Sol: Let 𝑥 = shoes size

CHAPTER # 06 6
𝑥 Tally Marks Frequency (𝑓)
9

BASIC STATISTICS
7 10
8 8
9 4
Information: The knowledge about something is called 10 8
information. 11 1

th
Data: The numerical figure obtained from any field in Example2: The height of 30 students of 10 class in cm are
study is called data. as follow. Construct group frequency table.
162, 165, 170, 170, 162, 159, 162, 163, 175, 166, 171, 174,
Grouped data: The data presented in the form of 155, 166, 173, 140, 145, 140, 146, 150, 172, 158, 155, 163,
frequency distribution is called group data. 165, 171, 153, 158, 149, 153.
175−140 35
Sol: The width of class = 7
= 7 =5
Ungrouped data: Numerical facts which are obtained on Groups Class Height Frequency
the first hand and recorded as they stand are known as boundaries (𝑓)
ungrouped data. 139- 138.5- 140, 140 2
144 144.5
Frequency distribution: A frequency distribution is a 145- 144.5- 146, 150, 149, 4
tabular arrangement for classifying data into different 150 150.5 145
groups. 151- 150.5- 155, 155, 153, 4
156 156.5 153
Class Limit: The minimum and the maximum values 157- 156.5- 162, 162, 159, 7
defined for a class or group are called class limits. 162 162.5 162, 160, 158,
158
Mid-point or class mark: The mid-point or class marks is 163- 162.5- 165, 163, 165, 5
the dividing of sum of limits by 2. 168 168.5 163, 166
𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡+𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
i.e Mid-point = 2
. 169- 168.5- 170, 170, 171, 7
174 174.5 174, 173, 172,
Class Width: The numerical difference between the upper 171
or lower limits of any two consecutive classes is called 175- 174.5- 175 1
class width or length of class interval. 180 180.5

Class Boundaries: Class boundaries are the actual lower Example3: Construct a frequency table of the weight (kg)
and upper class limits in a class. For computing class of 30 students from the following data by using 5 as a class
boundaries, the upper limit of the preceding class is interval. Find the class boundaries and class mark also.
subtracted from the lower limit of following class and the 25, 30, 40, 21, 24, 25, 36, 30, 45, 50, 22, 25, 36, 46, 35, 38,
difference is then divided by 2. The quantity is then 40, 28, 34, 45, 42, 46, 38, 48, 28, 29, 31, 33, 30, 26.
subtracted from the lower limit and added to the upper Sol:
limit of each class. Class Class Weight Frequency Class
limit Boundaries Mark
Note: If upper limit and lower limit of consecutive class are 21-25 20.5-25.5 25, 21, 24, 6 23
same then upper and lower limit are class boundaries 25, 22, 25,
26-30 25.5-30.5 30, 30, 28, 7 28
Class frequency: The number of occurrences of items 28, 29, ,30,
corresponding to the class interval is known as class 26
frequency. 31-35 30.5-35.5 35, 34, 31, 4 33
33
Histogram: A histogram is a graph of adjacent rectangle 36-40 35.5-40.5 40,36, 36, 6 38
constructed on XY-plane. It is a graph of frequency 38,40, 38,
distribution. 41-45 40.5-45.5 45, 45, 42 3 43
46-50 45.5-50.5 50, 46, 46, 4 48
Frequency Polygon: A frequency polygon is drawn by 48
joining all the midpoints at the top of each rectangle in
histogram.

Example1: In a shoe store 40 customers bought shoes with Example4: Construct a histogram from the following
the following shoes size. frequency distribution.
6,6,7,6,8,7,7,8,6,10,6,8,8,10,7,9,7,10,6,10,10,9,7,9,6,10,1 Class limit 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69
0,7,11,8,8,7,6,6,8,9,7,8,7,9. Construct a frequency table frequency 1 2 3 2 1
for the following.
SAJID HUSSAIN MSc MATHEMATICS 0302-5726414
Sol:
Class limit Frequency Class Boundaries
20−29 1 19.5-29.5
30−39 2 29.5-39.5
40−49 3 39.5-50.5
50−59 2 50.5-59.5
60−69 1 59.5-69.5

FREQUENCY POLYGON
6
5
4
3
2
1

Example5: Draw a histogram for the following data. 0

24.5 34.5 44.5 54.5 64.5 74.5 84.5
Class limit 30- 40- 44- 55- 70- 80- 90-
39 43 54 69 79 89 99
Frequency 10 12 44 75 40 30 10

Sol: Exercise 6.1

Class Class Class Frequency Adjusted
limits Boundaries interval frequency 1. Construct a frequency distribution of the marks of 30
30-39 29.5-39.5 10 10 1 students during a quiz with 100 points by taking 10
40-43 39.5-43.5 4 12 3 as the class interval. Indicate the class boundaries
44-54 43.5-54.5 11 44 4 and class marks.
55-69 54.5-69.5 15 75 5 40, 60, 65, 70, 35, 50, 56, 74, 72, 49, 85, 76, 82, 83, 68,
70-79 69.5-79.5 10 40 4 90, 67, 66, 58, 46, 74, 88, 76, 69, 57, 63, 66, 47, 82, 90
80-89 79.5-89.5 10 30 3 Sol:
90-99 89.5-99.5 10 10 1 Class Limits Frequency Tally Marks
35-44 2 ||
45-54 4 ||||
55-64 5 ||||
65-74 10 |||| ||||
75-84 5 ||||
85-95 4 ||||

2. Following are the mistakes made by a group of

Example6: Construct a frequency polygon for the students of class 10th in a test of essay writing. Using
following frequency distribution. an appropriate size of class interval, make a
Class limit 20- 30- 40- 50- 60- 70- 80- frequency distribution and also indicate the number
29 39 49 59 69 79 89 of class interval.
Frequency 1 3 4 5 4 2 1 4, 7, 12, 9, 21, 16, 3, 19, 17, 24, 14, 15, 8, 13, 11, 16,
15, 6, 5, 8, 11, 20, 18, 22, 6
Sol: Minimum Value = 3 and Maximum value = 24
Sol:
Let the class size = 3
Class Limit Class Class Marks Frequency 24−3
Boundaries Number of interval = 3 = 7
20-29 19.5-29.5 24.5 1
30-39 29.5-39.5 34.5 3 Class Limit Frequency
40-49 39.5-49.5 44.5 4 3-5 1
50-59 49.5-59.5 54.5 5 6-8 3
60-69 59.5-69.5 64.5 4 9-11 4
70-79 69.5-79.5 74.5 2 12-14 5
80-89 79.5-89.5 84.5 1 15-17 4
18-21 2
22-24 1

SAJID HUSSAIN MSc MATHEMATICS 0302-5726414

3. Draw a histogram for the following data.
Class Limit 20- 25- 30- 35- 40- 45- 50- FREQUENCY POLYGON
24 29 34 39 44 49 54 9
Frequency 1 3 4 5 4 2 1 8
7
6
Sol: 5
Class Limit Class Boundaries Frequency 4
3
20-24 19.5-24.5 1 2
25-29 24.5-29.5 3 1
30-34 29.5-34.5 4 0
22 27 32 37 42
35-39 34.5-39.5 5
40-44 39.5-44.5 4
44-49 43.5-49.5 2 5. A teacher asked the student about their time spent
50-54 49.5-54.5 1 on homework completion time. The following set of
data was obtained (Time in hours)
4, 4, 6, 3, 1, 2, 2, 3, 1, 4, 1, 2, 5, 3, 4, 5, 5, 2, 2, 3, 1, 3,
1, 2, 2, 3, 1, 4, 2, 6, 2
Construct a frequency table and draw histogram
showing the result.
Sol: Minimum Value = 1 and Maximum Value = 6
Let the class size = 2

Class Limit Class Boundaries Frequency

4. The following data give the weight in kg of the
1-2 0.5-2.5 15
students in the 10th class.
3-4 2.5-4.5 11
25, 30, 32, 29, 24, 40, 36, 37, 28, 27, 41, 42, 35, 39, 31,
5-6 4.5-6.5 4
32, 34, 42, 40, 43, 36, 26, 22, 23, 42.
i) Draw a frequency distribution using a suitable
class interval
ii) Draw histogram and frequency polygon.
Sol: Minimum Value = 22 nad maximum value = 43
Let the class size = 5

Class limit Class Class Frequency

Boundaries Mark
Cumulative Frequency Distribution:
20-24 19.5-24.5 22 3
A cumulative frequency table
25-29 24.5-29.5 27 6
provide information about the sum of a variable against
30-34 29.5-34.5 32 5
the other value.
35-39 34.5-39.5 37 8
40-44 39.5-44.5 42 8 Cumulative Frequency Polygon:
A polygon in which cumulative
frequencies are used for plotting the curve is called
cumulative frequency polygon. Such curve is called ogive

Example7: Find the cumulative frequency of the

following data.
𝒙 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
𝒇 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4 3 8

Sol:
𝑥 𝑓 𝑐𝑓
3 1 1
4 2 1+2 = 3
5 3 3+3 = 6
Frequency polygon can also be drawn as 6 4 6 + 4 = 10
7 5 10 + 5 = 15
8 6 15 + 6 = 21
9 7 21 + 7 = 28
10 4 28 + 4 = 32
11 3 32 + 3 = 35
12 8 35 + 8 = 43

SAJID HUSSAIN MSc MATHEMATICS 0302-5726414

Example8: The consumption of petrol of 1000c cars of
Exercise 6.2
particular brand was surveyed and the following data
was obtained. Construct a cumulative frequency
distribution. 1. The following data give the wages (in Rs) of workers.
Km/Litre 10-12 13-15 16-18 19-21 22-24 60, 75, 80, 85, 90, 84, 70, 73, 76, 84, 95, 100, 150, 66,
Frequency 16 20 36 21 7 58, 90, 98, ,120, 77, 90
By taking 10 as the class interval prepare
Sol: i) Cumulative frequency distribution
Km/Litre Frequency Cumulative ii) Cumulative frequency polygon
Frequency Sol:
10-12 16 16 Class Limits class Frequency Cumulative
13-15 20 16 + 20 = 36 Boundaries Frequency
16-18 36 36 + 36 = 72 55-64 54.5-64.5 2 2
19-21 21 72 + 21 = 93 65-74 64.5-74.5 3 5
22-24 7 93 + 7 = 100 75-84 74.5-84.5 6 11
85-94 84.5-94.5 4 15
95-104 94.5-104.5 3 18
105-114 104.5-114.5 0 18
Example9: in the following data marks of students are 115-124 114.5-124.5 1 19
given during first pre-board exam in the subject of the 125-134 124.5-134.5 0 19
maths. 135-144 134.5-144.5 0 19
25, 30, 27, 28, 35, 36, 40, 41, 42, 45, 50, 44, 29, 26, 36, 31, 145-154 144.5-154.5 1 20
43, 46, 52, 23, 51, 42, 37, 27, 33, 46, 44, 34, 54, 54
By taking suitable class interval, prepare frequency
distribution, find less than cumulative frequency and
draw a cumulative frequency polygon. Cumulative Frequency Polygon
Sol: Let the class width = 5 22
Class Upper Class Frequency Cumulative 20
Limit boundary frequency
18
25-29 29.5 6 6
16
30-34 34.5 4 6 + 4 = 10
35-39 39.5 4 10 + 4 = 14 14
40-44 44.5 7 14 + 7 = 21 12
45-49 49.5 3 21 + 3 = 24 10
50-54 54.5 6 24 + 6 = 30 8
6
4
Cumulative Frequency
2
Polygon
0
32 64.5 74.5 84.5 94.5 104.5 114.5 124.5 134.5 144.5 154.5
30 Upper Class Boundaries
28
26
24 2. Make Cumulative frequency table for the following
22
20 data.
18 Age in 20- 25- 30- 35- 40- 45- 50- 55-
16 Years 24 29 34 39 44 49 54 59
14
12 Number 1 2 16 10 22 20 15 14
10 of
8
6 Persons
4
2
0 Sol:
29.5 34.5 39.5 44.5 49.5 54.5 Class Limit Frequency Cumulative
Upper Class Boundaries Frequency
20-24 1 1
25-29 2 3
30-34 16 19
35-39 10 29
40-44 22 51
45-49 20 71
50-54 15 86
55-59 14 100

SAJID HUSSAIN MSc MATHEMATICS 0302-5726414

3. In a city during the first week of August rainfall
Less than Cumulative Frequency Polygon
recorded is as fallows. Construct a cumulative
frequency graph 24
Day Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat 22
ml 70 40 30 35 50 55 80 20
Sol: 18
Day Rainfall in ml Cumulative frequency 16
Sun 70 70 14
Mon 40 70 + 40 = 110 12
Tue 30 110 + 30 = 140 10
Wed 35 140 + 35 = 175 8
Thu 50 175 + 50 = 225 6
Fri 55 225 + 55 = 280 4
Sat 80 280 + 80 = 360 2
0
49.5 50.5 69.5 79.5 89.5 99.5
Cumulative Frequency Upper Class Boundaries

Polygon
380
360 More than Cumulative Frequency Polygon
340
320 24
300 22
280
260 20
240
220 18
200 16
180
160 14
140 12
120
100 10
80 8
60
40 6
20 4
0
2
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
0
49.5 50.5 69.5 79.5 89.5 99.5
4. Draw less than and more than cumulative frequency Upper Class Boundaries
polygon for the given data.
Marks Number of Students 5. Determine from the data of Q4, the following
40-49 1 i) Number of students who obtained more than 50
50-59 2 marks
60-69 3 ii) Number of students who obtained less than 70
70-79 4 marks
80-89 5 iii) Number of students who secured marks between
90-99 6 50 and 70
Sol: iv) Class interval of all classes
v) Lower class boundary of 5th class
Marks Upper frequency Less C.F More C.F
Sol: i) Number of students who obtained more than 50
C.B
marks is 21 − 1 = 20
40-49 49.5 1 1 21+1=21 ii) Number of students who obtained less than 70
50-59 50.5 2 1+2=3 18+2=20 marks is 3 + 2 + 1 = 6
60-69 69.5 3 3+3=6 15+3=18 iii) Number of students who secured marks between
70-79 79.5 4 6+4=10 11+4=15 50 and 70 is 2 + 3 = 5
80-89 89.5 5 10+5=15 6+5=11 iv) Class interval of all classes is 10
90-99 99.5 6 15+6=21 6 v) Lower class boundary of 5th class is 79.5

6. Construct an ogive for the following tables.

Salary Workers
4000-5000 3
50001-6000 5
60001-7000 12
7001-8000 9
8001-9000 5
9001-10000 4

SAJID HUSSAIN MSc MATHEMATICS 0302-5726414

 10001-11000 2
Sol: By using formula
∑ 𝐷𝑥
Groups Upper C.B 𝑓 𝑐. 𝑓 𝑥̅ = 𝑎 + 𝑛
4000-5000 3999.5-5000.5 3 3 0
=6+ =6
50001-6000 5000.5-6000.5 5 3+5=8 9
60001-7000 6000.5-7000.5 12 8+12=20
7001-8000 7000.5-8000.5 9 20+9=29
8001-9000 8000.5-9000.5 5 29+5=34
9001-10000 9000.5-10000.5 4 34+4=38
Arithmetic Mean for grouped data:
10001-11000 10000.5-11000.5 2 38+2=40
If 𝑥1 , 𝑥2, 𝑥3 , … 𝑥𝑛 are n with 𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , 𝑓3 , … 𝑓𝑛
as frequencies of the respective value then Arithmetic
Mean is given as
OGIVE ∑ 𝑓𝑥
𝑥̅ =
45
∑𝑓

40 Example11. In a coaching class of 13 student, a test was

35 conducted, and the following marks were obtained by the
students. 10, 12, 12, 14, 9, 18, 13, 16, 9, 17, 16, 14
30
Make frequency table and find Arithmetic mean.
25 Sol:
20 Score ( 𝑥 ) Frequency ( 𝑓 ) 𝑓𝑥
9 3 27
15
10 1 10
10 12 2 24
5 13 1 13
14 2 28
0
5000.5 6000.5 7000.5 8000.5 9000.5 10000.5 11000.5 16 2 32
Upper Class Boundaries 17 1 17
18 1 18
Measure of Central tendency: ∑ 𝑓 = 13 ∑ 𝑓𝑥 = 169
The measure or
technique that are used to determine the central value are
called measure of central tendency. ∑ 𝑓𝑥
Arithmetic Mean = 𝑥̅ = ∑𝑓
169
Types of Central Tendency: = 13 =
13
i) Arithmetic Mean for ungrouped data: Arithmetic
mean is calculated by adding all the values of the Example12: the prices of 2 K W generator are given below
data and then divided by the number of items. It along with their frequencies. Find the mean price by direct
is denoted as 𝑋̅ method and by shortcut method.
∑𝑥 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 Price 90- 95- 100- 105- 110- 115- 120-
𝑥̅ = 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎
∑𝐷
94 99 104 109 114 119 124
Also 𝑥̅ = 𝑎 + 𝑛 𝑥 where 𝐷𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑎 and a is 𝑓 4 11 15 24 18 9 3
provisional mean
Sol: By direct method
Example10: Find the A.M of the value 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, Class Midvalue Frequency 𝑓𝑥
10 by direct method and shortcut method. interval (𝑥) (𝑓)
Sol: By direct method 90-94 92 4 368
∑𝑥
𝑥̅ = 𝑛 95-99 97 11 1067
2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10 54 100-104 102 15 1530
= = 9 =6
𝟗 105-109 107 24 2568
By shortcut method 110-114 112 19 2016
𝑥 𝐷𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑎, 𝑎 = 6 115-119 117 9 1053
2 2 − 6 = −4 120-124 122 3 366
3 3 − 6 = −3 ∑ 𝑓 = 85 ∑ 𝑓𝑥 = 8968
4 4 − 6 = −2
5 5 − 6 = −1 ∑ 𝑓𝑥
The mean price of generator = 𝑥̅ = ∑ 𝑓
6 6−6=0
8968
7 7−6=1 = 85
8 8−6=2 = 105.5 ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑑
9 9−6=3 = 10550
10 10 − 6 = 4 By short cut method
∑ 𝐷𝑥 =0 Let assume mean 𝑎 = 107
SAJID HUSSAIN MSc MATHEMATICS 0302-5726414
 Sol:
Class (𝑥) (𝑓) 𝐷𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑓𝐷𝑥 𝑥 𝑓 𝑐. 𝑓
interval 10 1 1
90-94 92 4 92-107=15 -60 12 10 11
95-99 97 11 97-107=-10 -110 15 5 16
100-104 102 15 102-107=-5 -75 20 13 29
105-109 107 24 107-107=0 0 25 2 31
110-114 112 19 112-107=5 95 30 4 35
115-119 117 9 117-107=10 90 Since ∑ 𝑓 = 35 which is odd
120-124 122 3 122-107=15 45 ∑ 𝑓+1
∴ Median = 2
th item
∑𝑓 = ∑ 𝑓𝐷𝑥 = -15 35+1 36
85 = 2
= 2
= 18𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚
= 20
∑ 𝑓𝐷𝑥
The mean price of generator = 𝑥̅ = 𝑎 + ∑𝑓 Example16: find the median marks from the following
15
= 107 + (− 85) distribution.
= 106.83 ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑑 Marks ( 𝑥) 10 20 22 25
= 10683 Number of students 0 2 4 6

Median: Median is the middle most observation in an Sol:

arranged data set. It divides the data set into two equal Marks (𝑥) Frequency c.f
parts. 10 0 0
20 2 2
Median for ungrouped data: 22 4 6
𝑛+1
Median = ( ) 𝑡ℎ item if n is odd 25 6 12
2
1 𝑛 𝑛+2
Median = [ 𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚 + ( ) 𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚] if n is even Since ∑ 𝑓 = 12 which is even
2 2 2
∑𝑓
∴ Median = 2
𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚
Example 13: Find the median for the following values 12
2, 4, 5, 6, 3 = 𝑡ℎ
𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚
2
Sol: Given: 2, 4, 5, 6, 3 = 6𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚
Arrange in order = 22
2, 3, 4, 5, 6
number of items = 5 Median from continuous data:
𝑛+1 Median from continuous data can be calculated as
Median = 2 𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚
ℎ 𝑛
5+1 6
= 2 = 2 = 3𝑟𝑑 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 + 𝑓 (2 − 𝑐) where
=4 𝑙 = lower limit of the median class
ℎ = width of class
𝑛 ∑𝑓
Example14: the following is the daily pocket money in =
2 2
rupees for the children of a family 10, 20, 15, 30. Calculate 𝑐 =cumulative frequency of the class preceding
the median for the data. the median class
Sol: Given: 10, 20, 15, 30.
Arrange in order Example17: Find the median of the following distribution.
10, 15, 20, 30 Daily Wages 60- 70-79 80-89 90-99 100-109
Number of item = 𝑛 = 4 in Rs 69
1 𝑛 𝑛+2
Median = 2 [2 𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚 + ( 2 ) 𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚] Labour 4 6 8 10 5
1 4 6
= 2 [2 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚 + 2 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚] Sol:
1
Class limits 𝑓 C.B 𝑐. 𝑓
= 2 [15 + 20] 60 − 69 4 59.5 − 69.5 4
= 17.5 70 − 79 6 69.5 − 79.5 10
80 − 89 8 79.5 − 89.5 18
Median for group data (discrete data): 90 − 99 10 89.5 − 99.5 28
In a frequency distribution 100 − 109 5 99.5 − 109.5 33
∑ 𝑓+1
if ∑ 𝑓 is odd then Median = ( 2 ) 𝑡ℎ item in 𝑐. 𝑓 ∑ 𝑓 =33
∑𝑓 ∑𝑓
if ∑ 𝑓 is even then Median = ( ) 𝑡ℎ item in 𝑐. 𝑓 Median = 2 𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚
2
= 16.5𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚
ℎ 𝑛
Example15: the following are the marks obtained by 35 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 + 𝑓 (2 − 𝑐)
students in a test 10
= 79.5 + (16.5 − 10)
𝑥 10 12 15 20 25 30 8
10
𝑓 1 10 5 13 2 4 = 79.5 + (6.5)
8
Find median for the data. = 79.5 + 8.125

SAJID HUSSAIN MSc MATHEMATICS 0302-5726414

 = 87.625 ∑ log 𝑥
G.M = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖 log 𝑛
13.0976
Mode: The value that appears more times in data is called = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖 − log 7
mode for the given data. = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖 log 1.8710
= 74.31
Mode for group data(continuous data): Geometric Mean for grouped data:
𝑓 −𝑓 Let 𝑥1 , 𝑥2, 𝑥3 , … 𝑥𝑛 be the mid points in a frequency
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝑙 + (2𝑓 𝑚−𝑓 𝑜−𝑓 ) × ℎ
𝑚 0 1 distribution with 𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , 𝑓3 , … 𝑓𝑛 are their respective
Where 𝑙 = 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 frequencies then G.M is calculated by the following
𝑓𝑚 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 ∑ 𝑓 log 𝑥
formula 𝐺. 𝑀 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖 log ∑ 𝑓 .
𝑓𝑜 =frequency of the group preceding the model
group
𝑓1 =frequency of the group following the model Example22: Calculate the Geometric Mean of the
group following data
ℎ = 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 Marks 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80
No: of 3 4 10 11
Example18: from the following sizes of kids’ trousers, find students
the model size. 25, 30, 31, 25, 35, 25 Sol:
Sol: Given: 25, 30, 31, 25, 35, 25 Marks 𝑥 𝑓 Log 𝑥 𝑓 log 𝑥
In the above data 25 is the most repeated value 0-20 10 3 1.0000 3.0000
∴ model size = 25 20-40 30 4 1.4771 5.9084
40-60 50 10 1.6989 16.989
Example19: the following data shows the weights of the 60-80 70 11 1.8450 20.295
students. Find the model weight. ∑ 𝑓 = 28 ∑ 𝑓 log 𝑥 = 46.1924
Weight in kg 40 42 50 51 55
No: of students 10 8 3 2 1 ∑ 𝑓 log 𝑥
𝐺. 𝑀 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖 log ∑ 𝑓
Sol: Mode = 40 because 40 is the most frequent value in
46.1924
the data. = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖 log 28
= 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖 log 1.6497
Example20: Calculate the mode from the following = 44.64
frequent distribution.
Marks 0-4 4-8 8-12 12-16 16-20 Harmonic Mean for ungrouped data: It is the reciprocal of
No: of student 3 5 4 6 2 the Arithmetic mean of the reciprocal values.
Sol: Given: Let 𝑥1 , 𝑥2, 𝑥3 , … 𝑥𝑛 be n values in a data the H.M is
Marks 0-4 4-8 8-12 12-16 16-20 obtained by the following formula
𝑛
No: of student 3 5 4 6 2 𝐻. 𝑀 = 1
∑
The mode lies in the group 12 − 16 𝑥

𝑓𝑚 −𝑓𝑜 Harmonic Mean for grouped data: It can be calculated by

Mode = 𝑙 + (2𝑓 −𝑓 −𝑓 ) × ℎ the following formula
𝑚 0 1
6−4 ∑𝑓
= 12 + ( )× 4 𝐻. 𝑀 = 𝑓
2(6)−4−2 ∑
2 𝑥
= 12 + ×4
12−6
8 Exanple23: Find the H.M of the following values 5, 6, 8, 9,
= 12 + 6
and 10
= 12 + 1.33 = 13.33
Sol:
𝑥 1
Geometric Mean (𝑮. 𝑴) for ungroup data:
Geometric mean is the nth positive root of the product of 𝑥
1 5 1
n values i.e 𝐺. 𝑀 = (𝑥1 × 𝑥2 × 𝑥3 × … × 𝑥𝑛 )𝑛 = 0.2
5
𝐺. 𝑀 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖 log 𝑛
∑ log 𝑥 6 1
= 0.16
6
8 1
Example21: find the geometric mean of the marks = 0.125
8
obtained by the 9th class students. 9 1
60, 65, 70, 80, 85, 90, 75 = 0.11
9
Sol: 10 1
𝑥 log 𝑥 = 0.1
10
60 log 60 = 1.7781 1
∑ = 0.695
𝑥
65 log 65 = 1.8129
By using formula
70 log 70 = 1.8450 𝑛
𝐻. 𝑀 = 1
75 log 75 = 1.8750 ∑
𝑥
80 log 80 = 1.9030 5
= 0.695 = 7.194
85 log 85 = 1.9294
90 log 90 = 1.9542
∑ log 𝑥 =13.0976
SAJID HUSSAIN MSc MATHEMATICS 0302-5726414
Example24: find the H.M from the following data. Find Median, Mode and Quartile graphically:
Classes 0-6 6-12 12-18 18-24 24-30 Median: We need to construct Ogive to determine
𝑓 1 2 5 4 6 Median.
Sol: Example 27: find the median graphically from the
Classes 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 following frequency distribution.
𝑥 Classes 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 34-39
0-6 1 3 1
= 0.33 𝑓 1 5 7 2 6 4
3
6-12 2 9 2
= 0.22 Sol:
9
12-18 5 15 5 Classes 𝑓 𝑐𝑓 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐵𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠
= 0.33
15 10 − 14 1 1 9.5 − 14.5
18-24 4 21 4 15 − 19 5 6 14.5 − 19.5
= 0.19
21 20 − 24 7 13 19.5 − 24.5
24-30 6 27 6
= 0.22 25 − 29 2 15 24.5 − 29.5
27 30 − 34 29.5 − 34.5
∑ 𝑓 =18 𝑓 6 21
∑ =1.29 35 − 39 34.5 − 39.5
𝑥 4 25
By using formula 𝑛 25
∑𝑓 Median= 2 𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚 = 2 = 12.5𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚
𝐻. 𝑀 = 𝑓
∑ So median lies in 19.5 − 24.5
𝑥
18
= 1.29
= 13.95
Ogive:
∑ 𝑤𝑥
Weighted Mean: ̅̅̅̅
𝑥𝑤 = ∑𝑤 OGIVE
Example 25: The marks obtained by a student in Maths, 30
English, Urdu and Statistics were 70, 60, 80 and 65
respectively. Find the average if weights of 2, 1, 3, 1 are 25
assigned to the marks.
Sol:
20
𝑥 𝑤 𝑤𝑥
70 2 70 × 2 = 40
15
60 1 60
80 3 80
10
65 1 65
∑𝑤 = 7 ∑ 𝑤𝑥 = 505 5

∑ 𝑤𝑥 505 0
Now ̅̅̅̅
𝑥𝑤 = ∑𝑤
= 7
= 72.14 9.5 14.5 19.5 24.5 29.5 34.5 39.5
Upper Class Boundaries
Moving Averages: It is succession of averages derived
from the successive segments of series of values. It is
continuously recomputed as new data becomes available. Hence Median is 24.14
If progresses by dropping the earliest value and adding the
latest value. Mode: We need Histogram to find mode.
Example 28:
Example 26: During first week of May, daily temperature Find mode graphically from the following data.
were recorded as given in the table. Calculate 3 day Classes 20- 25- 30- 35- 40- 45- 50-
moving average temperature. 24 29 34 39 44 49 54
Days Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri 𝑓 1 4 8 11 15 9 2
Temp 40 37 36 38 37 41 39
Sol:
Classes 𝑓 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐵𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠
Sol:
20 − 24 1 19.5 − 24.5
Days Temp 3 days moving average
25 − 29 4 24.5 − 29.5
Sat 40 … 30 − 34 8 29.5 − 34.5
Sun 37 40 + 37 + 36 35 − 39 11 34.5 − 39.5
= 37.67
3 40 − 44 15 39.5 − 44.5
Mon 36 (37 + 36 + 38) ÷ 3 = 37 45 − 49 9 44.5 − 49.5
Tue 38 (36 + 38 + 37) ÷ 3 = 37 50 − 54 2 49.5 − 54.5
Wed 37 (38 + 37 + 41) ÷ 3 = 38.67 As 39.5 − 44.5 has greatest frequency therefore mode
Thu 41 (37 + 41 + 39) ÷ 3 = 39 lies in 39.5 − 44.5
Fri 39
SAJID HUSSAIN MSc MATHEMATICS 0302-5726414
 Exercise 6.3

Q1. The following are the weight (in kg) of students of the
grade 10. 45, 30, 25, 36, 42, 27, 31, 43, 49 and 50.
Calculate mean of the weight.
Sol: Given: 45, 30, 25, 36, 42, 27, 31, 43, 49 and 50
Required: Arithmetic Mean
Calculation:
∑𝑥
As Arithmetic Mean=𝑥̅ =𝑛
Hence Mode = 41.5 45+30+25+36+42+27+31+43+49+50
A.M= 10
Quartile: 378
= 10
For Quartile we also draw Ogive. = 37.8
𝑛 𝑛
Q1=4 𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚, 𝑄2 = 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 2 𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚
3𝑛
Q3 = 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚 Q2. Find the mean of the weights given in question 1 by
4
using shortcut method.
Example 29: Find Q1 and Q3 from the following data. Sol: Given: 45, 30, 25, 36, 42, 27, 31, 43, 49 and 50
Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 Required: Arithmetic Mean by shortcut method
Calculation:
𝑓 3 5 9 3 2
Let 𝑎 = 42
𝑥 𝐷𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑎
Sol:
45 45 − 42 = 3
Marks 𝑓 𝑐𝑓
30 30 − 42 = −12
0 − 10 3 3
25 − 42 = −17
25
10 − 20 5 8
36 36 − 42 = −6
20 − 30 9 17 42 − 42 = 0
30 − 40 42
3 20 27 − 42 = −15
40 − 50 27
2 22 31 − 42 = −11
31
43 43 − 42 = 1
𝑛 22
As 𝑄1 = 4 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚 = 𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚 = 5.5𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚 49 49 − 42 = 7
4
3𝑛 3×22
50 50 − 42 = 8
𝑄3 = 𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚 = 𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚 = 16.5𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚
4 4
Ogive: ∑ 𝐷𝑥 = −42
OGIVE
∑ 𝐷𝑥
25 Now 𝐴. 𝑀 = 𝑎 + 𝑛
−42
= 42 + 10
20 = 42 − 4.2
= 37.8
15
Q3. Using assumed mean find the mean of the following
numbers. 1242, 1248, 1252, 1244, 1249
10 Sol: Given: 1242, 1248, 1252, 1244, 1249
Required: A.M by using assumed mean method
Calculation:
5
Let 𝑎 = 1242
𝑥 𝐷𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑎
0 1242 1242-1242=0
10 20 30 40 50
1248 1248-1242=6
Upper Class Boundaries 1252 1252-1242=10
1244 1244-1242=2
Hence Q1 = 15 and 𝑄3 = 29.4 1249 1249-1242=7
∑ 𝐷𝑥 = 25
∑ 𝐷𝑥
Now 𝐴. 𝑀 = 𝑎 + 𝑛
25
= 1242 + 5
= 1242 + 5
= 1247

SAJID HUSSAIN MSc MATHEMATICS 0302-5726414

Q4. Find the mean of the following frequency Mode = most repeated term
distribution. = 71
Marks obtained by students of 10th class in mathematics.
Score 0-15 16-31 32-47 48-63 64-75 𝑥 log 𝑥
𝒇 0 10 40 70 45 58 1.7634
59 1.7709
Sol: 60 1.7782
class 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓𝑥 62 1.7924
0 − 15 0 7.5 0 64 1.8062
16 − 31 10 23.5 235 64 1.8062
32 − 47 40 39.5 1580 65 1.8129
48 − 63 70 55.5 3885 67 1.8261
64 − 75 45 69.5 3127.5 67 1.8261
68 1.8325
∑ 𝑓 = 165 ∑ 𝑓𝑥 = 8827.5 70 1.8451
71 1.8513
∑ 𝑓𝑥 71 1.8513
As 𝐴. 𝑀 = ∑ 𝑓
8827.5 71 1.8513
= 165 73 1.8633
= 53.5
∑ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 27.2770
Q5. Find the median of the following data.
∑ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
i) Heights of boys in inches G.M = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖 log 𝑛
66, 65, 65, 66, 66, 67 27.2770
= 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖 log 15
Sol: Given: 66, 65, 65, 66, 66, 67
By arranging in order we have = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖 log 1.8185
65, 65, 66, 66, 66, 67 = 65.83
As number of terms is 6 which is even.
1 6 6+2 Q7. A set of data contains the value as 148, 145, 160, 157,
Therefore Median = ( 𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 + 𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚)
2 2 2 156 and 160. Show that Mode > Median > Mean.
1
= (3𝑟𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 + 4𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚) Sol: Given: 148, 145, 160, 157, 156 and 160.
2
1 By arranging in order we have
= (65 + 66)
2 145, 148, 156, 157, 160, 160
= 65.5
∑𝑥 145+148+156+157+160+160
ii) Salaries of 9 workers of a factory A.M = 𝑛
= 6
7000, 6000, 8000, 4500, 7500, 11000, 9000, 7500 926
= ̅
= 154. 3
6
Sol: Given: 7000, 6000, 8000, 4500, 7500, 11000,
9000, 7500 As number of terms are 6
By arranging in order we have 1 6 6+2
Therefore Median = 2 (2 𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 + 2 𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚)
4500, 6000, 7000, 7500, 7500, 8000, 9000, 11000
1
As number of terms is 8 which is even. = 2 (3𝑟𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 + 4𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚)
1 8 8+2 1
Therefore Median = 2 (2 𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 + 2 𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚) = 2 (156 + 157)
1
= 2 (4𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 + 5𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚) = 156.5
1
= (7500 + 7500)
2 Mode = most repeated terms
= 7500 = 160
As 160 > 156.5 > 154.3̅
Q6. Find the Arithmetic mean, Geometric mean, Median Hence Mode > Median > Mean
and mode of the following data.
58, 59, 60, 62, 64, 64, 65, 67, 67, 68, 70, 71, 71 ,71, 73
Sol: Given: 58, 59, 60, 62, 64, 64, 65, 67, 67, 68, 70, 71, 71
,71, 73
∑𝑥
A.M = Q8. From the following distribution
𝑛
58+59+60+62+64+65+67+67+68+70+71+71+71+73 Daily 112- 117- 122- 127- 132-
= 15
990 Wages 116 121 126 131 136
= 15 No: of 3 20 11 4 5
= 66 workers

As number of terms is 15 i) Construct frequency table

15+1
Therefore Median = 𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 ii) Find the class boundaries for each group
2
= 8𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 iii) Calculate Median, Mode, Harmonic mean and
= 67 geometric mean for the table.

SAJID HUSSAIN MSc MATHEMATICS 0302-5726414

Sol:
OGIVE
Classes 𝑓 𝑐𝑓 𝐶. 𝐵 𝑥
112 − 116 3 3 111.5 − 116.5 114 28
117 − 121 20 23 116.5 − 121.5 119 26
24
122 − 126 11 34 121.5 − 126.5 124
22
127 − 131 4 38 126.5 − 131.5 129 20
132 − 136 5 43 131.5 − 136.5 134 18
∑ 43 16
14
12
∑𝑓 43 10
Median = 2 = 2 = 21.5
8
So median lies in 116.5 − 121.5 6
ℎ 𝑛
Median = 𝑙 + 𝑓 (2 − 𝑐) 4
5 2
= 116.5 + 20 (21.5 − 3) 0
1 9.5 14.5 19.5 24.5 29.5 34.5
= 116.5 + 4 (18.5)
Upper Class Boundaries
= 121.125

As 116.5 − 121.5 has greatest frequency

Therefore Mode lies in 116.5 − 121.5 𝑛 25
𝑓 −𝑓 Location of Q1 = 𝑓 = = 8.25th item
Mode = 𝑙 + 2𝑓 𝑚−𝑓 𝑜−𝑓 × ℎ 4
𝑚 𝑜
20−3
1 Hence 𝑄1 = 21 (approximately)
= 116.5 + ×5 𝑛 25
Location of Q2 = 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = = = 12.5𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚
2×20−3−11
2 2
= 119.648 Hence Median = 25 (approximately)
3𝑛 3×25
𝑓 Location of Q3= 4 = 4 = 18.75
Classes 𝑥 𝑓
𝑥 Hence Q3 = 28 (approximately)
112 − 116 114 3 0.026
117 − 121 119 20 0.168 For Mode we need to construct Histogram
122 − 126 124 11 0.089 As 24.5 − 29.5 has greatest frequency
127 − 131 129 4 0.031 Therefore mode lies in 24.5 − 29.5
132 − 136 134 5 0.037
∑ 43 0.351

∑𝑓 43
H.M = 𝑓 = 0.351 = 122.5
∑
𝑥

Classes 𝑥 𝑓 log 𝑥 𝑓 log 𝑥

112 − 116 114 3 2.0569 6.1707
117 − 121 119 20 2.0775 41.55
122 − 126 124 11 2.0934 23.0274
127 − 131 129 4 2.1106 8.4424 Hence Mode = 26 (approximately)
132 − 136 134 5 2.1271 10.6355
∑ 43 89.8260
Measure of Dispersion:
∑ 𝑓 log 𝑥 Dispersion is the variation of value from its central values.
G.M = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖 log ∑𝑓
89.8260 Range: i)
= 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖 log 43
Range is the difference between the smallest
= 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖 log 2.0890
= 122.7374 observation and the largest observation.
Example 30: what is the range of the data 209, 260, 270,
Q9. Find Median, Q1, Q3 and Mode from the following 311, 311?
distribution graphically. Sol: Given: 209, 260, 270, 311, 311
Classes 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 Smallest Value: 209
Largest Value : 311
𝒇 1 3 7 12 2
Range = 𝐿𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
= 311 − 209
Sol: For Median, Q1 and Q3 we need to construct Ogive
= 102
Classes 𝑓 𝑐𝑓 𝐶. 𝐵
10 − 14 1 1 9.5 − 14.5 Example 32: Calculate the range from the given data.
15 − 19 3 4 14.5 − 19.5
Classes 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29
20 − 24 7 11 19.5 − 24.5
𝒇 10 15 12 21 3
25 − 29 12 23 24.5 − 29.5
30 − 34 2 25 29.5 − 34.5
SAJID HUSSAIN MSc MATHEMATICS 0302-5726414
Sol: Example 35: The following is the distribution for the
Classes 𝑓 C.B number of rotten eggs found in 60 crates. Find the
5−9 10 4.5 − 9.5 standard deviation and variance of the rotten eggs.
10 − 14 15 9.5 − 14.5 Eggs 0-4 4-8 8-12 12-16 16-20 20-24
15 − 19 12 14.5 − 19.5 crates 5 10 15 20 6 4
20 − 24 21 19.5 − 24.5
25 − 29 3 24.5 − 29.5 Sol:
class 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓𝑥 𝑥2 𝑓𝑥 2
Range =upper limit of last class − lower limit of 1st class 0-4 5 2 10 4 20
= 29.5 − 4.5 4-8 10 6 60 36 360
= 25 8-12 15 10 150 100 1500
12-16 20 14 280 196 3920
Standard Deviation: 16-20 6 18 108 324 1944
Standard deviation is the positive square root of average 20-24 4 22 88 484 1936
of squared deviations measured from AM. ∑ = 696 ∑= 9680

∑(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2 ∑𝑓𝑥 2 ∑𝑓𝑥 2

S.D = √ 𝑛 Standard Deviation = √ − ( ∑𝑓 )
∑𝑓
∑𝑥 2 ∑𝑥 2 696 2
Or 𝑆. 𝐷 = √ 𝑛
−(𝑛) for ungroup data =√
9680
− ( 60 )
60
= √26.77 = 5.18
2 2
And Variance = 𝑆 = (√26.77) = 26.77
∑𝑓(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2
S.D = √ ∑𝑓

∑𝑓𝑥 2 ∑𝑓𝑥 2
Or S.D = √ −( ) for group data
∑𝑓 ∑𝑓
Exercise 6.4
Variance:
Variance is the square of standard deviation
∑(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2 Q1. Find the range for the following items.
Variance = 𝑆 2 = 𝑛 11, 13, 15, 21, 19, 23
∑𝑥 2 ∑𝑥 2 Sol: Given: 11, 13, 15, 21, 19, 23
Or 𝑆2 = 𝑛
− ( 𝑛
) for ungroup data
Smallest value = 11 and Largest Value = 21
∑𝑓(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2
∴ 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 21 − 11 = 10
Variance= 𝑆 2 =
∑𝑓
∑𝑓𝑥 2 ∑𝑓𝑥 2 Q2. A bank branch manager, interested in waiting times
Or 𝑆2 = ∑𝑓
− ( ∑𝑓 ) for group data. of customers carried out a survey A random sample of 12
customers is selected and yielded following 5.90, 9.66,
Example 34: Find the variance and standard deviation 5.79, 8.02, 8.73, 8.01, 10.49, 8.35, 6.68, 5.64, 5.47, 9.91.
from the following data. 𝟔, 𝟖, 𝟏𝟎, 𝟏𝟐, 𝟏𝟒 Calculate the following.
Sol: Given: 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 i) Average ii) Median iii) S.D
∑𝑥 Sol:
A.M = 𝑥̅ = 𝑛
6+8+10+12+14 50 𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥̅ (𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
= 5
= 5
= 10 5.90 5.90-7.72=-1.82 3.3124
𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥̅ (𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 9.66 9.66-7.72=1.94 3.7636
6 6-10=-4 16 5.79 5.79-7.72=-1.93 3.7249
8 8-10=-2 4 8.02 8.02-7.72=0.30 0.0900
10 10-10=0 0 8.73 8.73-7.72=1.01 1.0201
12 12-10=2 4 8.01 8.01-7.72=0.29 0.0841
14 14-10=4 16 10.49 10.49-7.72=2.77 7.6729
∑ = 40 8.35 8.35-7.72=0.63 0.3969
6.68 6.68-7.72=-1.04 1.0816
5.64 5.64-7.72=-2.08 4.3264
∑(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2 40 5.47-7.72=-2.25 5.0625
S.D = √ = √ 5 = √8 5.47
𝑛 9.91-7.72=2.19 4.7961
9.91
2
∑ = 92.65 ∑ = 35.3315
And Variance = 𝑆 2 = (√8) = 8

∑𝑥 92.65
Average = 𝑛
= 12
= 7.72

∑(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2 35.3315
S.D = √ 𝑛
=√ 12
= √2.9443 = 1.7159

SAJID HUSSAIN MSc MATHEMATICS 0302-5726414

For median arrange the data in order we have B (𝑥 − 𝑥̅ ) (𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
5.47, 5.64, 5.79, 5.90, 6.68, 8.01, 8.02, 8.35, 9.66, 6 6-7=-1 1
9.91, 10.49 10 10-7=3 9
As number of terms is 12 6 6-7=-1 1
1 𝑛 𝑛+2
Median = 2 (2 𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 + 2 𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠) 4 4-7=-3 9
1 12
= 2 ( 2 𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 +
14
𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠) 2 2-7=-5 25
2 8 8-7=1 1
1
= 2
(8.01 + 8.02) 10 10-7=3 9
= 8.015 6 6-7=-1 1
9 9-7=2 4
Q3. Calculate the Range, Variance and Standard 9 9-7=2 4
Deviation for the following discrete data:
𝒙 5 10 11 13 15 ∑ = 70 ∑ = 64
𝒇 2 3 4 1 5
∑𝑥 70
A.M = 𝑛
= 10 = 7
Sol: Given:
𝑥 5 10 11 13 15 ∑(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2 64
𝑓 2 3 4 1 5 Variance = 𝑛
= 10 = 6.4

Smallest Value = 5 and Largest Value = 15 Q5. Following are the marks (out of 75) of the eight
Range = 15 − 5 = 10 students in two subjects.
Students A B C D E F G H
𝑥 𝑓 𝑓𝑥 𝑥2 𝑓𝑥 2 Maths 54 63 59 45 52 35 61 68
5 2 10 25 50 Phy 52 55 57 51 56 58 50 59
10 3 30 100 300 Compare the standard deviation of the marks and tell
11 4 44 121 484 that in which subject students are more consistent.
13 1 13 169 169
15 5 75 225 1225 Sol:
Maths (𝑥 − 𝑥̅ ) (𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 Phy (𝑥 − 𝑥̅ ) (𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
∑ = 15 ∑ = 172 ∑= 2128 54 -0.625 0.39 52 -2.75 7.5625
63 8.375 70.14 55 0.25 0.0625
59 4.375 19.14 57 2.25 5.0625
45 -9.625 92.64 51 -3.75 14.0625
∑𝑓𝑥 2 ∑𝑓𝑥 2
Standard Deviation = √ ∑𝑓
− ( ∑𝑓 ) 52 -2.625 6.89 56 1.25 1.5625
35 -19.625 385.14 58 3.25 10.5625
2128 172 2 61 6.375 40.64 50 -4.75 22.5625
=√ 15
− ( 15
)
68 13.375 178.89 59 4.25 18.0625
= √10.49 = 3.22
2 2 ∑=437 ∑=721.5 ∑=438 ∑=79.5
And Variance = 𝑆 = (√10.49) = 10.49

Q4. The following table show the marks obtained by 10 Maths Physics
∑𝑥 ∑𝑥
students of two sections of 10th class. A.M= 𝑛 A.M= 𝑛
437 438
A 7 9 6 9 4 7 5 8 8 7 = 8 = 8
B 6 10 6 4 2 8 10 6 9 9 = 54.625 = 54.75
Find their Arithmetic Mean and Variance.
Sol: ∑(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2 ∑(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2
A (𝑥 − 𝑥̅ ) (𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 S.D = √ 𝑛
S.D = √ 𝑛
7 7-7=0 0 721.5 79.5
9 9-7=2 4 =√ 8
=√ 8
6 6-7=-1 1 = 9.96 = 3.15238
9 9-7=2 4
4 4-7=-3 9 As S.D of Phy < S.D of Maths
7 7-7=0 0 Therefore, Physics is more consistent.
5 5-7=-2 4
8 8-7=1 1
8 8-7=1 1
7 7-7=0 0
∑ = 70 ∑ = 24 Q6. The following is the distribution for the
number of defective bulbs in 30 cartons. Find the
∑𝑥 70
variance and standard deviation of defective
A.M = 𝑛
= 10 = 7 bulbs.
Bulbs 0−2 2−4 4−6 6 − 8 8 − 10
∑(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2 24 Pack 1 3 15 10 2
Variance = = = 2.4
𝑛 10

SAJID HUSSAIN MSc MATHEMATICS 0302-5726414

Sol: Sol:
𝐶. 𝐵 𝑥 𝑓 𝑓𝑥 2 2 𝑓
𝑥 𝑓𝑥 Score in C.B
0-2 1 1 1 1 1 test
2-4 3 3 9 9 27 0 − 10 0 − 10.5 2
4-6 5 15 75 25 375 11 − 21 10.5 − 21.5 7
6-8 7 10 70 49 490 22 − 32 21.5 − 32.5 25
8-10 9 2 18 81 162 33 − 43 32.5 − 43.5 11
44 − 50 43.5 − 50.5 5
∑= 31 ∑ =173 ∑= 1055
Frequency polygon:
∑𝑓𝑥 2 ∑𝑓𝑥 2
Standard Deviation = √ −( )
∑𝑓 ∑𝑓
1055 173 2
=√ 31
− ( 31 )
= √2.89 = 1.7
2 2
And Variance = 𝑆 = (√2.89) = 2.89

Review Exercise Q5. This table summaries the weight in kg of 250

boys. Represent these data by means of a
cumulative frequency polygon.
Q2. The age in years of 27 students of 10th class Weight in kg Number of boys
are given. Prepare a frequency distribution of 44.0-47.9 3
suitable class interval. 48.0-51.09 17
17, 17, 16, 16, 17, 16, 16, 17, 18, 18, 15, 17, 19, 18, 52.0-55.9 50
18, 17, 16, 15, 16, 17, 15, 19, 19, 15, 15, 16, 18 56.0-59.9 81
60.0-63.9 57
Sol: 64.0-67.9 23
Classes Frequency 68.0-71.9 9
15-16 12
17-18 12 Sol:
19-20 3 Classes C.B 𝑓 𝑐𝑓
44.0-47.9 43.95-47.95 3 3
Q3. Prepare a histogram of the following table. 48.0-51.9 47.95-51.95 17 20
Cars A B C D E 52.0-55.9 51.95-55.95 50 70
Sale 100 120 110 72 169 56.0-59.9 55.95-59.95 81 151
60.0-63.9 59.95-63.95 57 208
Sol: Given: 64.0-67.9 63.95-67.95 23 231
Cars A B C D E 68.0-71.9 67.95-71.95 9 240
Sale 100 120 110 72 169
Cumulative Frequency Polygon:
OGIVE
300

250

200

150

100

50
Q4. Prepare a frequency polygon of the following
frequency distribution. 0
47.95 51.95 55.95 59.95 63.95 67.95 71.95
Score in test Frequency
Upper Class Boundaries
0-10 2
11-21 7
22-32 25
33-43 11
44-50 5

SAJID HUSSAIN MSc MATHEMATICS 0302-5726414

Arithmetic Mean: For continuous data:
∑𝑥 Range = 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 1𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 −
For Ungroup Data: A.M = 𝑥̅ = 𝑛
∑ 𝑓𝑥 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
For Group Data: A.M = 𝑥̅ = ∑𝑓
Standard Deviation:
Geometric Mean: For Ungroup data:
∑ log 𝑥
For Ungroup Data: 𝐺. 𝑀 = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖 log ∑(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2 ∑𝑥 2 ∑𝑥 2
𝑛 S.D = √ 𝑛
Or 𝑆. 𝐷 = √ 𝑛
−(𝑛)
∑ 𝑓 log 𝑥
For Group Data: 𝐺. 𝑀 = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖 log ∑ 𝑓
For Group data
Harmonic Mean: ∑𝑓(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2 ∑𝑓𝑥 2 ∑𝑓𝑥 2
𝑛 S.D = √ Or S.D = √ − ( ∑𝑓 )
For Ungroup Data: 𝐻. 𝑀 = 1
∑𝑓 ∑𝑓
∑
𝑥
∑𝑓
For Group Data: H.M = 𝑓 Variance:
∑
𝑥
For Ungroup data:
∑(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2 ∑𝑥 2 ∑𝑥 2
Median: Variance = 𝑆 2 = 𝑛
Or 𝑆2 = 𝑛
−(𝑛)
For Ungroup Data:
𝑛+1
Median = ( ) 𝑡ℎ item if n is odd For Group data
2
1 𝑛 𝑛+2 ∑𝑓(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2 ∑𝑓𝑥 2 ∑𝑓𝑥 2
Median = [ 𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚 + ( 2 ) 𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚] if n is even Variance= 𝑆 2 = ∑𝑓
Or 𝑆2 = ∑𝑓
− ( ∑𝑓 )
2 2

For Discrete Data:

In a frequency distribution
∑ 𝑓+1
if ∑ 𝑓 is odd then Median = ( ) 𝑡ℎ item in 𝑐. 𝑓
2
∑𝑓
if ∑ 𝑓 is even then Median = ( 2 ) 𝑡ℎ item in 𝑐. 𝑓

For Continuous Data:

Median from continuous data can be calculated as
ℎ 𝑛
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 + ( − 𝑐) where
𝑓 2
𝑙 = lower limit of the median class
ℎ = width of class
𝑛 ∑𝑓
= 2
2
𝑐 =cumulative frequency of the class preceding
the median class

Mode:
For Ungroup data:
Mode is the most repeated value.

For Discrete Data:

Mode is the value which has greater frequency

For Continuous Data:

𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓𝑜
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝑙 + ( )×ℎ
2𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓0 − 𝑓1
Where 𝑙 = 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
𝑓𝑚 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝
𝑓𝑜 =frequency of the group preceding the model
group
𝑓1 =frequency of the group following the model
group
ℎ = 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠

Range:
For Ungroup Data:
Range = 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

For Discrete value:

Range = 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

SAJID HUSSAIN MSc MATHEMATICS 0302-5726414