PROBLEM 11.
9
KNOWN: Operating conditions and surface area of a finned-tube, cross-flow exchanger.
FIND: Overall heat transfer coefficient.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Negligible heat loss to surroundings, (2) Constant properties, (3) Exhaust gas
properties are those of air.
( )
PROPERTIES: Table A-6, Water Tm = 87°C : cp = 4203 J / kg ⋅ K; Table A-4, Air
( Tm ≈ 275°C ) : cp = 1040 J / kg ⋅ K.
ANALYSIS: Since this is a cross-flow heat exchanger, we will use the ε – NTU method, for which
& c cp,c = 0.5 kg/s × 4203 J/kg ⋅ K = 2102 W/K
Cc = m
& h cp,h = 2 kg/s × 1040 J/kg ⋅ K = 2080 W/K
Ch = m
Cr = Cmin / Cmax = 0.990
q max = Cmin (Th,i - Tc,i ) = 2080 W/K (325 - 25)°C = 6.24 × 105 W
q = Cc (Tc,o - Tc,i ) = 2102 W/K (150 - 25)°C = 2.63 × 105 W
Thus
ε = q / q max = 0.421
and from Figure 11.14 or solving Eq. 11.32 iteratively for NTU,
NTU = 0.81
and
U=CminNTU/A = 2080 W/K × 0.81/10 m2 =168 W/m2·K <
COMMENTS: The hot outlet temperature is found from q = Ch (Th,i – Th,o) to be 199°C, thus
properties of the hot fluid should be evaluated at around 262°C. This will have little effect since cp is
not a strong function of temperature for water.
PROBLEM 11.10
2
KNOWN: Heat exchanger with two shell passes and eight tube passes having an area 925m ; 45,500
kg/h water is heated from 80°C to 150°C; hot exhaust gases enter at 350°C and exit at 175°C.
FIND: Overall heat transfer coefficient.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Negligible losses to surroundings, (2) Constant properties, (3) Exhaust gas
properties are approximated as those of atmospheric air.
( )
PROPERTIES: Table A-6, Water Tc = ( 80 + 150 ) °C / 2 = 388K : cc = cp,f = 4236 J/kg⋅K.
ANALYSIS: Since this is a shell-and-tube heat exchanger, we will use the ε - NTU method, for
which
45,500 kg/h
Cc = m
& c cc = × 4236 J/kg ⋅ K = 5.35 × 104 W/K
3600 s/h
q = Cc (Tc,o − Tc,i ) = 5.35 × 104 W/K (150 − 80)°C = 3.75 × 106 W
Then we can find Ch from an energy balance on the hot stream,
Ch = q/(Th,i − Th,o ) = 3.75 × 106 W/(350 − 175)°C = 2.14 × 104 W/K
Thus
Cr = Cmin/Cmax = 0.40
ε = q/Cmin (Th,i − Tc,i ) = 3.75 × 106 W/2.14 × 104 W/K (350 − 80)°C = 0.648
From Eqs. 11.31b and c, with n = 2,
1/n
⎛ εC − 1 ⎞ F −1
F= ⎜ r ⎟ = 1.45, ε1 = = 0.429
⎝ ε −1 ⎠ F − Cr
From Eqs. 11.30c and 11.30b,
2/ε1 − (1 + C r )
E= = 3.0
(1 + C2r )1/2
⎡ E − 1⎤
(NTU)1 = –(1 + C2r )−1/ 2 ln ⎢ ⎥ = 0.637
⎣ E + 1⎦
and from Eq. 11.31d,
NTU = n(NTU)1 = 1.27
Therefore,
U = NTU × Cmin/A = 1.27 × 2.14 × 104 W/K/(925 m2) = 29.5 W/m2·K <
COMMENTS: Compare the above result with representative values for air-water exchangers, as
given in Table 11.2.
PROBLEM 11.18
KNOWN: Inner tube diameter (D = 0.02 m) and fluid inlet and outlet temperatures corresponding to
design conditions for a counterflow, concentric tube heat exchanger. Overall heat transfer coefficient (U
= 500 W/m2⋅K) and desired heat rate (q = 3000 W). Cold fluid outlet temperature after three years of
operation.
FIND: (a) Required heat exchanger length, (b) Heat rate, hot fluid outlet temperature, overall heat
transfer coefficient, and fouling factor after three years.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Negligible heat loss to the surroundings, (2) Negligible tube wall conduction
resistance, (3) Constant properties.
ANALYSIS: (a) The tube length needed to achieve the prescribed conditions may be obtained from Eqs.
11.14 and 11.15 where ΔT1 = Th,i - Tc,o = 80°C and ΔT2 = Th,o - Tc,i = 120°C. Hence, ΔT1m = (120 -
80)°C/ln(120/80) = 98.7°C and
q 3000 W
L= = = 0.968 m <
(π D ) UΔT1m (π × 0.02 m ) 500 W m2⋅ K × 98.7o C
(b) With q = Cc(Tc,o - Tc,i), the following ratio may be formed in terms of the design and 3 year
conditions.
q
=
(
Cc Tc,o − Tc,i )= 60o C
= 1.333
q3 Cc ( Tc,o − Tc,i ) 45oC
3
Hence,
q3 = q 1.33 = 3000 W 1.333 = 2250 W <
Having determined the ratio of heat rates, it follows that
q
=
(
Ch Th,i − Th,o )= 20o C
= 1.333
q3 Ch ( Th,i − Th,o ) 160oC − T
h,o(3)
3
Hence,
Th,o(3) = 160o C − 20o C 1.333 = 145o C <
With ΔTlm,3 = (125 − 95 ) ln (125 95 ) = 109.3o C ,
q3 2250 W
U3 = = = 338 W m 2⋅ K <
( π DL Δ T
(
) 1m,3 π ( 0.02 m ) 0.968 m 109.3 C
o
)
Continued...
PROBLEM 11.18 (Cont.)
−1 −1
With U = ⎡⎣(1 h i ) + (1 h o ) ⎤⎦ and U3 = ⎡⎣(1 h i ) + (1 h o ) + R ′′f ,c ⎤⎦ ,
1 1 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 2 −4 2
R ′′f ,c = − =⎜ − ⎟ m ⋅ K W = 9.59 × 10 m ⋅ K W
U3 U ⎝ 338 500 ⎠
<
COMMENTS: Over time fouling will always contribute to a degradation of heat exchanger
performance. In practice it is desirable to remove fluid contaminants and to implement a regular
maintenance (cleaning) procedure.
PROBLEM 11.28
KNOWN: Flow rate, inlet temperatures and overall heat transfer coefficient for a regenerator.
Desired regenerator effectiveness. Cost of natural gas.
FIND: (a) Heat transfer area required for regenerator and corresponding heat recovery rate and outlet
temperatures, (b) Annual energy and fuel cost savings.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (a) Negligible heat loss to surroundings, (b) Constant properties.
PROPERTIES: Problem 11.27, milk: cp = 3860 J/kg⋅K.
ANALYSIS: (a) With Cr = 1 and ε = 0.50 for one shell and two tube passes, Eq. 11.30c yields E =
1.414. With Cmin = 5 kg/s × 3860 J/kg⋅K = 19,300 W/K, Eq. 11.30b then yields
ln ⎡ ( E − 1) / ( E + l )⎤⎦ 19,300 W / K ln ( 0.171)
A = − min ⎣
C
=− = 12.03m2 <
( )
U 1/ 2 2
2000 W / m ⋅ K 1.414
l + C2r
With ε = 0.50, the heat recovery rate is then
( )
q = ε Cmin Th,i − Tc,i = 627,000 W <
and the outlet temperatures are
q 627,000 W
Tc,o = Tc,i + = 5°C + = 37.5°C <
Cc 19,300 W / K
q 627,000 W
Th,o = Th,i − = 70°C − = 37.5°C <
Ch 19,300 W / K
(b) The amount of energy recovered for continuous operation over 365 days is
ΔE = 627,000 W × 365d / yr × 24 h / d × 3600s / h = 1.98 × 1013 J / yr
The annual fuel savings SA is then
ΔE × Cng 1.98 × 107 MJ / yr × $0.02 / MJ
SA = = = $440,000 / yr <
η 0.9
COMMENTS: (1) With Cc = Ch, the temperature changes are the same for the two fluids, (2) A
larger effectiveness and hence a smaller value of A can be achieved with a counterflow exchanger
(compare Figs. 11.11 and 11.12 for Cr = 1), (c) The savings are significant and well worth the cost of
the heat exchanger. An additional benefit is that, with Th,o reduced from 70 to 37.5°C, less energy is
consumed by the refrigeration system used to restore the milk temperature to 5°C.
PROBLEM 11.64
KNOWN: Inlet temperature and flow rates for a concentric tube heat exchanger. Hot fluid outlet
temperature.
FIND: (a) Maximum possible heat transfer rate and effectiveness, (b) Preferred mode of operation.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state operation, (2) Negligible heat loss to surroundings, (3) Fixed
overall heat transfer coefficient.
PROPERTIES: Table A-5, Ethylene glycol ( Tm = 80°C): cp = 2650 J/kg⋅K; Table A-6, Water ( Tm
≈ 30°C): cp = 4178 J/kg⋅K.
ANALYSIS: (a) Using the ε-NTU method, find
& h cp,h = ( 0.5 kg / s )( 2650 J / kg ⋅ K ) = 1325 W / K.
Cmin = Ch = m
Hence from Eqs. 11.18 and 11.6,
( )
q max = Cmin Th,i − Tc,i = (1325 W / K )(100 − 15 ) °C = 1.13 × 105 W.
( )
& h cp,h Th,i − Th,o = 0.5 kg / s ( 2650 J / kg ⋅ K )(100 − 60 ) °C = 0.53 × 105 W.
q=m <
Hence from Eq. 11.19,
ε = q / q max = 0.53 ×105 /1.13 ×105 = 0.47. <
(b) From Eq. 11.7,
q 0.53 ×105
Tc,o = Tc,i + = 15°C + = 40.4°C.
& c c p,c
m 0.5kg / s × 4178J / kg ⋅ K
&h
Since Tc,o < Th,o, a parallel flow mode of operation is possible. However, with (Cmin/Cmax) = ( m
& c cp,c) = 0.63,
cp,h/ m
Fig. 11.10 → (NTU)PF ≈ 0.95 Fig. 11.11 → (NTU)CF ≈ 0.75.
Hence from Eq. 11.24
( ACF / A PF ) = ( NTU )CF / ( NTU )PF ≈ ( 0.75 / 0.95) = 0.79.
Because of the reduced size requirement, and hence capital investment, the counterflow mode of
operation is preferred.
