SUBSTATION DESIGN GUIDE

Francis V. Mapile, P.E.E., F.I.I.E.E., Asean Engr.

1. PURPOSE AND SCOPE

 Possible design responsibilities of the engineer

 Economical approach
 Standard design

 Continue efforets to stay up to date with the

changing technologies

 Overview of the substation requirements such

as preparation of construction drawings,
material, equipment and any other engineering
design
2. IMPORTANCE OF ADEQUATE SUBSTATION
PLANNING AND ENGINEERING
 Substation Planning considers:
 Location

 Size

 Voltage

 Loads

 Ultimate function of the substation

 If adequate planning is not followed, a

substation may require unneccessary and
costly modifications
3. TYPES OF SUBSTATION

 Distribution Substations
 From subtransmission voltage to distribution voltage
and maybe supplied radially

 Transmission Substations
 Functions as bulk power distribution centers and uses
bus and switching arrangements more elaborately

 Switching Substations
 A combination of switching and controlling equipment
arranged to provide circuit protection and system switching flexibility

 Or any combination thereof

 Note: One design tendency is to reduce costs by reducing the number of substations
and taking advantage of economies of scale. Conversely, practical system design
and reliability considerations tend to includemany substations. One function of
system studies is to balance these two viewpoints.
4. GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

 Short and Long-Range  Reliability Considerations

Plan  Operating Considerations
 Site Considerations  Safety Considerations
 Environmental  Safety Considerations
Considerations  Maintenance
 Interfacing Considerations
Considerations
SITE CONSIDERATIONS
 Alternativeland use
 Location of present and
considerations
future load center
 Location of existing
 Location of existing and
distribution lines
future sources of power
 Nearness to all-
 Availability suitable
weather highway and
right -of-way and access to railroad siding,
site by overhead or accessibility to heavy
underground transmission equipment under all
and distribution circuits weather conditions,
and access roads
into the site
SITE CONSIDERATIONS

 Possible objections  Possible objections

regarding appearance, regarding present and
noise, or electrical future impact on other
effects private or public facilities
 Site maintenance  Soil resistivity
requirements including  Drainage and soil
equipment repair, conditions
watering, mowing,  Cost of earth removal,
landscaping, storage, earth addition, and earth
and painting moving
SITE CONSIDERATIONS

 Atmospheric conditions:  General topographical

salt and industrial features of site and
contaminations immediately contiguous
 Cost of cleanup for area: avoidance of
contaminated soils or earthquake fault lines,
buried materials floodplains, wetlands,
 Space for future as well and prime or unique
as present use farmlands where
possible
 Land title limitations,
zoning and ordinance
restrictions
SITE CONSIDERATIONS
 Total cost including
 Public safety transmission and
 Public concern; distribution lines with
avoidance of schools, due consideration of
daycare centers, and environmental factors
playgrounds  Threatened and
 Security from theft, endangered species and
vandalism, damage, their critical habitat
sabotage, and vagaries  Cultural resources
of weather  Possible adverse effects
on neighboring
communication facilities
POSSIBLE DOCUMENTS REQD. OF THE ENGR.

 Site Requirements  Substation Design

 Environmental  Detailed One-Line,
Assessment Elementary and
Schematic Diagrams
 Substation Design  Protective Relaying
 Functional One-Line  Application for Permits
Diagram
 Bid Proposals
 Technical Specifications
 Evaluation of Bids
 Construction Plan
 Project Economic Costs
Drawings
TYPES OF DRAWINGS/CHECKLISTS
 One-Line-Diagram-
Switching  Grounding Layouts
 One-Line-Diagram-  Control House-Architectural,
Functional Relaying eqpt, layout, lighting, etc.
 Electrical Plot Plan  Station Service Diagrams AC
 Site Preparation and DC
 Fence Layout  Cable Lists and Conduit Lists
 Electrical Layout  Drawing Lists
 Structure Erection  Control Panels
Diagrams  Schematic and Detailed
 Foundation Layouts Wiring Diagrams
COMMON SYMBOLS

 Three-Phase Transformer
with Tertiary

 Transformers
DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION

 Voltagesup to  Secondary voltages

 12.5Y/7.2kV
230kV on the
 13.2Y/7.6kV
primary side
 13.8Y/8.0kV

 24.9Y/14.4kV

 34.5Y/19.9kV
OTHER SYMBOLS
 Recloser
 Surge Arrester
BASIC DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION
VOLTAGE REGULATION
CIRCUIT BREAKER/RECLOSER
BYPASS FACILITIES
SURGE ARRESTERS

 Power Transformers
 Switching Structures
 Voltage Regulators
 Power Fuses
BASIC TRANSMISSION SUBSTATION
CIRCUIT BREAKER BYPASS FACILITIES
TRANSMISSION SUBSTATION
 Surge
Arresters
 Carrier
Equipment
 Voltage
Transformers
 Current
Transformers
 Grounding
Switches
SWITCHING STATIONS
TYPICAL BUS CONFIGURATION

 Single Bus  Ring Bus

 Sectionalized Bus  Breaker-and-a-Half

 Main and Transfer  DoubleBreaker-

Bus Double Bus
SINGLE-BUS LOW PROFILE
SINGLE BUS LOW PROFILE
SINGLE BUS-HIGH PROFILE
SINGLE BUS-HIGH PROFILE
SECTIONALIZED BUS
MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS
MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS
MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS- HIGH PROFILE
MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS- HIGH PROFILE
RING BUS
BREAKER-AND-A-HALF
DOUBLE BREAKER- DOUBLE BUS
DOUBLE BREAKER- DOUBLE BUS
RELATIVE SWITCHING COSTS
PROTECTION OF SUBSTATION INSULATION

 Substation electrical  Cause overvoltage that

equipment is subject to may result in flashover or
abnormal conditions as insulation failure
a result of:
 Direct lightning strokes
 Lightning surges
 Switching surges
 Faults on the system
PROTECTION FOR SUBSTATION AND
SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT
 Surge protection-  Direct stroke protection-
employed to protect the employed to protect the
equipment from equipment from direct
damaging overvoltages lightning strokes.
caused by lightning
surges, switching
surges, and system
faults.
DIRECT STROKE PROTECTION

 Shielding masts- these  Protection Calculation

are particularly useful in Methods
large substations and  Fixed Angle Method
those of low profile  Rolling Sphere Method
design.

 Note: For a complete description of both the fixed

and rolling sphere methods, refer to IEEE Std.
998. “Guide for Direct Lightning Stroke Shielding
of Substations.”
FIXED ANGLE METHOD
ROLLING SPHERE METHOD
SUBSTATION INSULATORS
 Suspension insulators-
 Outdoor apparatus are used as insulation
insulators- primarily and support for strain
used to support rigid buses in substation. The
buswork and other conventional suspension
electrical equipment insulators most
 Cap and pin-type commonly used are 25.4
 Post-type cm (10 inches) in
diameter
ANSI C29.1 “Test Methods for Electrical Power Insulators”
ANSI C29.9 “ American National Standards for Wet-Process Porcelain Insulators
(Apparatus, Post Type)”
 BIL (IMPULSE WITHSTAND)

According to ANSI Std. C37.30, “Definitions and Requirements for High- Voltage
Air Switches, Insulators, and Bus Supports” equipment that depends on air
for its insulating medium will have a lower dielectric strength when operated
at higher altitudes that when operating at lower altitudes.
ALTITUDE CORRECTION FACTORS/BIL
 MINIMUM QUANTITY OF SUSPENSION
INSULATORS
 Additional insulators
should be considered
under the ff. conditions:
 Above 1000 meters
 Highly contaminated
area
 Deadending on structure
 Angle installation
approaching 45 degrees
and 90 degrees
SUBSTATION INSULATORS
ELECTRICAL CLEARANCES
REFERENCES
MAJOR EQUIPMENT/SUMMARY

 Power Transformers  Air Switches

 Power Circuit Breakers  Disconnectors
 Metal Clad Switcgear  Arresters
 Substation Voltage  Reclosers
Regulator  Instrument Transformers
 Capacitor Banks  Conductors
 Automation and SCADA  Grounding System
 Protective Relaying  Civil Works
 Substation Auxiliaries
TRANSFORMER STANDARDS

 Capacity  ANS/IEEE Std. C57.92

 Temperature Rise  ANSI/IEEE Std.
 Voltage C57.12.10
 Bil
 Taps
 Impedance
 Phase Relation
 Test Requirements
 Primary Bushing Terminals

Main Conservator

Oil level Sec. Bushing Terminals

gauge
Tertiary Bus. Term
Buchholz Relay Oil drain Valve

Sec. Neutral Terminal

Bushing CTs

Silica Gel Breather Radiators

Lightning Arresters

Pressure Relief Dev

(OLTC)

OLTC
Gas Release Device

OLTC CTRL
CABINET

Oil sampling Valve Cooling Fans

Local Panel

Oil Temperature
Gauge

Winding Temp. Gauge

LA (HV Side)

Bushing Potential Device

 OIL PUMP

Supply for Water

Sprinkler
REFERENCES
POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER
 Voltage  Short-Time Capability
 Nominal Voltage  Closing and Latching
 Rated Max Voltage Capability
 Rated Voltage Range
Factor”K”
 Rated Continuous  ANSI Std. C37.12
Current
 C37 series of standards
 Rated Short-Circuit covering rating, testing,
Current applications,
 Interrupting Capability specifications, etc.
“DEAD TANK” “LIVE TANK”
LIVE TANK - the main components are the
insulators constituting the tank, the insulating of
the support columns and the contact driven rods.

The major advantage of Live Tank is lower cost

especially at the higher voltage ratings.
The major disadvantage is that it requires
extremely mounted current transformer.
It is usual practice on dead-tank breakers to
mount current transformers on both the line-
side and bus-side bushing of the breaker.
SF6 POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER
GANGED VS IPO BREAKERS

• Independent Pole Operated (IPO) – A

Circuit breaker consists of three (3)
separate poles with individual operating
mechanism, suitable for both single and
three pole reclosing operation

-Since the three breaker poles are

mechanically independent, they can
misoperate independently.
-For example, during a closing
operation, two of the three phase can
close and latch correctly, but the third
may fail to latch and drift open, this
causes a system unbalance, and
could cause system or circuit breaker
damage.
 GANGED VS IPO BREAKERS

• Gang Operated – A circuit breaker consist

of three (3) separate poles with common
operating mechanism, suitable only for
three-pole reclosing.
Gas Circuit Breaker (SF6 CIRCUIT
BREAKER) – The feature of SF6 are
extremely high ionization energy molecules
and its electro-negativity (electron
attachment), both dominated at a quite low
temperature when proper arc has ceased. This
results in the low electrical conductivity of
SF6 at low temperatures, lower than electrical
conductivity for hydrogen and nitrogen.
-The bonding energy of SF6 molecules is 2.3
times that of N2, but dissociation occurs in six
energetically equal steps at successive
collisions, each of them needing only one
sixth of total amount of bonding energy, the
maximum thermal conduction appears at
lower temperature in SF6 (around 2000 Deg
K) than in Fluorine and Nitrogen has therefore
a very short thermal time constant.
LIVE TANK
INTERRUPTER UNIT
Second Generation SF6 Circuit Breakers:- it depicts the arrangement and operating
principle of a puffer-type extinction chamber.
- Disadvantage: PCB of this type have powerful, complex operating mechanisms and exert
high reaction forces on the breaker foundation.
3. Third Generation Circuit Breakers – the arc itself provides the energy required for
generating the quenching pressure in the pressure chamber.
- The operating mechanism itself need only provide the energy that is required in order to
move the contacts.
LINE CARRIER/LINE TRAP
SUBSTATION COMMUNICATION
PROTECTIVE RELAYING

 Electromechanical  Five most common

functions are:
 Static
 1. Protection
 Microprocessor
 2. Regulation

 Relays are also classified  3. Reclosing and

according to the function Synchronization
they provide to the system
 4. Monitoring

 5. Auxiliary
SUBSTATION AUTOMATION ARCHITECTURE
METAL CLAD SWITCHGEAR
REFERENCES

 ANSI  BS

 NEMA  IEC

 IEEE  OTHERS

 JIS

 PEC
THANK YOU !

Engr. Francis V. Mapile