Ref.
Calculations Output
SPECIFICATION
Axial force, N
Permanent, Gk = 500 kN/m
Variable, Qk = 400 kN/m
Design life 50 Years ( Table 2.1 EN 1990)
Exposure Classes = XC2
Material :
Concrete, f ck = 30 N/mm²
Column size Reinforcement, f yk = 500 N/mm²
250mm X 300 mm concrete unit weight = 25 kN/m³
Soil bearing capacity = 150 kN/ m²
Assumed: ф bar 12 mm
DURABILITY & BOND REQUIREMENTS
Min. cover with regards to bond, C min , b = 12 mm
Min. cover with regards to durability, C min, dur = 20 mm
Allowance in design for deviation, C dev = 10 mm
Nominal cover, C nom Use:
C nom = C min + C dev = 20 + 10 = 30mm Cnom = 30 mm
SIZE
Service load, N= 1000 kN
Assumed selfweight10% of
service load, W= 100 kN
Area of footing required
= (𝑁+𝑊)/𝛾𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙
=(1000+100)/150
=7.33 m²
Try footing size,
B x H x h = 3.5 m x3.5 m x0.45 m
Area, A = 12.25 m²
Selfweight, W = 9 x 0.45 x 25
= 138 kN
Check Service Soil Bearing Capacity
= (𝑵+𝑾) /𝑨 Size Ok !
=(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎+𝟏𝟎𝟏)/𝟗
= 93 kN/ m² ------------- < 150 kN/ m ²
ANALYSIS
Ultimate axial force, NEd = 1.35Gk+ 1.5Qk
= 1.35 (600) + 1.5 (400)
= 1410 kN
Soil pressure at ultimate load, P = 𝑁𝐸𝑑 /𝐴
=1410 / 12.25
= 115 kN/ m²
Soil pressure per m length, w = 115 x 3.5
= 403 kN/m
1.6m 1.6m
Maximum moment at
Column face,
M = wl² / 2
= 403 x 1.6² / 2
= 516 kNm
6.1 MAIN REINFORCEMENT
Effective depth, d= h–c–1.5 ф bar = 450 –30 –(1.5 x 12) = 420 mm
Design bending moment, Med = 516 kNm
K = M /bd² fck , Kbal = 0.167
= 516 x10⁶ / (3500 x 420² x 30)
= 0.027 < Kbal : No compression reinforcement required
z = d[ 0.5 + (0.25 –K/1.134) 1/ 2
]
= 0.97d < 0.95d
As = M/0.87fykz
= 516 x10⁶/(0.87 x 500 x 0.95 x 420)
= 2973 mm²
9.2.1.1 Minimun and maximum reinforcement area, Main bar :
27 H 12
Asmin= 0.26 (fctm / fyk ) bd ( 3054 mm²)
= 0.26 (2.9/500) bd > 0.0013bd
= 0.0013 bd = 0.0013 x 3500 x 420
= 1911 mm²
Asmax= 0.04Ac = 0.04 x b x h = 0.04 x 3500 x 450 = 54000 mm²
SHEAR
(i) Vertical Shear : Critical shear at 1.0dfrom face of column.
3.5 m
d
1.6m 3.5
m 3.5 m
Design shear force, VEd= 403 x 1.18 = 476 kN
6.2.2 Design shear resistance,
VRd,c = ( 0.12 k ( 100p 1 f ck ) ^(1/3)) bd > Vmin
k = 1 + ( 200/d) ^(1/2) < 2.0
= 1 + (200/420) ^ (1/2) = 1.7 < 2.0
Note : Bar extend beond critical section at
1.18 - 30 = 1150 mm
> ( l bd + d ) = 410 + d
= 410 + 420 = 830 mm
S0 A s1 = 3054 mm
P1 = A s1 / bd < 0.02
= 3054 / (3500 x 420 ) = 0.0020 < 0.02
VRd,c = 0.12 x 1.71 x ( 100 x 0.0020 x 25 ) ^ (1/3) X 3500 X 420
= 545 kN
Vmin = ( 0.035 k ^(3/2) fck ^(1/2) ) BD
= 0.035 X1.7^(3/2) X25 ^(1/2) X 3500 X 397
= 625 KN
SO, VRd,c = 625kN > VEd
6.4 (ii) punching shear at perimeter 2d from column face
Average d = 450 -30 -12 = 408 mm
2d = 2 x 408 = 840 mm
Control perimeter,
u = ( 4x 300 ) + ( 2 x п x 840 )
= 6478 mm
Area within perimeter
A = ( 0.30) ² + ( 4 x 0.30 x 0.84) + (п x 0.84 ²)
= 3.32 m²
760 mm < ( l bd + d ) = 830 mm
Reinforcement not contribute to punching shear resistance
Punching shear resistance,
VRd,c = Vmin = ( 0.035k ^(3/2) fck ^(1/2) ) ud
= 0.035 x 1.7 x 30 x 6478 x 420
= 1156kN
Punching shear force,
VEd = 1156 ( 3.5² - 3.32 ) = 1027 kN
< VRd,c Ok!
(iii) maximum punching shear at column perimeter.
Maximum shear resistance,
VRd,max = 0.5 ud ( 0.6 ( 1-fck/250 )) fck/1.5
= 0.5 (4 x 300 ) x 420 ( 0.6 ( 1- 30/250))( 30/1.5)
= 2661kN
> VEd,max = 1410 kN
Ok!
CRACKING
7.3.3 h = 450 mm > 200 mm
stell stress under the action of quansi-permanent loading
=( (𝐺𝑘+0.3𝑄𝑘)/(1.35𝐺𝑘+1.5𝑄𝑘)) (𝐴𝑠.𝑟𝑒𝑞/𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣)(𝑓𝑦𝑘/1.15)
= (( 600+0.3×400)/ (1.35×600+1.5×400)) x ( 3054 / 2973) x ( 500 / 1.15)
= 228 N/mm²
For design crack width = 0.3 mm:
Table 7.3 N Maximum allowable bar spacing = 200 mm
Actual bar spacing = ( 3500−2(30) −12) / 26
=131mm < 200 mm
Ok!
ANGGARAN BAHAN
Ref Calculation Output
Anggaran Bahan:
3.5m
3.5m
Isipadu konkrit:
3.5 x 3.5 x 0.45 = 5.51m3
Pembaziran = 5.51 x (5/100) Pembaziran konkrit 5%
= 0.28
Isipadu konkrit = 5.790m3
Jumlah Akhir Isipadu Konkrit = 5.51 + 0.28
= 5.790m3
Nisbah bancuhan (1:2:4)
Jumlah simen = 1/7 x 5.79 m3 (nisbah simen adalah 1)
= 0.827 m3
Kiraan dalam kampit = 0.827 m3 x 28.25 kampit
= 23.367 24 kampit
Jumlah pasir = 2/7 x 5.79 m3 (nisbah pasir adalah 2)
= 1.654 m3
Jumlah batu= 4/7 x 5.79 m3 (nisbah batu adalah 4)
3.309 m3
Tetulang:
Tetulang = 27 H 12
Panjang tetulang = bil. Tetulang x [panjang – 2 (cnom)]
= 27 x [3.5 – 2 (0.030)
= 27 x 3.44
= 92.88 m
Jumlah panjang tetulang = 92.88 x 2
= 185.76m Pembaziran tetulang 3%
Pembaziran = 185.76 x (3/100)
= 5.573m
Jumlah akhir panjang tetulang = 185.76 + 5.573
= 191.333 m
Bilangan tetulang = 191.333 / 12 1 batang tetulang = 12m Bilangan tetulang = 16
batang
= 15.944 16 batang
3.0 KESIMPULAN
Asas merupakan struktur penting dalam pembinaan sesebuah bangunan atau kediaman. Jika tiada asas, maka runtuhlah seebuah
bangunan yang telah didirikan. Pengiraan bagi reka bentuk sesebuah tiang amatlah penting kerana ia akan menentukan dari segi saiz,
beban yang boleh dikenakan ke atas asas, saiz dan jumlah besi yang digunakan dan sebagainya. Jadi, penentuan ke atas kriteria-
kriteria yang diberikan mempengaruhi kekuatan dan kekukuhan sesebuah asas. Oleh itu, bagi pengiraan asas yang telah dijalankan, bei
tetulang yang digunakan adalah sebanyak 16 batang yang bersaiz 12mm.
4.0 RUJUKAN
1. Penghantar, K., Keseluruhan, L. E., Klasik, T. B. C. S. P., Rasuk, T. D. B. S. T., Sipi, T. B., Baki, T., & Tiang, K. H. Reka
bentuk untuk kestabilan struktur.
2. Ahmad, Y. (2004). Teori Struktur. Penerbit UTM.
3. Salman Salim, Noor Khazanah A. Rahman (2017). Kejuruteraan Pembinaan. Penerbit UTHM
4. Yusof, M. M. (2014). Effects of Circular Openings in RC Deep Beams at Top of Shear Span Near Support (Doctoral
dissertation, UMP).
5. SCRIBD (2017), Tiang, Rasuk Bumi, Lantai
Kameswara Rao Chellapilla (2019). Non-linear torsional vibration of lengthy thin-walled simply supported beam of open
section resting on Winkler foundation
5.0 LAMPIRAN
