Laws of Motion Inertia The property of an object by virtue of which it cannot change its state of rest or of uniform motion along a straight line its own, is called inertia. Inertia is a measure of mass of a body. Greater the mass of a body greater will be its inertia or vice-versa. Inertia is of three types: G) Inertia of Rest When a bus or train starts to move suddenly, the passangers sitting in it falls backward due to inertia of rest. (i) Inertia of Motion When a moving bus, or/train stops suddenly, the passangers sitting in it jerks.in forward direction due to inertia of motion. (ii) Inertia of Direction We can protect ourself from rain by an umbrella because rain drops can not change its direction its own due to inertia of'direction. Force Force is a push or pull which changes or tries to change the state of rest, the state of uniform motion, size or shape of a body. Its SI unit is newton (N) and its dimensional formula is [MLT~]. Forces can be categorized into two types: @ Contact Forces Frictional force, tensional force, spring force, normal force, ete are the contact forces. i) Action at a Distance Forces Electrostatic force, gravitational force, magnetic force, etc are action at a distance forces. Impulsive Force i force which acts on body for a short interval of time, and produces a change in momentum is called.an impulsive force.mentum : . nt of motion present in a body is called j z se of a body is equal to the product Of itg 8 % ed by p. Linear Mo The total amor inear momen! raat It is denot . entum p= Mv. : : Li on fe kg-m/s and dimensional formula is [MLT-1 } Its ST un It is a vector quantity and its direction is in the direction OF ve it is b the body. Impulse : os an of impulsive force and time for which it acts is og impulse. : Impulse = Force x Time = Change in momentum Its SI unit is newton-second or kg-m/s and its dimension is (Mur It is a vector quantity and its direction is in the direction of fores, Newton's Laws of Motion 1. Newton’s First Law of Motion A body continues to be in its state-of rest or in uniform motion alog: straight line unless an“external force is applied on it. This law is,also called Jaw of inertia. Examples (@ When a carpet ora blanket is beaten with a stick then thedut Particles separate out from it. (i Ifa moving vehicle suddenly stops then the passengers insit the vehicle bend outward. 2 Newton's Seco, e rate of chan, force and Ee of ice change in nd Law of Motion a fF linear momentum is Proportional to the apoli omentum takes place in the direction of ap? Mathematicanty Fa ap dt Pop Where, hig a ani amy) ; and (Gg *¥etem of Proportionality and its value is one i? 8 Fy dy : “de = maamples (i Itis easier for a strong adult to push a full shopping cart than it is for a baby to push the same cart. (This is depending on the net force acting on the object). Gi) Ttis easier for a person to push an empty shopping cart than a full one (This is depending on the mass of the object), 3, Newton’s Third Law of Motion For every action there is an equal and opposite Fy2 Foy yeaction and both acts on two different bodies. 1 2 Mathematically Fy =- Fy, Examples () Swimming becomes possible because of third law of motion. (ii) Jumping of a man from a boat onto the bank of a river. (ii) Jerk is produced in a gun when bullet is fired from it. (iv) Pulling of cart by a horse. Note Newton's second law of motion is called real law of motion because first and third laws of motion can be obtained by iti The modern version of these laws is () A body continuesyin its initial state of rest or motion with uniform) velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced external force, (ii) Forees always occur in pairs. If body A exerts a force on body B, an equal but opposite force is exerted by body B on body A. Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum If no external force acts on a system, then its total linear momentum remain: conserved. : Linear momentum depends on frame of reference but law of conservation of linear momentum is independent of frame of reference. Newton’s laws of motion are valid only in inertial frame of reference. Weight (w) It is a field force, the force with which a body is pulled towards the centre of the earth due to gravity. It has the magnitude mg, where m is the mass of the body and g is the acceleration due to gravity. w= mgLift na liftis at rest or moving with a A 4 constant speed, then | ? R=mg +] | vs a ' a Oh, The weighing machine will read the { actual weight. mg (i) When a lift is accelerating upward, then z apparent weight R,=m(g+a) | The weighing machine will read the apparent weight, which is more than the actual weight. mg (ii) When a lift is accelerating downward, then 7 apparent weight 2 | R,=m(g-a) Loh mg The weighing machine will read the apparent weight, which is less than the actual weight. (iv) When lift is falling freely under gravity) then R,=m(g-g)=0 The apparent weight of the body becomes zero. (v) If lift is accelerating downward with an acceleration greater than g, then body will lift from floor to the ceiling of the lift. Rocket Rocket is an example of variable mass following law of conservation of momentum. Thrust on the rocket at any instant F=— u 2! dt where u=exhaust speed of the burnt gases and a = rate of combustion of fuel. Velocity of rocket at any instant is given by v= Uy + u log, (#) where, =i tial velocity of the rocket, Mo = initial mass of the rocket and M = present mass of the rocket. If effect of gravity is taken into account then speed of rocket de: M, ve to wo, (Mo) -riction force acting on the point of contact of the objects, which opposes the Jative motion is called friction. t acts parallel to the contact surfaces. Frictional forces are produced due to intermolecular interactions acting ‘etween the molecules of the bodies in contact. Friction is of three types: 1, Static Friction It is an opposing force which comes into play when one body tends to move over the surface of the other body but actual motion is not taking place. Static friction is a self adjusting force which increases as the applied force is increased. 9. Limiting Friction It is the maximum value of static friction when body is at the verge of starting motion. Limiting friction (f) =p, where 1, = coefficient of limiting friction and R= normal reaction. Limiting friction do not depend on area,of.contact surfaces but depends on their nature, i.e., smoothness or roughness. If angle of friction.is 0, thén coefficient of limiting friction pL, =tan® 3. Kinetic Friction If the body begins to slide on the surface, the magnitude of the frictional force rapidly decreases to a constant value f, kinetic friction. Kinetic friction, f, =", where 1, = coefficient of kinetic friction and N = normal force. Kinetic friction is of two types: (a) Sliding friction (b) Rolling friction As, rolling friction < sliding friction, therefore it is easier to roll a body than to slide. Kinetic friction (f,) =", R where 1, = coefficient of kinetic friction and R=normal reaction. Angle of repose or angle of sliding It is the minimum angle of inclination of a plane with the horizontal, such that a body placed on it, Just begins to slide down. If angle of repose is & and coefficient of limiting friction is p, then yp, = tanaMe! y A Plane i Inclined Plan 5 Motion on an along an inclined plane then difforeng f When an object Lac of plane, friction force ACting « ‘Me, res ; MH oy 84 on it like normal te, Different relations for the moti mms direction of motion etc. R 4 below. tion of plane Normal reacti — ing downward on the block, and net foros acting downward on te Acceleration on inclined plane a = g(sin 0-11 cos 8) [When angle of inclination of the plane from horizontal is less than the angle of repose (a), then (i) minimum force required tomove the body up the inclined plane f= mgi(sin + 1 cos 6) (ii) minimum force. Tequired to push the body down the inclined plane f= mg (cos 6 - sing) J Tension Tension force always pulls a body. Tension is a reactive force. It is not an active force, sion across a massless on Pulley or frictionless pulley remain consi Rope bi “comes slack when tension force becomes zero. Motion of Bodies in Contact @ Two Bodies in ass _m,, then F m ee S F (m, + mg) aContact force on m, = mia = mF (m, + m3) Contact force on my = mq = 2 __ “(m+ m3) (i) Three Bodies in Contact If F force is applied an object of mass mj, then acceleration of the bodies = te. (m, + my + m3) — +a oF E Apr “br m ™ my Contact force between m, and My Fata tm) F (m, + my + m3) Contact force between mz and ms s mF (my, + mz + mg) - (ii) Motion of Two Bodies, One Resting on’the Other (a) The coefficient of friction betWéen surface of A and Bben. Ifa force F is applied, on the lower body A, then common acceleration of two'bodies ‘2 ie Le Al —»F=umg M BL-+F Smooth surface aa (M +m) Pseudo force acting on block B due to the accelerated motion f’=ma The pseudo force tends to produce a relative motion between bodies A and Band consequently a frictional force f=, N =1ng is developed. For equilibrium maspmg or asyg (b) Let friction is ulso pr.sent between the ground surface and body A.Let the coefficient of friction between the given surface and body A is , and the coefficient of friction betweensurfaces of bodies A and Bis». If a force Fis applied on ty lower body A. f=ma eto f= amg m f= wa(M + m)g-<—JA MEF Net accelerating force = F'- fy =F -1s(M + m)g :. Net acceleration _ F-w(M+ mg _ F . =—(u+m) (M+m) 8 Pseudo force acting on the block B f'=ma The pseudo force tends to produce a relative motion between the bodies A and B are consequently a frictional force fg =H mg is developed. For equilibrium maS pp mg or ASN28 If acceleration produced under the the effect,of force Fis more than jag, then two bodies will not move together. (iv) Motion of Bodies Connected by Strings Rs fi a BP ml mlm mag mg mg F Acceleration of the system a = ——_—__—_ (m, + my + mg) Tension in string 7,=F (mg + mg) F (m, + my + mg) Ts = ma= Seeman (m, + my + mg) T, = (my + m3) a= Pulley Mass System : @ When unequal masses m, and m, are suspended from a pulley (m, > mg) mg-T = ma, and T — meg = moaOn solving equations, we get ganie a= (=m), 5} (m, + mg) a T= 2mm tmet] | § (m, + ma) Gi) When a body of mass my is placed on a frictionless horizontal surface, then —+a ; [mp oo T Acceleration at. (m, + mg) mys g (m+ my) (iii) When a body of mass my is placed ona rough horizontal surface, then Tension in string T= i } y mg (m= nme) g (m, + mg) p= mmlL +H) ge (m + m3) (iv) When two masses m, and m, are connected to a single mass M as shown in figure, then. Acceleration. Tension Ty: 8.7, Ta +o 3 3 oamg - T= me “4 = meg = Mya “iy T,-Th= Ma ) (my - mM) 8 Acceleration = = Gntm+M) 2m,+M (ig ae m8 Tension T, (5 +my+ "| a im Ms 1, (v) Motion on a smooth inclined plane, then mg-T= ma T— mog sin 8= maa AMIN Xe at m™m +My Tension p= mms (1+ sin@) g (m, + ms) (vi) Motion of two bodies placed on two inclined planes having different angle of inclination, then Acceleration — q=(%%Sin@ ~ m, sind.) g m +m, ‘Tension pa_mm. 29s ‘ 7m, +m (sin®, + sin@,) g ad]