plantations. Rivers and Canals are important sources of irrigation.

Favourable

agro-climatic condition enables the cultivation of variety of crops such as paddy,

tapioca, vegetables, fruits, plantation and horticulture crops. The important feature

of this district is the production of off-season mangoes. The important allied

activities carried by the cultivators and agriculturists and dairying and goat rearing.

One of the richest fishing grounds in the world lies 88 kilometers from south of

Kanyakumari and extends to about 56 kilometers on either side of Cape Comerin.

Kanyakumari district has two minor ports- Colachel and Kanyakumari. The district

is also a land of handicrafts. The important crafts are lace and embroidery works,

sculpture, woodcarving and articles. On an average, there are 3 to 9 markets in

each panchayat dealing mainly with agricultural products. All the blocks and

villages are well connected with all-weather roads. All towns, villages and hamlets

in the district are electrified.

3.2 HISTORY OF KANYAKUMARI DISTRICT

Kanyakumari or Cape Comorin was once known as the Alaxandria of the

east. A hub of art, culture, civilization and pilgrimage for years, it is famous for

commerce and trade.

The architectural beauty of this beach land is greatly inspired by religions,

like Islam, Christianity and Jainism. Kanyakumari was ruled by the Cholas, the

Cheras, the Pandyas and the Nayaks- all great rulers of south India. The credit for

the architectural beauty of the temples found in Kanyakumari goes to these rulers.

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Kanyakumari was given the name Cape Comorin by the British as it was easier for

them to pronounce.

During the early part of the eighth century A.D, Islam entered the southern

part of India. Through St. Thomas, one of the twelve apostles of Christ,

Christianity arrived in this area in A.D 52. Islam, Christianity and Jainism have

greatly contributed to the architectural wealth and literacy heritage of this place.

Kanyakumari was also under the control of the Cholas, the Cheras, the Pandyas

and the Nayaks who were the great rulers of south India.

During the British raj, Kanyakumari was bestowed the dry title of Comorin

necessitated perhaps by the Englishman's inability to pronounce the local names.

Despite being an area of Tamil majority populace, it was a part of the

princely state of Travancore (Thiruvithamkoor) during the colonial times prior to

the nation’s independence and later part of the Travancore – Cochin State of the

Indian Union (The princely states of Travancore and Cochin were amalgamated,

after Indian independence , to form the Travancore Cochin State). Four of the eight

taluks of Thirvanthapuram District separated to form the new district of

Kanyakumari during the formation of the new state of predominantly Malyalis

Kerala, and they were made a part of the Madras presidency under

recommendations from the State’s Linguistic Reorganization Commissions in

1956.

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 Kanyakumari district once known as “The granary of Travancore” lies at

the southern port of Indian peninsula. It was in Travancore for a long time and then

later merged with Tamil Nadu.

One can also see plains between the mountainous terrain and the sea-coasts

standing proudly with temples and churches. Truly, in a beautiful way, it marks the

end of the land of marvellous India.

3.3 LOCATION AND GENERAL BOUNDARIES

Kanyakumari District is bordered on the west by Thiruvanathapuram

District of Kerala state and by Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu to the north and

east. It is sometimes referred to as “Land’s End”. The district is bordered by the

Laccadive Sea on the south-eastern, the southern and the south western sides. The

district lies at geographical co-ordinates between 770 15 and 36’ east and 80 03’

and 80 35’north.

3.4 DEMOGRAPHY

According to the provisional figures from 2011 census, Kanyakumari

district has a population of 1,863,174 and 82.47 percent of the district is urbanised.

After Chennai, it has the highest population density in Tamil Nadu, with 1106

persons per square kilometre. The district has the highest literacy rate of 92.14

percent in Tamil Nadu. The district also has a high female sex ratio, 1019 females

for every 1000 males.

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 Table 3.1 Demographic details of Kanyakumari District

Particulars Male Female Total

Population 926,345 944,029 1,870,374

Urban population 761,407 778,395 1,539,802

Rural population 164,938 165,634 330,572

Literates 780,541 768,197 1,548,738

Urban Literates 644,109136 635,249 1,279,358

Rural Literates 136,432 132,948 269,380

Child population (0-6 Age) 92835 89515 182,350

Child population(Urban) 75573 72997 148,570

Child population (Rural) 17,262 16,518 33,780

Sex ratio(per 1000) - - 1019

Child Sex ratio(0-6) - - 964

Area Square km - - 1684

Density / km2 - - 1111

Source: Kanyakumari District Population Census 2011, Tamil Nadu literacy sex
ratio and density.

3.5 ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS

For effective administrative purposes, the district has been divided into of

four taluks: Thovalai, Agastheeswaram, Kalkulam, and Vilavancode. It has nine

blocks- Agastheeswaram, Rajakkamangalam, Thovalai, Kurunthancode,

Thuckalay, Thiruvattar, Killiyur, Munchirai and Melpuram. It has four

municipalities: Nagercoil Padmanbhapuram, Colachel and Kuzhithurai.

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 At the lower levels of administration, there are 99 village panchayats and a

further 56 special category village panchayats.

x Agastheeswaram taluk: Nagercoil, Kanyakumari, Agastheeswaram,

Suchindram and Rajakkamangalam.

x Thoavali Taluk: Thoavali and Boothapandi.

x Kalkulam Taluk: Padmanabhapuram, Tuckalay, Colachel, Kalkulam,

Thirvithancode, Kurunthancode, Thiruvattar and Kulasekaram.

x Vilavancode Taluk: Karungal, Kuzhithurai – Marthandam, Vilavancode,

Killiyur, Munchirai,Arumanai,Melpuram.

3.6 HILLS

The district is situated at the foot of the Western Ghats and has only a few

hill ranges. Except Agastheeswaram taluk, the other taluks have a few ranges of

mountains. The mountainous ranges worthy to mention is in the Kalkulam Taluk.

It is at an elevation of 4,400 feet above the sea level with isolated peaks.

The most important of them is Mahendragiri (5,427feet), the southernmost

peak in the Western Ghats. In the east, the mountain range leaves open several

passes. The Aralvaimozhi pass forms the best entrance to the district. This pass has

played a key role in the military and strategical history of former Travancore state.

3.7 RIVERS

Rivers of this district is mostly non perennial and short. Paraliyar has its

source on the Mahendragiri hills in Thovalai Taluk. Passing through a wild tract, it

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enters the plains at Thiruvattar and flows towards south west direction. After a

course of 37 kilometre from the source, it is joined by another river, Kothayar near

Thiruvattar. The two rivers units form the Kuzhithuraiyar, which is also known as

Thamirabarani. The combined river then flows for a length of 59 kilometre through

Kalkulam and Vilavancode Taluks and reach the sea at Thengapattinam.

3.8 FOREST

The forests in Kanyakumari District are about 75 million years old. Of the

total district area of 1671.3 square kilometre, the government forests occupy an

area of 504.86 square kilometre which comes to about 30.2 percent of the

geographical area of the district. The forests in the district is administered through

the Kanyakumari Forest Division, with the headquarters at Nagercoil, the capital of

Kanyakumari District. There are 14 types of forests from luxuriant tropical wet

evergreen to tropical thorn forests. This variety occurs in the district because of

diverse locality forests. The forest area is 30.2 percent of the total district

geographical area which is next to Nilgiris district with 59 percent and Dharmapuri

District with 38 percent in Tamil Nadu State. 52 percent of the district’s forests are

classified as dense forests, which is second only to Dharmapuri District with 58

percent.

The forests contain species such as Mesua ferra, Bischofia Javanica, Vitex

altissima to smaller trees of Dillini, a species festooning climber, various shrubs,

valuable herbs, variety of orchids, two types of canes, many indigenous palms and

cycas. The important timbers are teak, rosewood, vengai and aini. Various types of

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forest products like bamboos, reeds, canes, soft wood, tamarind, lemon grass,

rubber, coconut, arecanut, terminalia chebula cinnamon bark nelli, cardamonm,

mango and many medicinal plants are harvested in this district.

3.9 FLORA AND FAUNA

Fauna

Animals in the district include Bengal Tiger, Elephant, Sambar Deer,

Porcupines, Hedgehogs and wild boars, while pied kingfisher, Painted Stork and

cranes are commonly found in the water bodies and wetlands. Reptiles include

Monitor Lizards, Pythons, Blood Vipers and other snakes. In Mahendragiri hills

(about 4,000 ft (1,200m) above sea level), one can find Elephant, Tiger, Leopards

and deers. Leopard cubs often stray onto the highway near the hills and sometimes

are run over by motorists.

The Keeriparai and Maramalai hills are habitats for wild Elephants and

Indian Bison. The Kodayar hills are the breeding centers for the Indian rock

phythons and Indian Bison. In the Theroor wetlands, one can see several varieties

of storks and migratory birds during specific seasons. Trout and other varieties of

several species of storks and migratory birds during specific seasons are seen in the

district. Trout and other varieties of freshwater fish are found in the Pechiparai

reservoir. The district also has a wildlife sanctuary and a bird sanctuary.

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Flora

Kanyakumari district is noted for its medicinal plants and herbs. The district

also has a huge forest cover, accommodating a wide variety of plants, trees, and

shrubs. Commercial varieties include various kinds of Plantain (like Nenthiram,

Palayamkotan, Thuluvam, Matti), Jackfruits (like Varikila and Koolan), mangoes

(varieties like Alphonsa, Bangalora, Neelam and and Ottu) and coconuts. In

addition to fruits, a variety of flowers like roses and jasmine are also produced.

Common garden varieties in the district include crotons, lilies, and dahlias.

Areas like Keeriparai are home to varieties of ferns, bamboos and other

tropical plants. Flame of the forest (Butea monosperma), a tree with reddish and

orange leaves and flowers, is found in the Pechiparai Reservoir. Rubber estates are

found in the hilly areas surrounding Arumanai, Kalyal, and Kadayal.

3.10 CLIMATE AND RAINFALL

The climate is very pleasant. The major factors that influence the climate of

the district are two monsoon winds, the proximity of the sea and dwindling height

of the Western Ghats. During the months of January and February, the atmosphere

is mostly dry with slight humidity. The level of mercury acquires an upward trend

which is rather gradual but persistent. In the coastal areas, sea breeze provides a

smoothing effect till June.

The study area has the unique advantage of rainfall during the south-west

and north-east monsoons. The period of south-west monsoon is from June to

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September while that of north-east monsoon is from October to December. The

average rainfall is 140 cm per year. The annual average maximum temperature is

31.04° c and the minimum temperature is 25.03° 177

3.11 RELIGION

The Kanyakumari District consists of Hindus, Muslims, Christians and

others. There is a larger Christian population in the study area. There is also as a

separate Hindu religion sect known as ‘Ayya vazhi. 178’

3.12 FESTIVALS AND FOLK ARTS IN KANYAKUMARI

DISTRICT

Festivals are held in all the taluks in connection with various celebrations in

the temples, mosques and churches. The Ratholsav (Chariot fest) at Suchindram

attracts huge crowds in the month of January. The Kodai festival in the month of

March in the Mondaicadu temple in the Kalkulam Taluk gets a large gathering.

The Thirukalyana Utsavam in the Kumaracoil temple in the Kalkulam taluk in the

month of March-April is observed as an important festival. Pongal in January and

Deepavali in November are also occasions for festivity and rejoicing among the

Hindu Communities. The Malayalis celebrate Onam in August-September with

feasts and Muslims celebrate Ramzan in August-September with feast and sports.

177
Swapna, R.S., (2005), “Tourism Potential in Kanyakumari District”., M.T.M Disserialion,
Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, December, pp.39-40.
178
Padmanabhan S., (2004), “Kanyakuinari, A paradise for Tourists”, Aaivu, Kalanchiyam,
VoI.7 (1 0) October, pp.16-20.
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 Muslims in all the taluks observe Muharram and Ramzan, Christmas is an

important festival for the Christians. In the St. Xavier’s Church at Kottar, an

annual festival in the month of December is usually celebrated in a grand scale and

attracts catholics from all over South India.

Some of the folk art forms particular and most common to this district are

listed below:

i) Bow Song

Bow song (Villu Pattu) is an ancient form of music and a story telling art of

southern Tamil Nadu. Bow, the weapon of warriors of ancient tunes paradoxically

lends itself to be used as a primary musical instrument for the Villu Pattu artists.

There are Udukku, Kudam, Thala-Kattai etc as supplementary instrument in the

performances. Udukku mentioned in the ancient Tamil literature as Thudi, is a

small drum with a slender middle portion which is held in the left hand and played

with the right hand. This may be seen in the pictures and statues of Lord Natraja,

the Cosmic Dancer, adorning his left hand. Sometimes the Villu Pattu team divides

itself into two groups, each trying to prove opposite view points of a subject. They

conduct the program by exchange of questions and answers. This is called Lavani

Pattu. The songs used by Villu Pattu artists are mostly traditional folk songs.

ii) Thiruvathiraikali

Thiruvathiraikali occupies the pride of place among the folk dances. It

resembles Kummi and is played especially during the Onam festival. Young girls

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perform this art form and the group has 8 to 10 performers in the group. They sing

in circles.

iii) Kalial

Kalial is a folk dance performed by a group of men or boys in the country

side. A group leader sings songs and keeps time with cymbals. The performers

stand in a circle holding sticks and dance around a lighted lamp repeating the songs

sung by the leader. They turn, twist, lean forward and backward and move around

singing to the tune. At the beginning, the steps are elaborate and at times, they are

also very quick. When invited to perform in a function, the players generally begin

the dance with an invocation for heavenly aid and conclude the dance with a torch-

dance using lighted torches. This folk dance exhibits the artistic life of the country

side.

iv) Kathakali

Kathakali is a unique form of dance-drama, which has its origin in

Travancore. Kathakali is a relativity recent (fifteenth or sixteenthcentury)

development of earlier dances, which arose out of religious expression through

symbolical action. In this art- form, the characters express their ideas not by words,

but by significant gestures. The conversations between the characters, as well as

the narrative portion of the story, invariably in verse, are recited by the singer to

the accompaniment of musical instruments. The gestures, by the actors on stage are

enactment of the lyrics. The costume and makeup of the actor are also important

aspects in Kathakali. The headgears are made of light-weight white wood and are
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decorated with pieces of mirror, spangles and coloured stones. Usually, Kathakali

performance extends from eight to ten hours. With the advent of cinema, the

popularity of this art has declined. It is now performed in the temples at

Thiruvattar, Thirparappu, Ponmana, Kuzhithurai, Neyyoor and Munchira in the

district of Kanyakumari twice a year during the time of festivals.

v) Ottam Thullal

Ottam Thullal is a form of storytelling. It is a popular form of amusement,

staged in the temple premises and Malayalam is the commonly used medium. It

combines dance, song and acting. The story- teller is aided by two musicians, one

who leads the song and plays on an instrument and the other, who keeps time by

playing the cymbal. The actor wears a simple costume consisting of a skirt, some

arm and chest decorations and an elaborate headgear. ‘Ottam Thullal’ is now

played in the temples of Thiruvattar, Thirparappu, Ponmana and Thirunanthikara

in the district during the time of festivals.

vi) Karagam Dance

Karagam Dance is a kind of dance common in the country side. It is played

by both men and women during the time of festivals and marriages.

vii) Kalari

Kalari, also known as Adimurai in Kanyakumari district is an ancient

martial art, still preserved in the village of this district and also in Kerala. A

tradition believes that it has been founded by Parasurama and they call it as
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Vadakkan Kalari. Yet another group gives the credit to Agasthiar and the emphasis

is by striking at vital points of the body and not on weapons, even though sword,

knife, Urumi (rolling sword), Mankombu (horns of a dear), Kandakodali (a kind of

axe) Mazhu (a kind of axe) etc., are also used.

3.13 TOURIST ATTRACTIONS IN KANYAKUMARI

DISTRICT

There are so many tourist attractions in Kanyakumari district. They are

Kanyakumari beach, Kumari Amman Temple, Swami Vivekananda Rock

Memorial, Gandhi Manadabam. Nagaraja Temple at Nagercoil,

Sthanumalayaswami Temple at Suchindram, Subramanya Temple at Tiruchendur,

Kumarakovil, Vattakottai, Thengapattinam Beach, Chidaral, Muttam, Pechipparai

Dam, Padmanabhapuram Place. Thriparappu waterfalls, Kalakadu Wildlife

Sanctuary and Olakkay Aruvi Waterfalls are the major tourist destinations. Of all

these, Kanyakumari attracts more tourists than other tourist places in

Kanyakumari district. Here tourists from other states and also from foreign

countries visit daily.

3.13.1 Kanyakumari

Kanyakumari is also is known as Cape Comorin. It is the confluence point

of three oceans- the Bay of Bengal, the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean. Apart

from this, it is also a vital Hindu pilgrim centre, renowned for its exotic sunrise and

sunset over the horizon. One of the unique features of Kanyakumari is the multi-

coloured sand found on its beach. It is the only place in the world where one can

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witness both the rising and setting of the Sun. The following are some of the

attractions in Kanyakumari.

3.13.1.1 Kanyakumari Bagavathiamman Temple

Kanyakumari derives its name from goddess Kanyakumari Amman, the

presiding deity of the area. The most prominent temple, the Kumari amman, is

dedicated to the goddess Parvathi. The temple situated at the edge of the ocean for

Goddess Kanyakumari has the legendary account that once Banasura, the demon

king got Supremacy over Devas and meted out cruel punishments to them.

The Devas performed a Yagna pleading to annihilate the evils. Goddess

Parasakthi came to Kumari in the form of a virgin girl and began her penance.

Meanwhile Lord Shiva fell in love with her and arrangements for the marriage

were made in the midnight on a particular day. Now the Devine sage, Narada

realised that their marriage would destroy the chances of annihilating Banusura

because he could be killed only by a virgin. When lord Shiva was on his way to

Kanyakumari from Suchindram at Valukkamparai 5 kilometre south of

Suchindram, sage Narada assumed the form of a cock and crowed falsely heralding

the break of down. Thinking that the auspicious time for the marriage was past,

Lord Shiva returned disappointed. The Goddess too decided to remain virgin after

that. When Banasura attempted to win the goddess by force; she killed him with

her Chakragudha, and relieved the suffering of the Devas. Then Parashakti

resumed her penance and remained virgin.

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 According to another legend, Kanya Devi, an avatar of Godess Paravathi,

was supposed to wed Lord Siva. But he did not turn up at the auspicious time and

the wedding never took place. Therefore the rice and cereals, which were to be

used for the marriage, remained uncooked. The stones found here resemble rice

and cereals and today one can buy these stones. Native population believes that

they are the leftovers of the legendary marriage that could not be solemnized and

the princess Kanya Devi became a virgin goddess blessing pilgrims and tourists

alike.

The presiding deity of the temple of Kanyakumari is Parasakthi, a virgin

goddess in meditative mood. The life like image of Devi with a smiling face is a

combination of innocence, purity and beauty. Smeared with Sandal paste, decked

with different varieties of valuable garments and decorated with beautiful garlands

of flowers, she creates a sense of devotion and peace in the mind of every

worshipper. There is one version that Adi Sankara composed Soundaryalahari after

seeing the sunrise, sunset and moonrise on the full moon day after Chitrai at

Kanyakumari praising the virgin Goddess. The beauty of Devi Kanyakumari is

reflected in the opening lines of his divine works.

The legend of Kanyakumari revolves around the story of Parasurama who

commanded the region between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea to arise

from the ocean bed. The land has been under the rule of the Southern Dynasties,

the Pandyas, the Cheras and the Pallavas. For the British, the southern plains were

considered as a distant country and they termed the people of this land as Madrasis.

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3.13.1.2 Thiruvalluvar Statue

Thiruvalluvar is the immortal poet of Tamil Nadu and has given to the

World a literary work, “Thirukkural”. The memorial statue of Thiruvalluvar is in

Kanyakumari. The pedestal of the statue is of 38 feet height and the statue over it is

95 feet tall with a grand total of 133 feet for the entire sculpture. The three tier

pedestal known as Atharapeedam is surrounded by an artistic Mandapa known as

Alankara Mandapam with 38 feet height. Surrounding the Alankara Mandapa,

stands 10 elephant statues signifying eight directions. The father of Sri Rama, the

hero of Ramayana was called Dhasaratha as he was able to charioteer in ten

directions. To help the tourists worship the holy feet of Thiruvalluvar, 140 steps

are constructed inside the Mandapa. The pedestal with the height of 38 feet

represents the 38 chapters in the book of Aram in Thirukkural and the statue of 95

feet on the pedestal represents the total chapters in Porul (70 chapters) and the

Inbam (25 chapters). Thus the statue symbolically and artistically signifies the

theme of Porul and Inbam are based on Aram.

This statue is constructed by the chief sculptor Dr. V Ganapati Sthapathi.

Total pieces of stone utilised for this statue are 1283 and its weight is 2000 tons.

The height of Athaarapeedam is 38 feet made up of 672 pieces of stone. The

weight of the stone in the Peedam is 1500 tons. The total height of the monument

is 133 feet. The height of the Alankara Mandapam is 38 feet, 1726 pieces of stones

utilised for this Mandapam and the weight of stone is 3500 tons.

The total weight of the whole statue is 7000 tones. There are 70 steps for

upwards and 70 steps for downwards.

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3.13.3 Vivekananda Rock Memorial

Vivekananda Rock Memorial attracts large number of tourists. From the

very ancient times the rocks have been regarded as sacred. In Puranic tradition, it

has been known as “Sripada Parai” which means the rocks that has been blessed by

the touch of Sripada feet of Goddess Devi Kanyakumari.

On the rock is a projection similar in form of a human fort and a little

brownish in complexion which has traditionally been revered as a symbol of

Sripadham. According to the legend, it was on this rock that Goddess

Kanyakumari did “Tapas”.

The memorial consists of two main structures.

1. Mandapam.Vivekananda

2. Sripada Mandapam.

It was built by the Vivekananda Rock Memorial Committee to

commemorate the visit of Swami Vivekananda to “Sripada Parai” during 24th, 25th

and 26th December 1892 for deep meditation and enlightment.

Vivekananda Mandapam consists of (1)Dyana Mandapam i.e. meditation

Hall with six adjacent rooms, (2) Sabha Mandapam or the Assembly Hall including

Pralima Mandapam (statue section) two rooms, a corridor and an open Prakaram

round the Sabha Mandapam, (3) Mukha Mandapam) (portion) and (4) the Front

Entrance steps with two rooms and a corridor below the steps.

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Sripada Mandabam: This square hall consists of

(1) Garbha Graham i.e. (Sanctum Sanctorum)

(2) The Inner Prakaram

(3) The Outer Prakaram

(4) The outer platform all around

Both the Mandapasare is designed in a way that the vision of Swamiji in

the statute would be seen direct towards the Sripadam.

3.13.1.4 Mahatma Gandhi memorial

The place has been associated with the father of our nation, Mahatma

Gandhi. The beautiful Gandhi memorial, completed in 1956, is situated as a

memorial to the Father of the Nation. An urn of Mahatma Gandhi is kept there for

the public to pay homage before immersion.

Mahatma Gandhi visited Kanyakumari twice in 1925 and 1937. In 1948,

his ashes were immersed in the sea waters in Kanyakumari. In commemoration of

this event, a beautiful monument has been constructed here. Its central shape is 79

feet high representing the age of the Mahatma. During mid day on 2nd October the

sun’s rays would fall on the Peedam through a hole in the roof. The memorial was

transferred to the administrative control of the public (Information and Public

Relations) Department from Public Works Department of Government of Tamil

Nadu in the year 1978.

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3.13.5 Kamarajar Manimandapam

The freedom fighter, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, president of

Indian National Congress was Kamarajar. He was popularly known as Black

Gandhi among the masses and king maker during congress regime. This monument

was constructed where his ashes were kept for public to pay homage before

immersion in the sea.

3.13.1.6 Sunrise and sunset

Sunrise can be seen in Kanyakumari throughout the year at Bay of Bengal. Sunset

can be seen from View Tower throughout the year except the month of June, July

and August.

3.13.1.7 View Tower and Telescope House

Panoramic view of landscape, Seashore, Vivekananda Rock Memorial

Thiruvalluvar Statue, etc can be seen on view and through Telescope.

3.13.1.8 Government Museum

It is situated on the Beach Road and it offers a good collection of

sculptured arti facts and crafts of South Indian Temples and is one of the “Must

See” places in Kanyakumari

3.13.1.9 Guganathaswami Temple

This is 1000 years old temple and is said to have been built by the King

Raja Raja Chola. The architectural style of the Cholas is quite apparent in this
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temple. It is located near the Railway Station. There are 16 inscriptions found in

this temple that date back to the years 1038 A.D., 1044 A.D.,1045 A.D.

3.13.1.10 Kumari hall of history

It is located at the south side of the Kanyakumari Railway Station and it

exhibits the pictures of historical wonders. It also comprises rare photographs of

Kamarajar, Gandhiji and other freedom fighters.

3.13.1.11 Bay Watch (WaterTheme Amusement Park), Kanyakumari

It is at the sunset point and offers a unique way to experience the exotic

grandeur of Kanyakumari in its integrals. Bay Watch comes up with wholesome

family entertainment saga of rapturous experience, which leaves at a point of

nonstop excitement in a thrilling and bewitching water world. Great fun styles

equaling international standards keep you on the ecstatic brink of frenzy. Fun

loaded rides like Bumping cars ,SkyCab, Crazy Chairs, Hot Tea Cups, Giant

Wheel, Columbus, wave Pool, Milky Way, Multiple Splash, KidsPool are some of

the attractions in Bay watch.

3.13.2 Suchindrum

This is the Holy place located on the bank of river Pazhayar. Thanumalayan

Temple is very famous in Suchindrum. Thanumalayan denotes Shiva, Vishnu and

Brahma as Thanu represents Shiva, Mal represents Vishnu while Ayan represents

Brahma i.e. Siva, Vishnu and Brahma in “One Form”.

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 Suchindrum means the place where Indra attained ‘Suchi’ i.e., purification.

The Sthalapurana has it that Indra suffered a curse from sage Gowthama, when he

stealthily cast amorous glances at Ahalya, the wife of Gowthama. Not able to

suffer the mortification brought about by the curse. Indra had to seek immediate

redemption. He came to “Gnana Aranya” as this place was then called and offered

worship to Lord Shiva. Relieving Indra of his curse, Lord Shiva granted him of his

wish that the place where he attained purification should be henceforth be called

‘Suchindrum’.

It is said that Thanumalaya Swami Temple is the only shrine dedicated to

the Trinity in India. The present structure of the temple is the work of a number of

persons spread over a number of centuries. It is a complex of many beautiful

structures constructed at various times and is one of the best specimens and a store

house of the Dravidian style of art and architecture.

Thanumalayan Temple has a repository of art treasures belonging to several

kingdoms. The temple is famous for its ninth century inscriptions, musical columns

and 6 metre tall statue of Hanuman. The main deity in the form of a Shivlinga who

represents Shiva, Vishnu and Brahma as one.

3.13.3 Udayagiri Fort

The fort was rebuilt in the reign of Marthandavarma, the Venad King

during 1741-44 under the supervision of De Lannoy, the Belgian General, who

served as the Chief of the Travancore army. East India Company’s troops were

stationed there till the middle of the 19th century and it also served as the store

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house for the manufacture of guns, mortars and cannon balls that were established

within the fort under the supervision of the General.

In the early days, the fort was of strategic importance. Prisoners captured

in the campaign against Tippu were confined in this fort for some time. It is further

said that brass gun (16 ft long bored as a 22 ponder), found in the fort could not be

removed even for a few yards by a large number of people, even with the help of

16 elephants.

A village has come up in front of the fort. The people who live here are

mostly agriculturists. A few of them are engaged in trade. Pottery making is the

Chief Industry among a section of the people. Now, the District Administration,

with the help of Forest Department has set up a Biodiversity Park over here. ourists

can see deer, ducks, fountains, birds and over 100 varieties of trees inside the fort.

3.13.4 Mathoor Hanging Bridge

The Mathoor Hanging Trough is the tallest as well as the longest trough

bridge in Asia, having a height of 115 feet and a length of one kilometre,

constructed in 1966, this bridge has become a place of tourist importance and

hundreds of tourists visit this place. This is situated in Mathoor, hamlet of

Aruvikkarai revenue village in Thiruvattar Panchayat Union.

The Bridge has been constructed at Mathoor across the river Parazhiyar at a

cost of ` 12.90 Lakhs and the trough canal (Pattanamkal canal) on the bridge

carries water for irrigation from one side of a hill to the other side of a hill. The

trough has a height of seven feet with a width of seven feet six inches. The canal is

being shouldered by 28 huge pillars. By the unrelented efforts of late Thiru

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K.Kamaraj, the former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, this canal was constructed as

a drought relief measure and for the development of agriculture in Vilavancode

and KalkulamTaluk. The District Administration has recently put up a staircase

from top to the bottom of the bridge and also built a children's park and bathing

platforms over here.

3.13.5 St. Xavier Church

St. Xavier, an outstanding and dedicated priest visited the coastal areas of

Tamil Nadu from Goa and he never missed the opportunity of visiting Kottar in

Kanyakumari district which was a celebrated commercial centre at that time.

During his stay at Kottar, he used to worship St. Mary in the small temple. He was

popularly known as “Valiya Pandaram” among the people of Kottar. While he was

at Kottar, he averted the invasion of Padagas on the people of Venad, which was

appreciated by the king, who become close to the Priest. In recognition of Xavier's

services, the king allotted land to him for the purpose of constructing a catholic

church at Kottar. There was already a church in 1544 in the same place, where the

St Xavier's church stands now.

The church records show that the church was built in the year 1600 A.D. In

the year 1865, the church was enlarged and the shrine of our lady was renovated

and vaulted over. In 1930, the church was raised to the status of a Cathedral.

In 1942, in commemoration of the fourth century of the arrival St Xavier in

India, a beautiful tower to the saint, a grotto to Out Lady of Blessed Mother and a

small shrine to St Ignatius who sent him to India were constructed in the Cathedral

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premises. In 1955, the church was further extended and the capital of Our Lady

was incorporated into the enlarged church.

The church of St. Xavier enjoys a great fame as a place of miracles from

early times.

3.13.6 Padmanabhapuram Palace

The ancient historical town, Padmanabhapuram is one of the four

municipalities in the district. It is 55 kilometres. South of Thiruvananthapuram,

about two kilometres east of Thucklay and 35 kilometres from Kanyakumari. This

town is surrounded by a fort with an area of 187 acres. The ancient capital of

Travancore might be constructed before AD 1601. The place with an area of 187

acres, is situated in the very centre of Padmanabhapuram Fort, amidst hills, dales

and rivers. The Palace which is situated in Kanyakumari District is under the

control of a Curator of the Archaeological Department of Kerala Government.

The fort which was built with mud originally was dismantled and

reconstructed with granite by Maharaja Martanda Varma. The height of the walls

varies from 15 feet to 24 feet, according to the inclination of the ground.

Entrance hall: The Entrance hall to the main edifice is controlled by another

ornamental gateway with retainers for watch and ward. The gabled entrance has

wooden ceiling profusely ornamented with lotus medallions. The most striking

feature of the entrance is the clock-tower which is one of the oldest in India erected

in 1832 A.D and still continues to work.

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 The first floor, the Poomuham has a council chamber or Mantrasala which

is meant for holding discussions with ministers and prominent citizens. The floor

of this hall which is polished with the admixture of coconut shell ashes, eggs

fermented in molasses and lime reflects the figure like a mirror. Next to the

Mantrasala is the Dancing Hall which was used exclusively for the members of the

royal family.

Adjacent to the Council Chamber and to the south of dancing hall is the

dining hall called “Uttupura” with two floors (the ground and the first) each

measuring roughly 78 by 6 metres and it would accommodate about 2000 people at

a time. Feeding of about 2000 poor persons, it is said, was done here every day and

so the king was called “Dharmaraja”

Uppirika Malika: The most attractive building in the whole Palace is the

“Uppirika Malika” which consists of three storeys. “Uppirika” is the abbreviated

term of “Muppirika” which means the residence of the eldest member of the

family. A wooden cot is erected on the top most floors in the belief of “Lord

Vishnu” the chief deity. The first floor contains a wooden cot made of 64

medicinal plants, on which the Maharaja used to sleep. The medicinal cot was

presented to Maharaja “Martanda Varma” by the Dutch East India Company in

1750, as a mark of friendship.

The Navarathri Mandapa: To the west of the Uppirika, is the Navarathri

Mandapa which is a spacious hall of exquisitely beautiful granite pillar with

drooping pendants and is the reminiscent of the Nayakar style architecture. In the

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Navarathri Mandapa, performances of Bharata Natya and musical recitals took

place in the royal presence.

3.13.7 Pechiparai Dam

43 kilometres from Nagercoil, this dam has been constructed in Kalkulam

Taluk, during the days of the Maharaja Sri Moolam Thirunal across the river

Kodayar. The construction of the dam was designed on the pattern of the Periyar

dam in the Madurai district. The length of the dam is 425.1 mts. It has a catchment

area of 204.8 square kilometers. There is a champ shed provided as a dam site for

the visitors. The weather is very pleasant and hence attracts a large member of

tourists.

The reservoir is surrounded by dense forest which is famous for its valuable

trees and rich wild life such us tigers, elephants, deer etc. A hill tribe, small in

number is known as‘Kanikars’ dwell in the dense forest around the lake.

3.13.8 Perunchani Dam

Perunchani Dam is situated at a distance of 42 kilometres from Nagercoil.

The dam serves as an irrigation resource for thousands of acres of agriculture

lands. Constructed across the Paralayar River, the dam’s length is about 373.10

meters. Surrounding environment consists of elegant hills with tall trees

mesmerizing the area.

3.13.9 Peer Mohammed Durha

There is a Durha named ‘Peer Mohammed Oliyullah Durha’ at Thuckalay

named after the great philosopher Mohammad Appa, who was born in Thenkasi of

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Thirunelveli District. After spending some time in spiritual pursuits in Peermedu of

Kerala State, he came and stayed at Thuckalay. Being a Tamil poet of great

eminence, he wrote many books on philosophy. He had intimate relationship with

the Kings of Chera dynasty. It is said that he laid the foundation stone for the

Padmanabhapuram Granite Fort.

The Anniversary of the great philosopher poet is celebrated every year on a

grand scale on the full moon day in the month of Rajap. Both the people of Kerala

and Tamil Nadu attend the celebrations in large numbers irrespective of their caste,

creed and religion.

3.13.10 Thirparappu Waterfalls

The Kodayar makes its decent at Thirparappu and the waterfall at this place

is about 13 kilometres. from Pechiparai dam.

The river bed is rocky and about 300 feet in length. The water falls from a

height of nearly 50 feet and the water flows for about seven months in a year. The

whole bed above the falls is one rocky mass which extends up to a distance of

about quarter of a kilometre upstream where the famous Thirparappuweir has been

constructed for supplying water to the paddy fields. In between the waterfalls and

the cascade, there is a temple dedicated to Siva enclosed by strong fortification.

The District Administration has recently constructed a swimming pool for children

over here which is very popular among the children.

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3.13.11 Maruthuva Malai

The Maruthuva Malai also known as the Marunthu Vazhum Malai is the

abode of medical herbs forming a part of the Western Ghats.According to the

tradition, the Maruthuva Malai is a fragment of the Sanjeevi Mountain, a piece of

which fell down here, and it was carried by Hanuman from Mahendragiri to

Srilanka for healing the fatal wounds of Lakshmana, the brother of Rama. It

stretches for more than a kilometre reaching a height of 800feet at the highest

point. It is about 11 kilometres from Nagarcoil.

3.13.12 Chitharal

Chitharal is the home to some fine specimens of Jain Sculpture. It is a small

village situated at a distance of 7 kilometres from Marthandam and 45 kilometres

from Kanyakumari. It is famous for the Rock-cut temple. Hillock at Chitaral has a

cave containing rock-cut sculptures of Thirthankaras and attendant deities carved

inside and outside dating back to 9th century AD. It was converted into Bhagavathi

Amman Temple in the13th century AD. Cars and Vans go up to the foot of the hill.

One has to walk for about 10 minutes to reach the temple. The Jain images have

been preserved by the Central Archaeological Survey of India.

3.13.13 Muttom Beach

The famous beach at muttom is located about 16 kilometre from Nagarcoil

and 32 kilometres from Kanyakumari

Muttom is known for its fine tranquil beach and light house. It is famous

for its beautiful landscapes and high rocks dipping into the sea at the beach-side.

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The sunset view point at Muttom is one of the most panoramic view points in the

district.

Another attraction of Muttom is the century old light house built by the

British. However, so far this beautiful beach has always been unsafe for the tourists

since the rocks for which tourists go to see the sea view are slippery and a number

of fatal accidents have occurred over the past few years. The district administration

decided to put protective stainless steel fencing across the entire dangerous areas

and also put up small open huts at the rock tops for the tourist to sit and watch the

massive sea waves leisurely with protection from sun and rain. The fencing work

and the small huts have already been completed to the delight of the tourists who

mob the beach in hundreds during weekends. Sitting benches have also been

constructed in a circle for the elders to chit-chat, relax and enjoy the sunset. Seeing

the response of the tourists, the district administration has sanctioned for the

construction of toilet complex, a small shopping complex and a Children’s park at

a cost of ` 11.60 Lakhs and there are plans to undertake sculpture-work across the

rocks to add to the ambience of the area.

3.13.14 Sanguthurai Beach

Sanguthurai is a beautiful beach resort and is very convenient for the local

population of Nagercoil. It is only 10 kilometres from the city. Unfortunately no

infrastructure facilities were available in this beach. The district administration has

now sanctioned a project for putting up of a children’s park, seating facility, open

huts (Kudils) with Terracotta roofs and lighting facility at a beach at a cost of

` 6.00 lakhs. The entire work has been completed. It is also proposed to put up a

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few shops for Women Self Help Groups at the site, which can provide eatables to

the tourists at the beach side.

3.13.15 Vattakottai (Circular Fort)

Vattakottai, (Agasteeswaram taluk) a granite fort six kilometres north- east

of Kanyakumari cape, forms the terminal of a line of ramparts known as the South

Travancore lines built by Marthanda Varma to serve as defence for Nanjil Nadu. It

is rectangular in shape and covers an area of about three and a half acres. The fort

is enclosed by walls 25 to 26 feet high, including the parapet, 29 feet thick at the

front, 18 feet at the corners and 6 feet at the rear. The portion running into the sea

is the most strongly built under the orders of De Lannoy during the reign of

Marthanda Varma (1729-58). About 1810 A.D, the British forces under the

command of St. Legar marched into Nanjil Nadu through the Aramboly pass and

demolished the defence lines. The small river by the side of the fort, and the green

vegetarian all around add to the scenery of the fort and has now become a holiday

resort and picnic centre.

It is said that there is a sub way or tunnel about four feet width, supposed to

connect the Padmanabapuram Palace. Now the tunnel has been closed. On the

northern side of the fort is a canon on the lower to the upper part of the parapet of

the fort. There is well of about 6’ diameter. The whole wall around the fort is

repaired and fresh mortar is being applied. Literacy or epigraphical evidences are

not in store to know much about Vattakottai. However, from the evidence left by

the fort itself, it may be presumed that this fort was the military base to portect the

Kumari Port which was a rich pearl harbour. Since the emblem of the Pandya

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Kings was ‘Fish’ and we find this emblem in some of the places of the fort, it can

be safely concluded that the Pandya Kings had control over this fort for some time.

3.13.16 Chothavilai Beach

This beach is about 10 kilometres from Kanyakumari and is one of the best

natural beaches of the district. The beach has shallow water and high sand dunes

on the back ground. The District Administration has through its own funds put up

rest shelters, kudils and a view tower over here for the benefit of tourists. The

tourists can reach the beach through the newly laid coastal road which is a very

beautiful drive along the sea-coast.

3.13.17 Ulakkai Aruvi

Ulakkai Aruvi is a natural waterfall situated in Azhagiapandipuram village

of Thovalai Taluk. Water is available in this waterfall in the summer season. Many

tourists come here for bathing and to enjoy the nature. The path- way to this

waterfall lies in the Reserve Forest.

3.13.18 Mukkadal

This is a natural dam constructed by T. Chitirai Maharaja. It supplies water

to Nagercoil Municipality and it is also proposed to get water from here for

Suchindrum and Kanyakumari. It is very picturesque spot and ideal for picnic.

3.18.19. Nagercoil (named after the serpent god)

Nagercoil the district headquarters of Kanyakumari district is located about

19 kilometres away from Kanyakumari. It is named after Nagaraja, the snake God

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in whose honour the Nagaraja temple is built. After worshipping the sand on the

premises, it is offered as Prasadam at this temple.

Images of Lord Siva and Ananthakrishna are also installed here. A

surprising element is the inclusion of images of the Jain Teerthankaras, Mahavira

and Parshvanatha on the temple pillars.

3.13.20. Thiruvattar Sri Adi Kesava Perummal Temple

The temple of Sri Adi Kesava Perummal Temple is one of the 108 Tripatis,

situated in Thiruvattar. Lord Vishnu had given darshan in the Ananthasayanam

posture and is considered one of the 13 sacred places (Malainaddu Tripatis) for the

Vaishnavas. The inscriptions found in this temple, fixes its age before 12th century.

It was believed that the temple was constructed by the Sculpture (Deva Shirpi),

Viswakarma. Remains of old mural paintings belong to a period not later than the

17th century and can be seen on the walls of the inner shrine. Wood carving show

exquisite workmanship and they adorn, some of the structure in the temple. The

temple is one of the finest specimens of temple art and architecture. It is about 11

kilometres north of Thuckalay and 46 kilometres from Kanyakumari.

3.13.21. Mondaikadu Bhagavathy Amman Temple

Mondaikadu is situated on the coast, north of Colachel port. This place is

famous for its temple dedicated to Bhagavathy Amman that dates back to the 7th

century BC. The Amman is in the form of an anthill that is about 12 feet high and

with five peaks and believed to be growing gradually, The annual festival called

“Mandaikadu Kodai” is celebrated in March for 10 days and is the main attraction

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of this place. The Department of tourism, Government of Tamil Nadu organize

Photographic Exhibition during the festival.

The temple, though small attracts a large number of people from all over

the district, besides a regular flow of pilgrim from Kollam in the Kerala State. It is

also known as, “Women’s Sabarimala”.

3.13.22. Kumara Kovil

Kumarakovil is at the foot of the Velimalai hills in Kalkulam Taluk.The

Lord Muruga temple is built on the hillock about 200 feet height in a lush green

field of paddy, plantain and coconut trees. The temple is noted for its architectural

beauty. Goddess Valli, the spouse of Lord Subramaniya, the presiding deity is also

enshrined in the temple at the side of Lord Subramaniya. On the right side of the

temple there is one big lake suitable for boating.

3.13.23. Thirunanthikkara Cave Temple

Thirunanthkkara Cave Temple is a rock-cut cave temple of Pallava art

dated Seventh and eighth century AD. It is a part of Thirunanathikkara temple,

which is located near Thiruvattar in Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu State of

South India. Till recently, the region around the temple was part of Kerala.

It was constructed by Jains in 7thcentury BC and was later turned into a

Hindu shrine. The temple contains faded outlines of former frescoes from 9th -10th

century BC-some of the earliest murals in Kerala style. Frescoes show scenes from

Ramayana and Mahabharatha.

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3.13.24. Swamithoppu Ayya Vaikundar Pathi

It is the religious headquarters of Ayyavazhi and is well known for its non-

idolatry system of worship. It is about 12 kilometres from Kanyakumari.

3.13.25. Bawa Kassim Valiyullah Masjid, Elankadai

This is one of the famous Mosques of Kanyakumari District situated in

Elankadai (Edalakudy), Nagercoil.

3.13.26. Valiya Palli

Islam had a firm foothold in this region since ancient times. The main

Mosque (Viliya Palli) in Thengapattanam is believed to have been built by the

missionary team led by Malik ibn Deenar in the 7th century.

3.13.27. Tengapattanam Beach

Thengapattanam beach is located on the west coast near Painkulam village in

Vilavancode Taluk. It is a fine beach adorned with coconut groves. It is also a

magnificent estuary where the river meets the sea. Riding in a catamaran (small boat)

in the river can be a pleasant experience which can be arranged through local

fishermen. It is 35 kilometres from Nagercoil and 54 kilometre. from

Kanyakumari.

3.13.28. Keeriparai

For nature lovers and adventurers, a pristine and beautiful place like

Keeriparai is ideal. This place hasn’t been publicized much by the Forest

Department for various reasons. Keeriparai hills (30 kilometres from Nagercoil)

and the nearby Kalikeasam are good picnic spots- one can enjoy water rushing
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through small mountain streams- with pebbles and ferns all around. There are also

a few small waterfalls in this area- the popular one being Vattaparai Falls.

Maramalai, which is further up in the hills of Keeriparai is famous for Wild

elephants.

3.13.29. Colachel Port

Colachel Port is a small natural harbour in the western side of the district

near the town of Colachel. The Indian government has plans to turn it into a major

port and container trans-shipment terminal and is now in the process of making a

feasibility study. Colachel Port would have certain advantages over other

neighbouring ports in India when developed, in that, it would be closer to

international shipping lanes-shipping traffic between Europe, West Asia and the

Far East passes not far from the port. Also, the port is naturally deep. Being

situated close to the tip of the Indian Peninsula and with major ports like Colombo

and Singapore in the surrounding area, the port can seen become a big port and

Singapore government has sent its team to study the port. 179

The Domestic Tourists Arrivals in this region during the year 2013 was

8473099 and Foreign Tourists Arrivals was 219106 and the total tourists flow was

8992205.

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http:/www.kanyakumaritn.nic.in
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 Table 3.2 Tourist Arrivals in Kanyakumari District

Year Domestic Tourists Foreign Tourists Total

2001 1763631 23590 1787221

2002 1532185 29746 1561931
2003 1602103 34687 1633790
2004 1482142 32675 1514817

2005 979203 23647 1002850

2006 1552726 53861 1606587
2007 1950527 65080 2015607

2008 2599915 91287 2691202

2009 3366426 110702 3477128

2010 5622679 166418 5789097
2011 6778819 178770 6957589
2012 7664823 213900 7878723
2013 8473099 219106 8692205
Source: Tourism Office, Kanyakumari.

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