies of respective classes. [oa] us: : 23.3) Histogram for Continuous Grouped Data : i} Steps : 1. Convert the data in the exclusive form, if it is in inclusive form. 2. Taking suitable scales, mark class intervals on x-axis and frequencies on y-axis, The scales chosen for both the axes need not be the sam¢ 3. Construct rectangles with class intervals : as bases and corresponding frequencies as heights. © craw a histogram to represent the following : Glass interval | 0 - 8 | @ - 26] 36 - 24]24 - 3a]32 - 40] Frequency 6 9 a2 | 40 5 | Solution : Starting from 0, mark 8, 16, 24, 32 and 40 : . , piers on x 4, 6, 8,10 and 12 on y-axis at equal distance axis at equal distances and 2,Now rd ists 3 8< > B 2 & 5 g t 8 16 24% 40 4 CUASS INTERVAL + a [rece money in & Pocket money Tj} fees ; Solution = Note ; In the given frequency gistribution, the first class imerval i 150 - 200; therefore, the scale on x-ax garts at 150, For this, in general, a kink |} (break) of a zig-zag curve is drawn near the origin to tell that the graph is drawn to scale beginning at 150 and not at the origin itself. yoo Fe = Frequency. a 23.4] For Discontinuous Grouped Data : © Draw a histogram for the following : Class interval | 11-20 21-30 Frequency 5 8 13 10 6 31-40 | 41-50 | 51-60 Solution : 0, first of all we have In this case, the class intervals given are in inclusive form, to convert them into exclusive fom Since the adjustment factor i . class) «of aclass and the lower lint of next ¥ 4 (difference between the upper limit of = 5 21-20-05 act the adjustment Factor ‘<. To convert given clas it to2 mits. from all the lower jimits and add it (0 all upper limit a1, An ogive is always starteq from a point on x-axis representing the lower limit hed of the first class and ig (90, 42), terminated at the upper -° limit of the last class, 2 aw 2. The ogive, that we are é studying in this chapter, ig 2 2 Pate also called a less than 2 ogive. Such an ogive ig & 0 always a rising curve 3. The ogive of the type drawn alongside is a less than ogive. 1. Draw histograms for the following frequency distributions : () [Cuass invervat | 0 — 10] 10 - 20] 20 ~ 30] 30 - 40] 40 ~ 50 50 - 60 2 | 2 | 26 18 10 6 Frequency L Gi) [Class imerval [10 — 16 ]16 ~ 22] 22 - 28 [28 - 34/34 - 40 Frequeny | 15 | 23 | 30 | 20 | 16 Gi) [Class interval [30 - 39] 40 - 49]50 - 59] 60 - 69]70 - 79 Frequency | 24 | 16 | 09 | 15 | 20 ivy [Chass mark [ 16 | 24 [ 32 | 40 [ 48 [ 56 | 64 Frequency | 8 2 | 1s {13 | 25 1 | 10 2. Draw a cumulative frequency curve (ogive) for each of the following distributions : (i) [Class interval [10 - 15 [15 - 20]20 - 25]25 - 30]30 — 35] 35 — 40 Frequency 10 15 7 12 10 8 (ii) [Class interval | 10 - 19 |20 - 29 |30 - 39] 40 - 4950 — 59 1 Frequency 23 16 15 20 12 3. Draw an ogive for cach of the following distributions : (i) | Marks obtained | less than 10 | less than 20 | less than 30 | less than 40 | less than 50 No. of students 8 25 38 50 61 (ii) | Age in years (less than) | 10 20 | 30 40 | 50 oo | 70 Cumulative frequency 0 vw [32 | 37 33 ss | % 348sonst Com Fs ee for the numbers 2 ) 26, 33, © BWven below, u 45, 61, 57 50. 44, 58, 67, 75, 78, + SINE the class inter 56, 43, 4 + 49. 59. 37, 40, 68, 23, 2a aes 21, 32, 40, 62, 54, 6 () a histrogram and 47, + 54, 69, 48, 47, 51, 43, 61, 63, 68; tye the table obtained to draw : se the information given ii s quency table, (1) an ogive «py Use this table t0 construct an ogive, 8 12 16 2 2% 2 2 Class Interval —+ 6 [lass mark | 125 ws [25 [275 | as [ay 75 | 42-5 Frequency 12 17 2 7 fa 5 (a) From the distribution, given above, construct a frequency table — (b) Use the table obtained in part (a) to draw : (j) a histogram, (Gi) an ogive. 1. Use graph paper for this question. The table given below shows the monthly wages of some factory workers. (i) Using the table, calculate the cumulative frequencies of workers. Gi) Draw a cumulative frequency curve. 16 Use 2. cm = 500, starting the origin at € 6500 on x-axis, and 2 cm = 10 workers on the y-axis. ‘Wages (in) | 6500 - 7000 | 7000 - 7500 | 7500 - 8000 ‘8000 ~ 8500] 8500 - 9000} sq00 = 9500] 95) ~ 10000 n 5 ” w | 8 No. of workers 10 18 & The following table shows the distribution of the heights of a group of factory workers 1 765 — 17g 170 — 175] 175 = 180) 180 - 185) Ht (em) :] 150 — 155] 155 - 160] 160 ~ 165 No. of F 2 18 2» B 8 6 workers : (i) Determine the cumulative frequencies. sve on graph pet USE 9 em = 5 cm beight 00 ative frequency cu ther. (ii) Draw the ‘less than’ cumu! hr of the following dist the ol one axis and 2 cm = 10 workers on ributions : 9. Construct a frequency distribution table for ea - 0 | starks ess tham| 0 | 10] 22 30 = Cumulative 7 | | st LI Frequency Fa 7| 0 Cumulative | «| FrequencySf Jould then BE The adjusted class intervals 6° uid as follows : [cs twsnar J cine ts be dette fo al |e | G0 trcrasive fm | —\% 1-20 s | ge 21-30 s |e . 3-40 ° 7 10 Z 41-50 ; ‘ ; j seo | | vassomsdnscosie eas shown ‘And the required histogram will bi CLASS INTERVAL —+ alongside. [23.5] When Class Marks a" ntervals e Given: and then draw the histogram. First of all, find the class Q Draw the histogram for the following : [Glass mark | 28 35 45 55 65 [Frequency 7 15 18 12 8 Solution : Since the difference between the values ‘of any two consecutive class marks is 10, © <5 from each class mark to get the lower limit of therefore, subtract dd 5 to each class mark to get the upper the corresponding class interval and a limit. Thus, the given frequency distribution will be of the form : cL Frequency 18 20 - 30 1 1 30 - 40 15 [e 40 - 50 18 5 eB 50 - 60 12 ge oO 60 - 70 8 I ; and the required histogram will be as shown alongside. 23.6] Cumulative Frequency and Cumulative Frequency Table + cies of all the The cumulative frequenc quency of a class interval is classes up to this class interval. al is the sum of frequen s| _CL | Cumutative freque _ 20-25 nina aa ee ; 3 “Tess than 20 5 a bee +6= 9] | tess than25| 3 3 +10 = 19 78 ; 9 35 — 40 34+6+10+8=27| 7] 7 35] 19 Lso-45| ss6s10484 nel 844 "45 3 <4) tive Frequet al cumulati quency Curve or an Ogive ; ‘ge plot the points taking the upper lini of the el " ass intervals a Sr ding, CUMUIALE Frequencies og os ea a8 a-covorinates c wd ee tyra five hand curve, the curve so obtained ts called career hen Join a y 1s called cumulative frequency x q' y supe? i 1, Construct a cumulative frequency table. 2 Mark the actual class limits along x-axis. 3, Mark the cumulative frequencies of respective classes along y-axis 4 Plot the points corresponding to cumulative frequency at each upper limit point. 5, Join the points plotted by a free hand curve. 6 Draw a cumulative frequency curve (ogive) for the following distribution : [Marks 5-10 | 10-15 | 15-20 | 20-25 | 25-30 | No. of students 7 9 12 8 6 Solution + The cumulative frequency table for the given distribution is : [Marks No. of students | Cumulative | (Class interval) | (Frequency) frequency 5-10 7 7 10-15 9 16 15 - 20 12 28 20-25 8 36 25 - 30 6 42 z frequencies cumulative . din axis and cortespondine “1 (30, 42) Taking uy : : ipper class limits along * 25, ing ais, ark the points (10, 7» (15s 16) 20: 28) (3. ; ns. curve (as shown below). Jcin the points marked by a free hand