Class XI – NCERT – Maths Chapter 5

Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

Exercise 5.1
Question 1:
§ 3 ·
Express the given complex number in the form a  ib :  5i  ¨  i ¸
© 5 ¹
Solution 1:
3
5i  §¨ i ·¸ 5 u u i u i
3
© 5 ¹ 5
3i 2
3 1
3 ª¬i 2 1º¼
=3

Question 2:
Question
Q
given
Express the give ccomplex
veen co umber in the form a  ib :i9  i19
mplex nnumber

Solution 2:
i9  i19 i 4u21  i 4u43
i  4 2
˜ i  i 4  ˜ i3
4

1u i  1u  i  ª¬i 4 1,, i3 i º¼
i   i 
0

Question 3:
mber in the form a  ib : i 39
Express the given complex num
number
mb

Solution 3:
i 39 i 4u93 i  4 9
˜ i 3

1
9
˜ i 3 ª¬i 4 1º¼
1 1
ª¬i3 i ¼º
i3 i
1 i
u
i i
ii i

i ª¬i 2 1º¼
i 2 1

Question 4:
Express the given complex number in the form a a  ib :
3  7  i7   i  7  i7 

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Class XI – NCERT – Maths Chapter 5
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
Solution 4:
3 7  i7   i  7  i7  21  21i  7i  7i 2
21  28i  7 u  1 ª¬ i2 1º¼
14  28i

Question 5:
Express the given co m lex number in the form a  ib : 1  i    1  i6 .
complex
o mp

Soluti
t on
ti on 5:
Solution 5:
1  i    1 i6 1  i  1  6i
2  7i

Question 6:
§1 2· § 5·
Express the given ccomplex mber in the form a  ib : ¨  i ¸  ¨ 4  i ¸
o mplex num
number
©5 5¹ © 2¹

Solution 6:
§1 2· § 5·
¨ i ¸ ¨4i ¸
©5 5¹ © 2¹
1 2 5
 i 4 i
5 5 2
§ 1 · § 2 5·
¨  4¸  i ¨  ¸
©5 ¹ ©5 2¹
19
19 § 21 ·
i¨ ¸
5 © 10 ¹
19 21
 i
5 10

Question
Q uestion 7:
ª§ 1 7· § 1 ·º § 4 ·
Express
Expr ess the given complex number in the fo
res r a  ib
form ib : «¨  i ¸  ¨ 4  i ¸»  ¨   i ¸
¬© 3 3¹ © 3 ¹¼ © 3 ¹

Solution 7:
ª§ 1 7 · § 1 ·º § 4 ·
«¨ 3  i 3 ¸  ¨ 4  i 3 ¸»  ¨ 3  i ¸
¬© ¹ © ¹¼ © ¹
1 7 1 4
 i  4 i  i
3 3 3 3
§1 4· §7 1 ·
¨  4  ¸  i ¨   1¸
©3 3¹ © 3 3 ¹

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Class XI – NCERT – Maths Chapter 5
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
17 5
i
3 3

Question 8:
tthee form a  ib : 1  i 
4
number
Express the given complex nu
umb er iin
mber
er n th

Solution 8:
2
1  i  ª1  i 2 º
4
¬ ¼
2
ª¬12  i 2  2i º¼

>1 1  2i @2
 2i 
2

 2i  u  2i 
4i 2 4 ª¬i 2 1º¼

Question 9:
3
§1 ·
Express the given compl
lex
le
e number iin
complex n the form a  ib : ¨  3i ¸
©3 ¹

Solution 9:
3 3
§1 · §1· §1· §1 ·
3ii ¸ ¨ ¸   3i   3 ¨ ¸  3i  ¨  3i ¸
3
¨ 3
©3 ¹ © 3¹ © 3¹ ©3 ¹
1 §1 ·
 27i3  3i ¨  3i ¸
27 ©3 ¹
1
 27  i   i  9i 2 ª¬i3 i º¼
27
1
 27i  i  9 ª¬i 2 1º¼
27
§ 1 ·
¨  9 ¸  i  27  1
©2277 ¹
242
2
266i
27

Question 10:
3
§ 1 ·
Express the given complex number in the form a  ib : ¨ 2  i ¸
© 3 ¹

Solution 10:

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Class XI – NCERT – Maths Chapter 5
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
3 3
§ 1 · 3§ 1 ·
¨ 2  3 i ¸  1 ¨ 2  3 i ¸
© ¹ © ¹
ª §i·
3
§ i ·§ i ·º
 «23  ¨ ¸  3  2 ¨ ¸¨ 2  ¸»
«¬ © 3¹ © 3 ¹© 3 ¹»¼
ª i3 § i ·º
 «8   2i ¨ 2  ¸»
¬ 27 © 3 ¸¹¼
ª i 2i 2 º
 «8   4i 4i  ª¬i3 i º¼
¬ 2 277 3 ¼»
ª i 2º
ª¬i 2
 «8   4 4ii  » 1º¼
¬ 27 3¼
ª 22 107 7i º
« 
¬3 27 ¼»
22 107
  i
3 27

Question 11:
Find the multiplicative
multiplicatt ivee in he complex number 4  3
nverse off tthe
inverse 3ii .

Solution 11:
Let z 4  3i
Then,
42   3
2
z 4  3i and z 1  9 25
16
Therefore, the multiplicative in r e of 4  3i is given by
inverse
nve
v rs
z 4  3i 4 3
z 1 2
 i
z 25 25 25

Question 12:
Find
F
Find the multiplicative inverse of the com
complex
o mplex numbe
number
bbeer 5  3i

Solu
Solution
uti
tion 12:
Let z 5  3i

 5
2 2
Then, z 5  3i and z  32 5  9 14
Therefore, the multipl
multiplicative
plic
icat
icat i e inverse of
ativ
at 5  3i
z 5  3i 5 3i
z 1 2

z 14 14 14

Question 13:

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Class XI – NCERT – Maths Chapter 5
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
Find the multiplicative inverse of the complex number i

Solution 13:
Let z i
2
Then, z i and z 12 1
Therefore, the multipl
multiplicative
plic
icat
att iv
ve in
in
inverse of i is given by
z i
z 1 2
i
z 1

Qu
Question
uestion 14:
14:
Express
E
Exxpress the fo
ffollowing
foll xpression in the form of a  ib .
o llowing expression
ex
3  i 5 3  i 5 
 3  2i    3  i 2 
Solution 14:
3  i 5 3  i 5 
 3  2i    3  i 2 
3  i 5 
2 2

ª¬ a  b  a  b  a 2  b2 º¼
3  2i  3  2i
2i
9  5i 2

2 2i
9  5  1
¬ªi 1¼º
2

2 22ii
95 i
u
2 2i i
14i
2 2i 2
14i
2 2  1
7i 2
u
2 2
7 2i
2

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Class XI – NCERT – Maths Chapter 5
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
Exercise 5.2
Question 1:
Find the modulus and the argument of the complex number z 1  i 3

Solution 1:
z 1  i 3
Let r cosT 1 an nd r sin T  3
and
On squaring
squarin
ng and
an
nd adding,
ad
dding
n , we obtain
 
2
 r cosT    r sin T   1
2 2 2
  3
Ÿ r 2  cos2 T  sin 2 T  1  3
Ÿr2 4 cos2 T  sin
ª¬cos i 2 T 1º¼
Ÿr 4 2 >Con
nventionally, r ! 0@
Conventionally,
? Modulus = 2
? 2cosT 1 an
nd 2
and sin T
2sin  3
1  3
Ÿ cosT in T
and ssin
2 2
Since both the values ooff sin T annd cosT negative and si
and inT and co
sin osT are negative in III
cos
quadrant,
§ S · 2S
Argument  ¨ S  ¸
© 3¹ 3
2S
arrgument of the complex numberr 
Thus, the modulus and argument 11  3i are 2 and 
3
respectively.

Question 2:
Find the modulus and the argumentt of
o the complex num
number
mbe
ber z  3 i

Solution 2:
z  3 i
osT  3 and r sin T 1
Let r ccos
Let
On squaring
squ
quar
aarring and adding, we obtain

 3
2
r 2 cos2 T  r 2 sin
sin 2 T  12
٠r2 3 1 4 »cos T  sin
i 2 T 1¼º
2

Ÿr 4 2 >CConventionally,
onventionally, r ! 0@
? Modulus = 2
? 2cosT  3 and 2sin T 1

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Class XI – NCERT – Maths Chapter 5
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

 3 1
Ÿ cosT and sin T
2 2
S 5S
?T S [As T lies in the II quadrant]
6 6
5S
Thus, the modulus an argumen
argument
nt ooff tthe complex
he com
he plex ber  3  i ar
number
l numb are 2 and respectively.
6

Question 3:
Convert
Conver
errt th
tthe o mplex number in polar form: 1 i
he given co
complex

Solution
So
olu
lu
lution 3:
1 i
Let r cosT 1 an d r sin T 1
aand
On squaring and
d adding, wee obtain
r 2 cos2 T  r 2 sin 2 T 12   1
2

Ÿ r 2  cos2 T  sin 2 T  1  1
Ÿ r2 2
Ÿr 2 >Conventionally,
Conven onally, r ! 0@
ntio
in T 1
? 2 cosT 1 and 2 ssin
1 1
Ÿ cosT and sin T 
2 2
S
?T  >As T liesin the IVquadrant @
4
§ S· § S· ª § S· § S ·º
? 1  i r cosT  i r sin
i T cos ¨  ¸  i 2 sin
2 cos i ¨ ¸ 2 «cos ¨  ¸  i sin
i ¨  ¸»
© 4¹ © 4¹ ¬ © 4¹ © 4 ¹¼
This is the required polar form.

Question 4:
Convert
C
Co nvert the given complex number in poo form: 1  i
ppolar
olar

Solution
Solu
uti
t on 4:
1 i
Let r cosT 1 and r sin T 1
On squaringg and
an
nd adding,
aaddding, we obtain
 1
2
r 2 cos2 T  r 2 sin 2 T 12
Ÿ r 2  cos2 T  sin
s n2 T  11
Ÿ r2 2
Ÿr 2 [Conventionally, r > 0]
? 2 cosT 1 and 2 sin T 1

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Class XI – NCERT – Maths Chapter 5
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
1
Ÿ cosT  and 2 sin T 1
2
S 3S
?T S  [As T lies in the II quadrant]
4 4
It can be written,
3S 3S § 3S 3S ·
?
11 i sin T
r cosT  i r sin 2 cos  i 2 sin
i 2 ¨ cos  i sin
sin ¸
4 4 © 4 4 ¹
This is the requ
required
quuir
ired
d polar
pol
o ar form.

Ques
Question
essti
tion 5:
5:
Convert
Con
Co
onvert
nv the gi ggiven plleex number in polar form: 1  i
v n comp
ve complex

Solution 5:
1 i
Let r cosT 1 annd r sin T 1
aand
On squaring and adding,
ad
ddi
d ng, we ob
obtain
btain
 1   1
2 2
r 2 cos2 T  r 2 sin
i 2T
Ÿ r 2  cos2 T  sin
s n2 T  11
Ÿ r2 2
Ÿr 2 nal y, r ! 0 ]
[Conventionally,
[Convention
nall
na
? 2 cosT 1 and 2 si in T 1
sin
1 1
Ÿ cosT  and sin T 
2 2
§ S· 3S
?T  ¨ S  ¸  [As T lies in the
th
he III
III quadrant]
© 4¹ 4
3S
3
 3S
? 1
1  i r cos T  i r sin
i T 2 cos
cco
os  i 2 sin
i
4 4
§ 3S
3
 3S ·
2 ¨ cos  i sin
i ¸
© 4 4 ¹
This
T
This is the required polar form.

Questi
Question
tiion 6:
Convert th
the
he gi ven complex number in polar form: 3
ggiven

Solution 6:
3
Let r cosT 3 and r sin T 0
On squaring and adding, we obtain
 3
2
r 2 cos2 T  r 2 sin 2 T
Ÿ r 2  cos2 T  sin 2 T  9

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Class XI – NCERT – Maths Chapter 5
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

Ÿ r2 9
Ÿr 9 3 [Conventionally, r > 0]
? 3cosT 3 and 3sin T 0
Ÿ cosT 1 and sin 0
?T S
 3 r cosT  i r ssin
? 3 in T 3cos
in cos S  i 3sin S 3 cos S  i sin S 
This is the required
requi
uired
reed ppolar
olar form.

Question
Q
Qu estion 7:
Convert
Convert the gi
given
ive
v n comp
complex
pleex number in polar form: 3 i

Solution 7:
3 i
Let r cosT nd r sin T 1
3 an
and
On squaring and add
adding,
diinng, we obtain
ob
btaain
 3
2
r 2 cos2 T  r 2 sin
i 2T  12
Ÿ r 2  cos2 T  sin
in 2 T  3  1
Ÿ r2 4
Ÿr 4 2 >Conventionally,
ntionally, r ! 0@
Conventio
Conven
? 2cosT 3 and 2sin T 1
3 1
Ÿ cosT and sin T
2 2
S
?T [As T llies
ies in the I quadrant
quadrant]
ntt]
6
S S § S S·
? 3 i r cosT  i r sin
i T
sin 2cos  i 2sin
2 sin
i cos  i sin
2 ¨ cos i ¸
6 6 © 6 6¹
This
Th
T his is the required polar form.

Questiion
Question
on 8:
the
Convert th ggiven
he gi ven complex number in polar form: i

Solution 8:
i
Let r cosT 0 and r sin T 1
On squaring and adding, we obtain
r 2 cos2 T  r 2 sin2 T 02 12

Ÿ r 2 cos2 T  sin 2 T 1 

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Class XI – NCERT – Maths Chapter 5
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

Ÿ r2 1
Ÿr 1 1 >Conventionally, r ! 0@
? cosT 0 and sin T 1
S
?T
2
S S
?i r cosT  i r si
in T
sin cos  i sin
i
2 2
This is the re
requ
required
quir
i ed
d polar
pol
o ar form.

Exercise 5.3
Question 1:
n x2  3 0
Solve the equation

Solution 1:
quaation is x2  3 0
The given quadraticc eq
equation
On comparing the given n eequation
q ation w
qu t ax2  bx  c 0,
with
ith
We obtain a 1 1, b 00, and
and c 3
Therefore, the discriminant
discriminan nt of
o the giv
given
veenn equ
equation
quat
qu ation
at
atio
iio
on is
is
D b  4ac 0  4 u1u 3 12
2 2

Therefore, the required soluti

solutions
tiion
o s are
b r D r 12 r 12i ª 1 iº
2a 2 u1 2 ¬ ¼
r2 3 3ii
r 3i
2

Question 2:
So
S olve the equation 2x2  x 1 0
Solve

Soluti
Solution
tion
ti o 2:
The give
given
en qu adratic equation is 2x2  x 1 0
qquadratic
On comparing h given equation with ax2  bxx  c 0 ,
ngg tthe
he
We obtain a 2, 2 b 1 and c 1
Therefore, the discriminant
discriminan
an
nt of
of the given equation is
D b  4ac 1  4 u 2 u1 1  8 7
2 2

Therefore, the required solutions are

b r D 1 r 7 1 r 7i ª 1 i º
2a 2u 2 4 ¬ ¼

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Class XI – NCERT – Maths Chapter 5
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
Question 3:
Solve the equation x2  3x  9 0

Solution 3:
The ggiven qquadratic equation
q is x2  3x  9 0
On comparing the given equ equation io with ax2  bx  c 0 ,
quaatttiio
qu ion
We obtain a 1 1, b 3, 3, and
nd
n c 9
Therefore, the ddiscriminant
iscrrim
is iminant of the given equation is
D b  4ac 3  4 u1u 9 9  36 27
2 2
2
Therefore,
Ther
reffor
ore, the requi
required
ire
redd solutions are
b r D 3 r 27
3 3 r 3 3 3 r 3 3i ª 1 i º
2a 2 1 2 2 ¬ ¼

Question 4:
n  x2  x  2 0
Solve the equation

Solution 4:
The given quadratic equation
eq
eq iss x2  x  2 0
On comparing the give
given
en eequation
en quation w ith ax2  bx  c 0 ,
with
We obtain a 1 1, b 1 nd c 2
1,, aand
Therefore, the discriminant
discriminaanant of the ggiven
ivven equation is
D b2  4ac 12  4 u  1 u  2 1 8 7
Therefore, the required solu
solutions
uti
t on
o s are
b r D 1 1 r 7 1 r 7i ª 1 i º
2a 2  1 2 ¬ ¼

Question 5:
Solve the equation x2  3x  5 0

Solution 5:
Thee given quadratic equation is x2  3x  5 0
T
Th
omparing the given equation with axx2  bx  c 0 ,
On comparing
com
an a 1
We oobtain
btai
bt 1, b 3 3, and c 5
Therefore,
Therefor re, tthe
h discriminant of the given equation is
he
D b  4ac 32  4 u1u 5 9  20 11
2

Therefore, the requi

required
uiireed so
ssolutions
lutions are
b r D 3 3 r 11 3 r 11 11 i ª 1 i º
2a 2 u1 2 ¬ ¼

Question 6:
Solve the equation x2  x  2 0

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Class XI – NCERT – Maths Chapter 5
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

Solution 6:
The given quadratic equation is x2  x  2 0
On comparing the given equation with ax2  bx  c 0 ,
We obtain a 1, b 1, an and
and c 2
Therefore, the discriminan
discriminant
antt ooff tthe
he given equation is
he
 1
2
D b2  4a
ac  4 u1u 2 1  8 7
Therefore, tthe
h rrequired
he e uiire
eq red solutions are
red
b
b r D   1 r 7 1 r 7i ª 1 i º
2a 2 u1 2 ¬ ¼

Question 7:
Question
Q
Solve the equation
equati
tiion
o 2 x2  x  2 0

Solution 7:
quation iiss 2x2  x  2 0
The given quadraticc eequation
On comparing the ggiven
iv
iven
ve equatio ionn with ax2  bx  c 0 ,
equation
io
We obtain a 2, b 1
2 1,, and c 2
Therefore, the discriminant
discriminnan nt of the ggiven
iven equation is
iv
D b  4ac 1  4 u 2 u 2 1 8 7
2 2

Therefore, the required so

solutions
o lu
luti
t ons are
b
b r D 1
1 r 7 1 r 7i ª 1 i º
2a 2u 2 2 2 ¬ ¼

Question 8:
Solve the equation 3x2  2x  3 3 0

Solution 8:
The given quadratic equation is 3x2  2x  3 3 0
Onn comparing the given equation with a
O axx2  bx  c 0 ,
We oobtain
b ain a
bt 3, b  2,
3 2 and c 3 3
Therefore,
Therreffoorre,
e the discriminant of the given equation is
 2   3  3 3 
2
D b2  4ac 4 2  36 34
Therefore, the requi
required
uiireed solutions are
b
b r D  
  2 r 34
4 2 r 34
34 i ª 1 i º
2a 2u 3 2 3 ¬ ¼

Question 9:

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Class XI – NCERT – Maths Chapter 5
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
1
Solve the equation x2  x  0
2

Solution 9:
1
equatiion iiss x2  x 
The given quadratic equation 0
2
This equation ca
canan al so be written as 2x2  2x  1 0
aalso
als
lso
On comparing
comparir ng
n th
tthee gi v n equation with ax2  bx  c 0 , we obtain a
given
ive 2, b
2 2, and c 1
2

 2  2  u1
2
? Disc m nant  D  b2  4ac
Discriminant
sccri
rimi  4u 24 2
Therefore,
Th
her
erefore, tthe
he required ssolutions
o lutions are

b r D  2 r 24 2 
 2 r 2 1 2 2 
2a 2u 2 2 2

¨ 
§  2 r 2 2 2 1 i ·
¸  ª 1 i º
¨ ¸ ¬ ¼
¨ 2 2 ¸
© ¹
1 r  2 2 1 i 
2

Question 10:
x
Solve the equation x2  1 0
2

Solution 10:
x
The given quadratic equation is x2  1
1 0
2
This equation can also be written as 2x2  x  2 0
On comparing the given equation with axx2  bx  c 0 ,
h a
W obtain a
We 2, b 1,
2 1 and c 2
?Discriminant  D
Discriminant b2  4ac 12  4 u 2 u 2 1  8 7
Therefore,
Ther
reffoorre,
e the required solutions are
b
b r D 1 r 7 1 r 7 i ª 1 i º
2a 2 2 2 2 ¬ ¼

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Class XI – NCERT – Maths Chapter 5
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
Miscellaneous Exercise
Question 1:
3
ª §1· º
25

Evaluate: «i18  ¨ ¸ »
«¬ © i ¹ »¼

Solution 1:
3
ª 18 § 1 ·25 º
«i  ¨ ¸ »
«¬ © i ¹ ¼»
3
ª 4u42 1 º
«¬i  4u61 »
i ¼
3
ª º
« i 4  ˜ i 2  1 »
4

«
¬  i  ˜ i ¼»
4 6

3
ª 2 1º
«¬i  i ¼» ¬ªi 1¼º
4

3
ª 1 iº
«¬1
1  u » ª¬i 2 1¼º
i i¼
3
ª iº
«¬ 1  i 2 »¼

>1  i@3
 1 >1  i@
3 3

 ª¬13  i3  3 ˜1˜ i 1  i º¼
 ª¬1  i3  3i  3i 2 º¼
 >1  i  3i  3@
 > 2  2i @
2  2i

Qu
Question
ues
estion 2:
For any
an
ny two complex numbers z1 and z 2 , prov
prove
ovve th
tthat
at
Re  z1z2  R
Ree z1 Re z2  Im z1 Im z2

Solution 2:
Let z1 x1  iy1 and z2 x2  iy
iy2
? z1z2  x1  iy1  x2  iy2 
x1  x2  iy2   iy1  x2  iy2 
x1x2  ix1 y2  iy1x2  i 2 y1 y2

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5. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
Class XI – NCERT – Maths Chapter 5
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

x1x2  ix1 y2  iy1x2  y1 y2 ª¬i 2 1º¼

 x1x2  y1 y2   i  x1 y2  y1x2 
Ÿ Re  z1z2  x1x2  y1 y2
Ÿ Re  z1z2  Re z1 Re z2  Im z1 Im m z2
Hence, proved.

Question 3:
§ 1 2 ··§§ 3  4
4ii ·
Re
eduuce
ce ¨
Reduce  ¸¸¨¨ ¸ to the standard form
© 1 4
4ii 1  i ¹©© 5  i ¹

Solution 3:
§ 1 2 ·§§ 3  4i 4i · ª 1  i   2 1  4i  º ª 3  4
4ii º
¨  ¸¨ ¸ « »«
© 1  4i 1  i ¹© 5  i ¹ ¬ 1  4i 1  i  ¼ ¬ 5  i ¼»
ª 1  i  2  8i º ª 3  4i º ª 1  9i º ª 3  4i º
«¬1  i  4i  4i 2 ¼» «¬ 5  i ¼» «¬ 5  3i ¼» «¬ 5  i ¼»

ª 3  4i  27 36i 2 º
7i  36 33  31
31i 33  31i
« 25  5i 15i  3i 2 » 28 10i 2 14  5i 
¬ ¼
33  31i  u 14  5i  [On
[[O
On multiplying numerator
nu r and denominator by
2 14  5i  14  5i 
14  5i  ]
462  165i  434i  155i 2 307  599i
307
2 ª14   5i  º
2 2
2 196  25i 2 
¬ ¼
307  599i 307  599i 307 7 599
599i

2  221 442 442 442442
This is the required standard form.

Qu
Question
Qu 4:
a  ib a 2  b2
prove that  x2  y 2 
2
If x  iiyy
c  id c2  d 2

Solution 4:
a  ib
x  iy
c  id
a  ib c  id
u [On multiplying numerator and denominator by  c  id  ]
c  id c  id
 ac  bd   i  ad  bc 
c2  d 2

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5. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
Class XI – NCERT – Maths Chapter 5
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

?  x  iy 
2  ac  bd   i  ad  bc 
c2  d 2

Ÿ x2  y 2  2ixy
 ac  bd   i  ad  bc 
c2  d 2
On comparing real and imag imaginary
a inar
aryy pa
pparts,
rrtttss,
s, w
wee ob
oobtain
tain
n
ac  bd ad
a d bbcc
x2  y 2 ,  2 xyy ...... 1
c d
2 2
c  d2
2

x  y2  x  y 2   4 x2 y 2
2 2 2 2

2
§ acc  bd
bd · § adad  b
bcc ·
¨ 2 2 ¸
¨ 2 2 ¸
[Using (1)]
© c d ¹ © c d ¹
a2c2  b2 d 2  2acbd  a 2d 2  b2c 2  2adbc
c  d2 
2 2

a 2 c 2  b2 d 2  a 2 d 2  b2 c 2
c  d2 
2 2

a 2  c 2  d 2   b2  c 2  d 2 
c  d  2 2 2

 c  d  a  b 
2 2 2 2

c  d 
2 2 2

a 2  b2
c2  d 2
Hence, proved.

Question 5:
Convert the following in the polar fform:
orm:
or
1  7i 1  3i
(i) , (ii)
2  i 1  2i
2

Solution
So
olu
l tion 5:
1 7
7ii
(i) He
Here
Here,
ree, z
2  i
2

1  7i 1  7i 1  7i
2  i 4  i 2  4i 4 1  4i
2

1  7i 3  4i 3  4i  21
2 i  28
28i 2
u
3  4i 3  4i 32  42
3  4i  21i  28 25  25i
32  42 25
1  i

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5. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
Class XI – NCERT – Maths Chapter 5
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
Let r cosT 1 and r sin T 1

On squaring and adding, we obtain r 2 cos2 T  sin 2 T  1
Ÿ r 2  cos2 T  sin 2 T  2
Ÿ r2 2 os2 T  si
ª¬ccos n 2 T 1º¼
sin
Ÿr 2 [Conventionally, r ! 0 ]
? 2 cosT and 2 sin T 1
1 and
1 1
Ÿ cosT siin T
and sin
2 2
S 3S
?T S  [As T lies in II quadrant]
4 4
? z r cosT  i r sin T
3S 3S § 3S 3S ·
2 cos  i 2 sin
si 2 ¨ cos  i sin
iin ¸
4 4 © 4 4 ¹
This is the required ed polar for
ed form.
rm.
1  3i
(ii) Here, z
1  2i
1  3i 1  2i
u
1  2i 1  2i
1  2i  3i  6
1 4
5
5  5i
1  i
5
Let r cosT 1 and r sin T
b ain r 2  cos2 T  sin 2 T 
1 on squaring and adding, wee oobtain
bt
1 1
Ÿ r 2  cos2 T  sin 2 T  2
Ÿ r2 2 ª¬cos2 T  ssi
in 2 T 1º¼
sin
Ÿr 2 >Conve
entionally, r ! 0@
Conventionally,
? 2 cosT 1 and 2 sin T 1
1 1
osT
Ÿ co
cos and sin T
2 2
S 3S
?T S [As T lies in II quadrant]
4 4
? z r cosT  i r sinT
sin
3S 3S § 3S 3S ·
2 cos  i 2 sin
i 2 ¨ cos  i sin
sin ¸
4 4 © 4 4 ¹
This is the required polar form.

Question 6:

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5. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
Class XI – NCERT – Maths Chapter 5
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
20
Solve the equation 3x2  4 x  0
3

Solution 6:
20
equatiion iss 3x2  4 x 
The given quadratic equation 0
3
This equation can al so bbee written as 9x2 12x  20 0
also
lso
On comparing g tthis
hii equation
his equation
eq
q 9 b 12 an
with ax2  bxx  c 0 , we obtain a 9, n c 20
aand
nd
Therefore,
Thereforre,
e tthe
h discr
he discriminant
rim
minant of the given equation is
D b  4acc  1 12  4 u 9 u 20 144  720 576
2 2

Therefore,
Th
herefore,
er th
the
he rrequired
equired ssolutions
o lutions are
b r D  12 r 5
b 76 12 r 576 i
576
ª 1 i º
2a 2u9 18 ¬ ¼
24ii 6  2 r 4i  2 r 4i 2 4
12 r 24
r i
18 188 3 3 3

Question 7:
3
Solve the equation x2  2 x  0
2

Solution 7:
3
on iiss x2  2 x 
The given quadratic equatio
on
equation 0
2
This equation can also be writ t n as 2x2  4x  3 0
written
ittte
On comparing this equation wit
with 2, b 4 and c 3
ith ax2  bx  c 0 , we obtain a 2
Therefore, the discriminant of the
th
he given equation is
 4
2
D b2  4ac  4 u 2 u 3 16
16  24 8
Therefore, the required solutions aree
b r D   4 r 8
b 4r2 2i ª 1 i º
2a 2u 2 4 ¬ ¼
2 r 2i 2
1r i
2 2

Question 8:
Solve the equation 27 x2 10x 1 0
27

Solution 8:
The given quadratic equation is 27 x2 10x 1 0
On comparing this equation with ax2  bx  c 0 , we obtain a 27, b 10 and c 1
Therefore, the discriminant of the given equation is

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5. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
Class XI – NCERT – Maths Chapter 5
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

 10
2
D b2  4ac  4 u 27 u1 100 108 8
Therefore, the required solutions are
b r D   10 r 8 10 r 2 2 i ª 1 i º
2a 2 u 27 54 ¬ ¼
5 r 2i 5 2
r i
27 27 27 7

Question n 9:
Solvee th
tthe
he equation
eq
eq 1x2  28x 10 0
21
2

Solution
S
Soolution 9:
The given quad
quadratic
adratic equa
ad o is 21x2  28
equation
atiion 2 x 10 0
On comparing tthis
his equation
hi 2
1, b 28
n with ax  bx  c 0 , we obtain a 21
21,
2 2 annd c 10
and
Therefore, the dis
discriminant
scr
c iminant of
of the given equation is
 28
2
D b2  4ac  4 u 21u10 784  840 56
Therefore, the requi
required
ire
re solution
red solutions
ns are
b r D   28 r 56 2
b 8 r 56 i
28 ª 1 i º
2a 2 u 21 42
42 ¬ ¼
288 r 2 14 i 28
8 2 14 14 2 14
14
r i r i
42 42 2
42 3 21 21

Question 10:
z1  z2  1
If z1 2  i, z2 1  i, find
z1  z2  1

Solution 10:
z1 2  i, z2 1  i

?
z1  z2  1  2  i   1  i   1
z1  z2  1  2  i   1  i   1
4 4
2  2i 2 1  i 

2 1 i 2 1  i 
u
1 i 1 i 1  i 
2 2

2 1  i 
ª¬i 2 1º¼
11
2 1  i 
2

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5. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
Class XI – NCERT – Maths Chapter 5
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

1 i 12  12 2
z1  z2  1
Thus, the value of is 2.
z1  z2  1

Question 11:
 x  i  x  1
2 2 2

If a  ib , ppro e that a 2  b2
prove
rov
2 x2  1  2x  1
2 2

Solution
So
olu
lution 11:
1::
 x  i
2

a  ib
2 x2  1
x2  i 2  2xi
2 x2  1
x2 1  i 2 x
2 x2  1
x2 1 § 2 2xx ·
i¨ 2 ¸
2x 1 © 2x 1 ¹
2

On comparing real and im

imaginary
maginary pa
parts,
art
r s, we obtain
x 1
2
2x
a and b
2x 1
2
2 x2  1
2 2
§ x2  1 · § 2 x ·
?a b ¨ 2 ¸ ¨ 2 ¸
2 2

© 2x  1 ¹ © 2x  1 ¹
x4 1
 1  2 x2  4 x2
 2 x  1
2

x4  1  2 x2
 2x 1 2 2

 x  1
2 2

 2 x  1
2 2

 x  1
2 2

?a b2 2

 2x  1
2 2

Hence, proved.

Question 12:
§zz · § 1 ·
Let z1 2  i, z2 2  i . Find (i) Re ¨ 1 2 ¸ , (ii) Im ¨ ¸
© z1 ¹ © z1 z1 ¹

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5. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
Class XI – NCERT – Maths Chapter 5
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
Solution 12:
z1 2  i, z2 2  i
(i) z1z2  2  i  2  i  4  2i  2i  i 2 4  4i   1 3  4i
z1 2i
zz 3  4i
? 1 2
z1 2i
merator and denominator by  2  i  , we obtain
On multiplying numerator
num
z1 z2  3  4i    2  i  66  3i  8i  4i 2 6  11i  4  1
6
z1  2  i  2  i  22  12 22  12
2  11i 2 11
 i
5 5 5
On
O n comparingg real real parts,s, w
wee obtain
§ z z · 2
Re ¨ 1 2 ¸
© z1 ¹ 5
1 1 1 1
(ii)
z1 z1  2  i  2  i   2  1 5
2 2

On comparing imagin
imaginary
innary parts,, w
wee obtain
§ 1 ·
Im ¨ ¸ 0
© z1 z1 ¹

Question 13:
1  2i
Find the modulus and argument
argum n of the complex number
men
ent
1  3i

Solution 13:
1  3i
Let z , then
1  3i
1  2i 1  3i 1  3i  2i  6i 2 1  5i  6  1
z u
1  3i 1  3i 12  32 1 9

55  5i 5 5i 1 1
  i
10 10 10 2 2
Lett z r cosT  ir sin T
L
Le
1 1
os T
cos
i.e., r co and r sin T
2 2
On squaringg andan
nd adding,
a ding, we obtain
ad
2 2
§ 1 · § 1 ·
r  cos T  sin T 
2 2 2
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
© 2 ¹ © 2¹
1 1 1
Ÿ r2 
4 4 2
1
Ÿr >Conventionally, r ! 0@
2

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5. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
Class XI – NCERT – Maths Chapter 5
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
1 1 1 1
? cosT and sin T
2 2 2 2
1 1
Ÿ cosT andsin T
2 2
S 3S
?T S As T lies
[A
[As lies
lie in
in the
t e II quad
th quadrant]
dran
ntt]]
4 4
1 3S
modulus
Therefore, the mood
dulus
d aare
and argument of the given complex number arre
re and
2 4
respectively.
respective
ely
ly.

Question
Qu uestion 14:
144:
Find
F ind the real nnumbers nd y if  x  iy 3  5i  is the conjugate of 6
u bers x aand
um 6  224i
4i .

Solution 14:
Let z  x  iy  3  5i 
z 3x  5xi  3yi  5 yi 2 3x  5xi  3yi  5 y 3x  5y   i 5x  3y 
?z 3x  5 y   i 5x  3 y 
It is given that, z 6  24
24 i
? 3x  5 y   i 5x  3 y  6  24i
Equating real and imaginary
imaginar ary parts, wee obta
ar obtain
ain
in
3x  5 y 6 ........  i 
........  ii 
5x  3 y 24 .......
Multiplying equation (i) by 3 an
and
nd equation (ii) by 5 and thenn ad
adding
dding them, we obtain
9 x  15 y 18
25x  15 y 120
34 x 102
102
?x 3
34
Putting
Pu
P utting the value of x in equation (i), wee obtain
33  5 y 6
Ÿ5 y 6  9 15
Ÿ y 3
Thus, the values
vaalu
lues of x and y are 3 and 3 respectively.
es of

Question 15:
1 i 1 i
Find the modulus of  .
1 i 1 i

Solution 15:

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5. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
Class XI – NCERT – Maths Chapter 5
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

1  i   1  i 
2 2
1 i 1 i

1 i 1 i 1  i 1  i 
1  i 2  2i 1  i 2  2i
12  12
4i
2i
2
1 i 1 i
?  2i 22 2
1 i 1 i

Question
Qu
uestion 16:
166:
4  x2  y 2 
u v
IIff  x  iy 
3
u  iv, then
en sshow
how that: 
x y

Solution 16:
 x  iy 
3
u  iv
Ÿ x3  iy   3 ˜ x ˜ iy  x  iy  u  iv
3

Ÿ x3  i3 y3  3x2 yi  3xyy2i 2 u  iivv

Ÿ x3  iyy3  3x2 yyi  3xy
xy2 u  iv
Ÿ  x3  3xy 2   i  3x2 y  y3  u  iivv
On equating real and imagi
imaginary
ina
n ry parts,, w
wee ob
obtain
btain
i
u x3  3xy 2 , v 3x2 y  y3
u v x3  3xyy 2 3x2 y  y3
?  
x y x y
x  x2  3 y 2  y  3x 2  y 2 

x y
x  3 y  3x  y
2 2 2 2

4 x2  4 y 2
4  x2  y 2 

4  x2  y 2 
u v
? 
x y
Hence, proved.
pro
rove
ved.
ve d

Question 17:
E D
If D and E are different complex numbers with E 1, then find
1  DE

Solution 17:
Let D a  ib and E x  iy

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5. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
Class XI – NCERT – Maths Chapter 5
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

It is given that, E 1
? x2  y 2 1
Ÿ x2  y2 1 .......i 
E D  x  iy    a  ib 
1D 1   a  ib 
  x  iy 
 x  a  i  y  b
1   axx  a ibxx  by 
iy  ib
aiy
 x  a  i  y  b
1  ax  by   i bx  ay 
 x  a  i  y  b ª z1 z1 º
« »
1  ax  by   i bx  ay  ¬ z2 z2 ¼

 x  a    y  b
2 2

1  ax  by   bx  ay 
2 2

x2  a2  2a
ax  y 2  b2  2by
1  a2 x2  b2 y 2  2a
axx  2abxy
a xy  2byy  b2 x 2  a 2 y 2  2abx
abxy
xy

 x  y   a  b  2ax  2bbyy
2 2 2 2

1  a  x  y   b  y  x   2ax  2b
2 2 2 2
byy2 2

1  a2  b2  2ax  2by
U i g 1º¼
ª¬ Using
1  a2  b2  2ax  2by
E D
? 1
E
1  DE

Question 18:
quation 1  i
x
Find
F
Find the number of non-zero integral so
solutions
o lluutions of thee eequation 2x

Solution
Soluti
tiion
o 18:
1 i
x
2x

 1  1 
x
2
Ÿ 2
2x

 2
x
Ÿ 2x
Ÿ 2x / 2 2x
x
Ÿ x
2
Ÿ x 2x

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5. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
Class XI – NCERT – Maths Chapter 5
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
Ÿ 2x  x 0
Ÿx 0
Thus, 0 is the only integral solution of the given equation. Therefore, the number of nonzero
integral solutions of the given equation is 0.

Question 19:
If  a  ib c  id 
 e  if  g  ih A  iB, , then show that:
a 2
 b2 
 c2  d 2  e2  f 2  g 2  h2  A2  B2 .

Solu
lu
lut
ution 19:
Solution 199:
 a  ib c  id 
  e  if 
  g  ih A  iB
?  a  ib c  id  e  if 
  g  ih A  iB
 a  ib u  c  iid  u  e  iiff  u  g  ih A  iB ª¬ z1z2 z1 z2 º¼

Ÿ a 2  b 2 u c 2  d 2 u e2  f 2 u g 2  h 2 A2  B2
On squaring both sides,
sid
des, we obtain
obtaai
ai
ain
 a  b c  d e  f  g  h2  A2  B2 . Hence prove
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
proved.
ed.
ed

Question 20:
§ 1 i ·
m

If ¨ ¸ 1 then find thee least

le posi
positive
itiive
ve integral va
value
alu
luee of m.
© 1 i ¹

Solution 20:
§ 1 i ·
m

¨ ¸ 1
© 1 i ¹
§ 1 i 1 i ·
m

Ÿ¨ u ¸ 1
© 1 i 1 i ¹
m
§ 1  i 2 ·
Ÿ¨ 2 2 ¸ 1
¨ 1 1 ¸
© ¹
m
§ 12  i 2  2i ·
Ÿ¨ ¸ 1
© 2 ¹
§ 1  1  2i
m
2i ·
Ÿ¨ ¸ 1
© 2 ¹
m
§ 2i
2i ·
Ÿ¨ ¸ 1
©2¹
Ÿim 1
Ÿim i 4k

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5. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
Class XI – NCERT – Maths Chapter 5
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
? m 4k , where k is some integer.
Therefore, the least positive integer is 1.
Thus, the least positive integral value of m is 4  4 u1 .

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5. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations