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FINS OR EXTENDED SURFACES

Type of FIN boundary Fin efficiency* η

LONG FIN (TL=T∞) 1

mL

SHORT FIN (end insulated) tanh mL

mL

SHORT FIN (end not insulated) tanh mL + (h⁄mk) 1

( )
1 + (h⁄mk) tanh mL mL

* Ratio of the actual heat transferred by fin to the heat transferable by fin, if the entire fin area were at
base temperature.

m = √(hP⁄kA)

FINS OF NON-UNIFORM CROSS SECTION dAs

dx
=P
General equation:
AC-Cross sectional area
d2 T 1 dT dAc h dAs
2
+ − (T − T∞) = 0
dx Ac dx dx kAc dx As- Surface area
dAc
For uniform cross section =0 I1, k1 – Bessel function of order 1
dx

Io, ko – modified zeroth order Bessel

ANNULAR FIN:
function of 1st and 2nd kind
Ac = 2π r t ; As = 2π (r2- r12)
Temperature distribution:
θ T − T∞ Io (m. r) k1 (m. r2 ) + k o (m. r) I1 (m. r2 )
= =
θb Tb − T∞ Io (m. r1 ) k1 (m. r2 ) + k o (m. r1 ) I1 (m. r2 )

Heat Transfer:
k1 (m. r1 ) I1 (m. r2 ) − I1 (m. r1 ) k1 (m. r2 )
qfin= (2π k1 r1 t θb m)
k 0 (m. r1 ) I1 (m. r2 ) + I0 (m. r1 ) k1 (m. r2 )

OVERALL SURFACE EFFICIENCY (η0): At = total area = N Af + Ab

qtotal qt
η0 = = qt= qf + q
qmax hAt θb
 2

N Af (1 − ηf ) ηf − fin efficiency
qt = h At [1 − ] θb
At
Af − fin area
N Af
⟹ η0 = 1 − (1 − ηf )
At Ab − base area
OVERALL THERMAL RESISTANCE:
θb = Tb − T∞
𝜃𝑏 1
𝑅𝑜 𝑡 = =
𝑞𝑡 𝜂0 ℎ 𝐴𝑡 N-Number of fins

FIN IS AN INTEGRAL PART:- R t(c) & Acb

1 = Resistance & 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑑ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒
R fin =
N ηf h A f
1
R prime =
h (At − N Af )
FIN IS NOT AN INTEGRAL PART:-
R t(c)
R joint =
N Acb
1
overall resistance R ot(c) =
η0(c) h At
N Af ηf
η0(c) = 1 − (1 − )
At C1
R t(c)
C1 = 1 + ηf h Af ( )
Acb

RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER ρm = 0

Radiation heat exchange between two surfaces τm = 1 − αm = 1 − ϵm
through an absorbing & transmitting medium:
J1 − J2 Ebm − J1
q1−2 = ; qm−1 =
1 1
(A F τ ) (A F ϵ )
1 12 m 1 1m m

Two transparent medium:

J1 − Ebm J2 − Ebn
q 1−m = ; q 2−n =
1 1
(A F ϵ ) (A F ϵ )
1 1m m 2 2n n
J1 − Ebn
q 1−n =
1
( )
A1 F1n ϵn (1 − ϵm )
 3

J2 − Ebm
q 2−m =
1
( )
A2 F2m ϵm (1 − ϵn )
Ebm − Ebn
q m−n,net =
1
( )
Am Fmn ϵm ϵn

Radiation of gases and vapours: τλ − monochromatic transmissivity of the gas

IλL
τλ = = e−kλ L
Iλ0
αλ − monochromatic absorptivity of the gas
αλ = 1 − τλ = 1 − e−kλ L

Iλ0
− intensity of radiation entering the gas layer

IλL − intensity of radiation leaving the gas layer

L - thickness of the gas layer

Radiation heat exchange between gas and its ϵg , αg, Tg – Emissivity, absorptivity &
enclosure:
Temperature of gas
Q net ,black = As σ (ϵg Tg4 − αg Ts4 )
𝑇𝑠 − wall temperature
ϵ𝐬 + 1
Q net ,gray = As σ (ϵg Tg4 − αg Ts4 )
2

Radiation combined with convection and A1 − area upon which F1−2 is based in m2
conduction:
(T1 − T2′ ) -- A reference temp. difference in K
Radiation heat transfer co-efficient
qr 𝜎 (T14 − T24 )
hr = = F1−2 [ ] W⁄𝑚2 𝐾
A1 (T1 − T2′ ) T1 − T2′
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TURBULENT FORCED CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER

FLAT PLATE Vx − instanteneous velocity in X

TURBULENT FLOW − direction at time "t"
̅x , Vx′ − mean velocity, flectuation velocity
V
1 τ0
Vx = √ ln y + C ;
k ρ in X direc
Vm - average mean velocity
τ0 Vx Vx∗
Vx∗ = √ ; Vx+ = ∗ ; y+ = y 𝑇̅ , 𝑇 ′ - mean temperature, fluctuation
ρ Vx ν
temperature
dy +
dVx+ = ε
𝜏 − total shear stress in the turbulent flow
1 + νM
τl − laminar shear stress
In laminar sub layer εM = 0; τt − turbulent shear stress
in buffer layer εM = ν; ν − kinematic viscosity
in turbulent layer εM ≫ ν εM − eddy viscosity
Universal velocity distribution:
Laminar sub layer: 0 < y + < 5 k
εM α= = thermal diffusivity
Vx+ = y + ; =0 ρCp
ν
εH − eddy thermal diffusivity
Vx∗ − characteristic shear velocity
Buffer layer: 5 < y + < 30
(Or) frictional velocity
εM y+
Vx+ +
= 5 ln y − 3.05 ; = −1 Vx+ − Non dimentional velocity
ν 5
y + Non dimentional velocity ′y′ component

Fully turbulent zone:

𝜀𝑀 𝑦+
Vx+ = 2.5 ln y + + 5.5 ; = −1
𝜈 2.5

Blausis equation: τ0 (or)𝜏𝑤 − wall shear stress

1⁄
2)
ν 4
𝛿 - boundary layer thickness
τw = 0.0225 (ρ U∞ ( )
U∞ δ
Fully Turbulent:
δ 0.371 𝐶𝑓𝑥 - Local skin friction coefficient
=
x (Re)1⁄5
̅̅̅
𝐶𝑓 - average skin friction coefficient
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2
0.0288 ρ U∞ ̅̅̅̅ - average Nusselt Number
𝑁𝑢
τw = 1
(Re) ⁄5
ℎ̅ - average heat transfer coefficient
τw 0.0576
Cfx = = 1⁄
1 2 (Re) 5
2 ρ U∞
U∞ L −
1⁄
5 For forced convection, properties are
C̅f = 0.072 ( ) ; 5 × 105 < ReL < 106
ν
evaluated at MEAN FILM temperature,
0.455
C̅f = ; Re > 106
(log10 Re)2.58 𝑇𝑤 + 𝑇∞
𝑇𝑚 =
h̅L 2
4 1
̅̅̅̅ =
Nu = 0.036 (ReL ) ⁄5 (Pr) ⁄3
k
Combined Laminar & Turbulent flow: 1
Drag force =̅̅̅ 2
Cf 2 ρ U ∞ A

A = x × 1 (unit width)
2
0.455 1670 ρU∞
FD = [ 2.58
− ] L 1
(log10 ReL ) ReL 2 τ = Cf × 2
ρ U∞
2
h̅L 1
̅̅̅̅ =
Nu = (Pr) ⁄3 [0.036 (ReL )0.8 − 836] FD - Drag force over entire plate
k
FDl - Drag force up to laminar flow

FDT - Drag force in the turbulent flow

Rec - Critical Reynolds number

xc - Distance from leading edge at which

transition occurs

St - Stanton Number

Um - End velocity of laminar sub layer

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FLOW THROUGH PIPE

TUBES: TURBULENT
Friction factors: (Empirical eqn)
1⁄
f = 0.316 [Re]− 4 for 2 × 104 < 𝑅𝑒 < 8 × 104
1⁄
f = 0.184 [Re]− 5 for 104 < 𝑅𝑒 < 105
f = 0.005 + 0.396 [Re]0.3 for 2 × 104 < 𝑅𝑒 < 2 × 106
Tube wall shear stress 𝑓 - friction factor
2
f 2
τw = Cf × ρ Umax = ρ Umax
8

For colbourn analogy

2⁄ f
St (Pr) 3 =
8
1⁄
= 0.023 [Re]− 5

Fully developed flow: 𝑇𝑆 - wall temperature

Dittus-Boetter equation
𝑇𝑖 - fluid entrance temperature
Nux = 0.023[Re]0.8 (Pr)n
𝑇0 - fluid exit temperature
n=0.3 for cooling of fluids
n=0.4 for heating of fluids L - length of the tube
k
h = ( ) 0.023[Re]0.8 (Pr)n D - diameter of the tube
D
L
> 60 ; 1 × 104 < 𝑅𝑒 < 1 × 105 ; 0.5 < 𝑃𝑟 < 100
D
Fluid properties are evaluated at BULK
Temperature distribution
T0 − TS 4 MEAN temperature
= e− st D
L
𝑇𝑖 + 𝑇𝑜
Ti − TS
𝑇𝑚 =
2
High speed flow over a flat plate a - Acoustic or sonic velocity
a = √γRT ℎ0 - Stagnation enthalpy
2
U∞
h0 = h + 𝑇0 - Stagnation Temperature
2
U∞ 2 𝑇∞ - Free stream Temperature
T0 = T∞ +
2Cp
𝑈∞ - Free stream velocity
T0 γ−1 2
=1+ M∞
T∞ 2
 7

Taw − T∞ 𝑀∞ - Mach number =

𝑈∞
Recovery factor ′r′ = 𝑎
T0 − T∞
For laminar boundary layer 𝑟 - Recovery factor
1⁄
r = Pr 2 0.6 < 𝑃𝑟 < 15 𝑇𝑎𝑤 - Adiabatic wall temperature
1
r= 1.9 Pr ⁄3 for others 𝛾 = 1.4 for air
For turbulent boundary layer
1⁄
r = Pr 3

γ−1 2
Taw = T∞ [1 + r ( ) M∞ ]
2

Correlation for high speed flow

* indicates higher velocity than sonic
Laminar flow:
hx x 1⁄ velocity
1
Nu = = 0.332 Pr ⁄3 Rex 2
k
⁄ 11
̅̅̅̅
Nu = 0.664 Rec 2 Pr ⁄3
0.664
Cf∗ =
ρ∗ U ∞ x
( )
μ∗
1 1⁄ ρ∗ U ∞ x
Nu∗x = Cf∗ Pr ∗ 3 ( )
2 μ∗
For turbulent boundary layer flow:
hx −2⁄
St x = = 0.0296 Re−0.2 Prx 3
ρ U∞ Cp
for 5 × 105 < Rex < 107
St x = 0.185 [log Rex ]−2.584 for 107 < Rex < 109
St x = 0.029 Re0.8 Pr 0.43 for 2 × 105 < Rex < 5 × 105
0.455
Cf∗ =
0.06 ρ∗ U∞ x 𝑇 ∗ - Reference temperature
ln2 ( μ∗ )

C∗
hx ( f ⁄2)
St ∗ = = 1⁄
ρ∗ U ∞ Cp 2⁄ C∗ 2
1+ 12.7 (Pr ∗ 3 − 1) ( 2f )

T ∗ = T∞ + 0.5 (Tw − T∞ ) + 0.22 (Taw − T∞ )

2)
= T∞ (0.5 + 0.099 U∞ + 0.5 Tw
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HEAT EXCHANGERS:
COMPACT HEAT EXCHANGER: G - Mass velocity
h
St = ṁ
G Cp G= kg⁄m2 s
Amin
Cp μ
Pr = ṁ - Total mass flow rate in kg/s
k
G Dh Amin - minimum free flow C/s area
Re =
μ
A - Total heat transfer area
4 L Amin
Dh = L - flow length of H.E matrix
A
Dh - hydraulic diameter

Pressure drop for Plate-Fin heat exchanger Amin min free fllow area
σ= =
Afr frontal area
G2 ρi A ρi
∆P = [(K c + 1 − σ2 ) + 2 ( − 1) + (f ) A 4L
2 ρi ρ0 Amin ρmin =
Amin Dh
ρi
2
− (1 − K e − σ )]
ρ0 K c , K e - flow concentration &

ṁ ρ U∞ Afr ρ U∞ expansion coefficient

G= = =
Amin Amin σ
ρi , ρ0 - density at inlet & exit

f - frictional factor

Pressure drop for Finned- tube heat exchanger

G2 ρi A ρi
∆P = [(1 + σ2 ) ( − 1) + (f )]
2 ρi ρ0 Amin ρmin
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Contraction and pressure loss coefficients for various exchanger cores (90° edges)

(a) circular tubes. (b) parallel plates. (c)triangular passages. (d) square passages.
 13

NUMERICAL METHODS FOR ONE DIMENSIONAL TRANSIENT CONDUCTION

Explicit Finite Difference Method: α ∆t 1

= Fo ≤ Fourier number
(∆x)2 2
p+1 p α ∆t p p p
Ti = Ti + [T − 2Ti + Ti−1 ] k
(∆x)2 i+1 α − thermal diffusivity = ρC
p
For the interior node: p+1
Ti = Temperature distribution at
p+1 p p g ∆x 2 p
Tm = Fo [Tm−1 + Tm+1 + ] + (1 − 2 Fo)Tm new time, p + 1
k
g - volumetric rate
For the surface node
k - thermal conductivity
p+1 p g ∆x 2
Tm = 2 Fo [Tm−1 + Bi T∞ + ] Bi - Biot number
2k
p
+ (1 − 2Fo − 2 Bi Fo)Tm
Implicit Finite Difference Method: f0 (t p+1 ) - function describing the
For all interior nodes: boundary temperature changes with time
p p+1 p+1 p+1
Ti = −Fo Ti−1 + (1 + 2 Fo) Ti − Fo Ti+1
fm+1 (t p+1 ) - describes the temperature

For the 1st node: changes at right end of the rod

(1 + 2 Fo) T1p+1 − Fo T2p+1 = T1p + Fo f0 (t p+1 )

For the last node m:

p+1 p+1 p
(1 + 2 Fo) Tm − Fo Tm−1 = Tm + Fo fm+1 (t p+1 )

Fully Implicit Scheme: The Crank Nicolson Method

p+1 p+1 p+1
−Fo Ti−1 + 2 (1 + Fo) Ti − Fo Ti+1
p p p
= Fo Ti−1 + 2 (1 − Fo) Ti + Fo Ti+1
For the 1st node of left side:
p+1 p+1
2 (1 + Fo) T1 − Fo T2
p p
= Fo f0 (t p ) + 2 (1 − Fo) T1 + Fo T2
+ Fo f0 (t p+1 )
For the last node m:
 14

p+1 p+1
−Fo Tm−1 + 2 (1 + Fo) Tm
p p
= Fo fm+1 (t p ) + 2 (1 − Fo) Tm + Fo Tm−1
+ Fo fm+1 (t p+1 )
Boundary conditions: qm - heat flux
Specific heat flux at x=0 on 1st node: ∆t - time interval
p
p+1 p p 2 ∆t q1
T1 = (1 − 2 Fo) T1 + Fo T2 +
ρCp ∆x
Surface convection at x=0 on 1st node:
p
p+1 p h ∆x 2 ∆t kT
T1 = T1 {1 − 2Fo (1 + )} + {hT∞ + 2 }
k ρCp ∆x ∆x
Specific heat flux at x=L on last node:
p+1 p 2 ∆t p k p p
Tm = Tm {qm + (Tm−1 − Tm )}
ρCp ∆x ∆x
Surface convection on last node:
p+1 p 2 ∆t p k p p
Tm = Tm + {h(T∞ − Tm ) + (Tm−1 − Tm )}
ρCp ∆x ∆x

MASS TRANSFER:

CONVECTIVE MASS TRANSFER CORRELATIONS:

Flow over Cylinder and Spheres: Sc - Schmidt number

h̅m D Sh - Sherwood number
̅̅̅
ShD = = C(ReD )m Sc 1⁄3
DAB DAB – Diffusion coefficient m2/s
(for C, m refer flow over cylinders in external
flow)