IN THE NAME OF ALLAH,

THE MOST BENEFICIANT AND THE MERCIFUL

The Name, Allah Is The Best Shelter

His Blessings Are Immeasurable,

&

Incalculable.

He is The Lord,

The Most Compassionate,

The Most Merciful

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"If A is a success in life,
Then A equals x plus y plus z.
Work is x; y is play;
And z is keeping your mouth Shut."
[Albert Einstein]

Dedicated To…..
 My Family & Friends
 University of South Asia
 Izhar Group of Companies

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I would like to thanks to Almighty ALLAH who gave me this
opportunity to perform this task. And then I would like to thanks especially
to Mr. Ayub Sabir Izhar who permitted me to complete my internship at
Izhar Group of Companies.

I convey my intense credit to Project Manager Mr. Ehsan Malik who

allowed me to join DHA HALY TOWER site to complete my internship. I also
like to thanks Asst. Manager Planning and Contracts Mr. Wajih Nadeem
Qamar for his guidance, advices and for his very kind behavior throughout
the internship.

I am also thankful to Construction Manager Mr. Riaz Ahmed, Planning

Engineer Mr. Jahanzaib, Site Engineer Mr. Abdul Malik & Mr. Liaquat,
Senior & Junior Supervisors and whole staff for helping me to prevail over
my problems which I faced during internship.

MUHAMMAD TANVEER ASHRAF.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

 Form Work/Shuttering 05
 Scaffolding 06
 Foundation 07
 Concrete 08
 Types of Concrete 09
 Properties of Concrete 10
 Defects of Concrete 12
 Admixtures 14
 Physical Tests 15
 Things Learnt at Site 17
 Some Snaps of Site 18

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SHUTTERING/ FORM WORK
Shuttering or form work is the term used for temporary timber, plywood,
metal or other material used to provide
support to wet concrete mix till it gets
strength for self support. It provides
supports to horizontal, vertical and
inclined surfaces or also provides support
to cast concrete according to required
shape and size. The form work also
produces desired finish concrete
surface.   

Shuttering or form work should be strong

enough to support the weight of wet
concrete mix and the pressure for placing and compacting concrete inside
or on the top of form work/shuttering. It should be rigid to prevent any
deflection in surface after lying cement concrete and be also sufficient tight
to prevent loss of water and mortar form cement concrete.

Main components of shuttering plates are,

1. Standard

2. Ledger

3. Decking Beam

1. Standard

The vertical members of the scaffolding are called

standards.

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. Ledger

The horizontal members of the scaffolding are

called ledgers.

. Decker beam

The beam which is used to bear the load of the

shuttering and is a truss like structure is called
Decker beam.

SCAFFOLDING
The temporary structure constructed to support
a safe working platform for workmen and
materials required during building operations is
known as scaffold and the method of its
construction is called Scaffolding.

A scaffold is constructed for the following

building operations.

 For masonry work of structure such as walls,

column etc. above ground level, generally 1.5
m.

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FOUNDATION
The lowest artificially built a part of structure which transmits the load of
the structure to the ground safely is
called foundation.

PURPOSE OF FOUNDATION

The purposes of providing the

foundation are as follows.

 To distribute the load of the structure

over a large bearing area so as to
bring the intensity of loading within
the safe bearing capacity of the soil.

 To load the bearing surface at a uniform rate so as to prevent unequal

settlement.

 To prevent the lateral movement of the supporting material.

 To secure a level and firm bed for building operations.

FOUNDATION USED AT SITE

The foundation used at the site is Raft foundation. It is foundation

consisting of a thick R.C.C slab covering the whole area in the form of a mat
which is known as Raft or Mat foundation.

A raft foundation is essential a mat foundation. The purpose of a mat

foundation is when you a building built on a site with low soil bearing
conditions or when a foundation. A raft foundation is use to distribute the
building pressure over a large area so the soil can bear the stress.

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CONCRETE
Concrete is a mixture of cement, fine and coarse aggregate. Concrete
mainly consists of a binding material and filler material. If filler material
size is < 5mm it is fine aggregate and > 5mm is coarse aggregate.

Concrete is a mixture of

 Aggregate

 Matrix

 Interfacial transitional zone (ITZ)

There are two types of Binders

1). Primary Binders

2). Secondary Binders

1). PRIMARY BINDER

“Cement” it starts providing the strength at initial setting time.

2). SECONDARY BINDER

Fly ash, silica etc. Secondary binder starts providing strength at later time as
compared to primary binder.

AGGREGATE

There are two types of Aggregate which are used in Concrete

1). Margala

2). Sargodha

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TYPES OF CONCRETE
There are two types of concrete on the basis of reinforcement.

1). Plain Cement Concrete

2). Reinforced Cement Concrete

1). PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE (P.C.C)

Mixture of cement, sand, fine and coarse aggregates without steel

reinforcement. This is brittle material which is very strong in compression
but very weak in tension.

2). REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE (R.C.C)

Similar mixture as P.C.C but in this we add steel to take care of tension
(tensile stresses).

There are two types of Concrete on the basis of Strength.

1). Normal strength concrete

2). High performance concrete.

1). NORMAL STRENGTH CONCRETE

Concrete is a mixture of a binding agent (generally cement) to bond the
other materials together:, fine aggregate (sand), coarse aggregate
( gravel/stones ), and water..  A typical composition is about 7-15% cement,
14-21% water and the rest aggregate.

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2). HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE

Concrete which meets special performance and uniformity requirements

that cannot always be achieved routinely by using only conventional
materials and normal mixing, placing, and curing practices. High
performance concrete includes high strength concrete and high density
concrete etc.

PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
The properties of concrete are given below:

1. Workability
2. Consistency
3. Segregation
4. Water cement ratio.

1. WORKABILITY

Workability is the amount of useful internal work necessary to produce full

compaction and it determines the ease of placement and resistance to
segregation. OR

That property of freshly mixed concrete or mortar which determines the

ease and homogeneity, with which it can be mixed, placed, consolidated
and finished.

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2. CONSISTENCY

It is the firmness of a substance or the ease with which it will flow .in a
case of concrete it is also taken as the degree of wetness. So within limits
wet concretes are more workable than the dry concretes.

3. SEGREGATION

It is the separation of the constituents of a heterogeneous mixture so that

their distribution is no longer uniform. Coarse particles tend to settle more
hence are separated from the fines and also the water cement paste tends
to separate from the fines. Segregation is difficult to measure quantitatively
but can be detected easily

Causes of Segregation

The major causes of segregation are given below:

1. It occurs due to long distant placing of concrete

2. It also occurs due to the dropping of concrete from a considerable
height.
3. It may also occur when the vibrator is allowed to continue too long.

WATER CEMENT RATIO

The single most important indicator of compressive strength of concrete is

the ratio of the water used compared to the amount of cement. Basically,
the lower this ratio is, the higher the final concrete strength will be.

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 A minimum w/c ratio (water-to-cement ratio) of about 0.3 by
weight is necessary to ensure that the water comes into contact with all
cement particles.

DEFECTS IN CONCRETE
1. COLOUR VARIATION:
Different colours patches on the surface (Does not affect the strength of
concrete).

 Uneven curing.
 Different cement brand for drying.

2. CRAZING:
A network of fine cracks on the surface (Does not affect the strength of
concrete).

 Minor surface shrinkage because of rapid drying.

 Improper curing.

3. DUSTING:
Fine Powder on the surface (Both aesthetic and strength problem, if used
again).

 Early finishing (Not wait for bleed water to dry up & two
cases may occur:
i) Crazing.
ii) Dusting.
 Finishing during rain (It can also cause crazing or
dusting).
 Improper curing.

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  Sewer abrasion (By sliding a heavy machine on the
surface of concrete).

4. RAIN DAMAGE:
Damage caused by rain (Both aesthetic and strength problem).Bits are
washed away and dents are formed.

 Heavy rain while setting (Initial setting time).

 Rain water allowed to flow over concrete.

5. SPALLING:
Slab edges or joints (corners) chip off or break.

 Heave loads.
 Impact loading.

6. EFFLORESCENCE:
White crystalline deposit found on the surface (includes all the surfaces).

 Water evaporation.
 Excess bleeding.

7. HONEY COMBING:
When too much coarse aggregate appear on the surface.

 Poor compaction.
 Segregation during placing.
 Paste leakage.
 Poor concrete mix with few fine aggregates.

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8. BLISTERING:
Hollow low profile pumps, with entrapped air or bleed water.

 Sealing of fresh concrete.

 Early drying.
 Improper curing.

ADMIXTURES
These are added at the time of mixing along with water.
Three types are common:

1. PLASTICIZER:
These can reduce water by 5% to 12%. Special types of super plasticizers
can reduce water by 12% to 30%. They form sulphate & carbonate chains.

USES

 Increases the workability.

 It may help to increase the strength.
 Less compressive effort is required

EXAMPLES

 Sulphonated Melamine Formaldehyde.

 Sulphonated Naphthalene Formaldehyde.
. ACCELERATORS:

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 These are the chemical admixtures, used to reduce the initial setting time.

USES

 In cold weather concreting, to avoid freezing of water.

 To remove the formwork earlier.

 In case of bridges, to start transport as soon as possible (Reduces time

up to 15 → 20 minutes.
. RETARDER:
These are the chemical admixtures, used to increase the initial setting
time.
Uses
 When the distance of transport / haulage is large.

Remarks: The admixtures used at the site are Sikament 520 BA, Sika 1, Silica
fumes, Sika Rheobuild 858, Sika Armatec and Sika Swell.

PHYSICAL TESTS
There are three types of tests that are performed on the site, the detail of
some tests are given below,

 Slump Test

 Compressive Strength test

 Consistency of Cement

 Slump Test & Compressive Strength Test

First of all we take samples of concrete and we put the

concrete in cylinder in three layers, i.e. 25 strokes per layer.
Then we let the concrete in cylinder to settle down, it will

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take 12-24 hrs during normal curing. And we take these samples for
different days of testing strength i.e. 3, 7, 14, 28 days.

After the duration is complete we put capping of sulpher

on concrete cylinders which consist of 2-3 mm thickness
and then we let the concrete cylinders to dry after capping
for 2-4 hrs.

When these concrete cylinders become dry then we put

these in Compression Machine and apply the constant
load of 20-50 psi/second. When the cracks become visible
on concrete cylinders then we note down the readings.

Units Conversion

The machine will give us the reading in “tons” but we convert it into “psi”.

For converting Tons to Psi, we multiply the value with 2204.6 and then
divide it on 28.28 and our answer will be in psi.

Example

Let suppose that the value on which crakes appears on concrete cylinder is
65 ton, so

65 * 2204.6 = 143299

Then,

143299 / 28.28 = 5067.14 psi

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Note: At the site the value of the slump ranges from 120 – 170 mm. There
are three types of concrete used at the site having compressive strength
7500 psi (columns), 5000 psi (foundation), 1500 psi (retaining walls).

Things Learnt At Site

 Concrete Poring & Monitoring

 How to Calculate the Quantity of Concrete
 Study of Engineering Drawings
 Placing of Shuttering
 How to Level Shuttering
 Vertical & Horizontal Alignment of Shuttering for Columns
 Purpose of Shear Wall
 Surveying
 Leveling
 Placing of Steel
 Adjustment of Steel with the help of Drawings
 Bar Bending Schedule
 Laboratory Tests for Concrete Strength

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SOME SNAPS OF SITE

o TOWER CRANE USED AT SITE BY IZHAR

CONSTRUCTION.

o PLACING OF STEEL ON SITE

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 o SHUTTERING PLACED FOR CONCRETING OF
SLAB

o PUMPS USED FOR POURING OF CONCRETE

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 o VIEW OF WATER TANK AND SHEAR
WALLS

o VIEW OF THE SITE (-47 FT) FROM

GROUND LEVEL

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