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Pediatrics is the medical science that studies the human body from birth to adolescence in terms of
development and diseases that may occur during this period.
Childhood is the period whose chronological limits are from birth to adolescence.
Growth and development are complex biological processes interconnected.
Growth is the increase of the volume of the whole organism by summing the molecular, enzymatic,
tissue (quantitative) processes.
Development represents the functional aspect and includes all the processes and mechanisms of
adaptation, improvement of the abilities to which the child's body is subjected (qualitative process
that corresponds to the maturation of organs and systems). The standards of growth and
development should be interpreted according to the child. More important are the patterns,
patterns of growth and development than the size or certain abilities that the child possesses at a
given time.
Motor development
Typical development
The child tends to have a progressive evolution from birth. As the nervous system grows older,
coarse motor skills (related to locomotion) develop directionally from the cephalic extremity to the
lower limbs (Gesell, 1940). At first, around the age of two months the child will learn to maintain his
head position to look around him. As it identifies sounds and light, it will turn its head from side to
side, developing strength and coordination in the cervical and upper back muscles. At 3-4 months, it
will roll for the first time, in an attempt to reach the favorite toy. At 6 months, in the sitting position,
the child will balance himself with the help of his hands. In the next two months he will stand alone
in his sitting position and use his hands to explore a toy. Sitting on the floor, he will crawl on his
abdomen, and then into four legs. Generally, around the age of one year the child has learned to rise
in orthostatism, to walk along the furniture, or even to take a few steps alone, after which he will go
alone, will go up and down.
Introduction to motor development
The triad of motor behavior is:
Motor learning
Engine control
Motor development.
Kinetotherapy in pediatric disorders
Understanding motor development involves studying changes in motor behavior throughout life, the
processes underlying them and the factors that affect them.
Knowledge of motor development helps:
Understanding the patient's current motor behavior;
Knowledge of the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease;
Knowledge of the motor behavior in the patient's past and why;
Understanding and forecasting future motor performance.
Why is motor behavior studied?
The study of normal motor development allows to identify problems or delays in development;
In order to develop the motor performance.
The importance of the study of motor development:
Human development is multifactorial and multifaceted;
Knowledge of the interactions between the fields of physical, intellectual, social and emotional
development;
Can diagnose and treat, remedy diseases;
Can establish therapeutic methods to stimulate development for patient groups;
It refers to and helps to understand all the changes that occur throughout life.
Basic concepts
Motor development directions
From head to tail (from head to tail)
From proximal to distal (from the thorax to the periphery).
Differentiation and integration
Differentiation refers to the processes of motility, from the coarse motor control of the movement
to the fine motor control.
Integration refers to the ability of the system to function unitarily, to coordination.
Types of motility
Coarse motility - controlled by large muscles (walking, jumping)
Fine motor skills - made by small muscles (writing, drawing, sewing).
Sensitive-motor development
considerations
Most motor acts are perceptually-motor skills.
The move is based on information about the environment, the position and location of the limbs.
Perception - sensitivity
It represents the ability to receive information through analyzers.
It processes sensory information and appreciates the environment.
It confers the state of cognitive awareness.
The Perceptual-Motor Concept
Describes the child's sensory purchases by age and the consecutive motor purchases based on this
perception.
Sensitivity-sensory afferents are of great importance in childhood.
Kinetotherapy in pediatric disorders
Perceptions help cognitive development.
Sensitivity - visual perception - Important aspects for motor skills:
Perception of the size of objects,
Perception of figures and soil,
Perception of the whole and the parts,
Perception of depth or distance,
Spatial orientation,
Perception of movement.