Signal Operations

Basic Operation of the Signals.

1.3.1. Time Shifting
1.3.2 Reflection and Folding.
1.3.3. Time Scaling
1.3.4 Precedence Rule for Time Shifting and Time Scaling.

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 Time Shifting

• Time shifting is, as the name suggests, the

shifting of a signal in time. This is done by
adding or subtracting the amount of the shift
to the time variable in the function.
• Subtracting a fixed amount from the time
variable will shift the signal to the right (delay)
that amount,
• while adding to the time variable will shift the
signal to the left (advance).
1.3.3 Time Shifting.
 A time shift delay or advances the signal in time by a time interval +t0 or –t0, without
changing its shape.

y(t) = x(t - t0)

 If t0 is positive the waveform of y(t) is obtained by shifting x(t) toward the right,
relative to the tie axis. (Delay)

 If t0 is negative, x(t) is shifted to the left. (Advances)

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Example 1: Continuous Signal.
A CT signal is shown in Figure below, sketch and label each of this signal;

a) x(t -1)

x(t)

-1 3

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Solution:
(a) x(t -1)
x(t-1)

t
0 4

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Quiz 1:
Time Shifting.
Given the rectangular pulse x(t) of unit amplitude and unit duration.

Find y(t)=x (t - 2)
Ans Quiz 1: Time Shifting.
Given the rectangular pulse x(t) of unit amplitude and unit duration. Find y(t)=x (t - 2)

Solution:
t0 is equal to 2 time units. Shift x(t) to the right by 2 time units.

Figure 1.16: Time-shifting operation:

(a) continuous-time signal in the form of a rectangular pulse of amplitude 1.0 and
duration 1.0, symmetric about the origin; and
(b) time-shifted version of x(t) by 2 time shifts.

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Discrete Time Signal.
A discrete-time signal x[n] is shown below,
Sketch and label each of the following signal.

(a) x[n – 2]

x[n]

0 1 2 3 n

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Cont’d…
(a) A discrete-time signal, x[n-2].

 A delay by 2
x[n-2]

0 1 2 3 4 5 n

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• Quiz 2
Discrete Time Signal.

.
A discrete-time signal x[n] is shown below, Sketch and label each of the following signal

(a) x[n – 3] x[n]

0 1 2 3 n
• Quiz 2
x[n-2]
• Ans

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 n
1.3.2 Reflection and Folding.
 Let x(t) denote a continuous-time signal and y(t) is the signal obtained by replacing time
t with –t;

y t   x t 
 y(t) is the signal represents a refracted version of x(t) about t = 0.
 Two special cases for continuous and discrete-time signal;
(i) Even signal; x(-t) = x(t) an even signal is same as reflected version.
(ii) Odd signal; x(-t) = -x(t) an odd signal is the negative of its reflected version.

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Example :.
A CT signal is shown in Figure 1.17 below, sketch and label each of this signal;
a) x(-t)

x(t)

-1 3

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Solution:
(c) x(-t)

t
-3 1

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Cont’d…
 The continuous-time version of the unit-step function is defined by,

1, t 0
u t   
0, t0

 The discontinuity exhibit at t = 0 and the value of u(t) changes instantaneously from 0 to 1
when t = 0. That is the reason why u(0) is undefined.

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 STEPS To Remember
• If you have Time shifting and Reversal
(Reflection) together
• Do 1st Shifting
• Then Reflection
• Question 1
• Solution
Question 2: Discrete Time Signal.
A discrete-time signal x[n] is shown below,
Sketch and label each of the following signal.

(a) x[-n+2] (b) x[-n]

x[n]

0 1 2 3 n

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Cont’d…
(a) A discrete-time signal, x[-n+2].

Time shifting and reversal

x(-n+2)

-1 0 1 2 n

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Cont’d…
(b) A discrete-time signal, x[-n].

 Time reversal
x(-n)

-3 -2 -1 0 1 n

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 Question 2 Continuous Signal
A continuous signal x(t) is shown in Figure. Sketch and label each of the following signals.
a) x(t)= u(t -1)
b) x(t)= [u(t)-u(t-1)]
c) x(t)= d(t - 3/2)
Solution:

(a) x(t)= u(t -1) (b) x(t)= [u(t)-u(t-1)] (c) x(t)=d(t - 3/2)

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Time Scaling.
 Time scaling refers to the multiplication of the variable by a real positive constant.

 If a > 1 the signal y(t) is a compressed version of x(t).

 If 0 < a < 1 the signal y(t) is an expanded version of x(t).

y t   x at 

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 Example

The picture can't be display ed.

Cont’d…
 In the discrete time,

yn   xkn,
 It is defined for integer value of k, k > 1. Figure below for k = 2, sample for n = +-1,

Figure 1.12: Effect of time scaling on a discrete-time signal:

(a) discrete-time signal x[n] and (b) version of x[n] compressed by a factor of 2, with
some values of the original x[n] lost as a result of the compression.

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1.4.5 Step Function.
 The discrete-time version of the unit-step function is defined by,

1, n0
u n   
0, n0

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 Tutorial 1
Q 1A continuous-time signal x(t) is shown below, Sketch and label
each of the following signal

(a) x(t – 2) (b) x(2t) (c.) x(t/2) (d) x(-t)

x(t)

0 4 t

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 Tutorial 1
• Q3
Tutorial 1
1.4.6 Impulse Function.
 The discrete-time version of the unit impulse is defined by,

1, n  0
d n  
0, n  0

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