CHAPTER Inside 4) Force + Inertia Momentum 2) Newton's laws of motion + Newton's st law of motion ¢ Newton's Ind law of mation + Impulse * Newton's lid law of motion 3) Law of conservation of linear momentum Forces in equilibrium “Newtons It law fr forces tnequikbriam 8) Common forces in mechanics + Free body dagramn © Apparent weight of a man inalife 3) Applications of Newton's laws of motion * Motion of bois Shmectd trough strings «Bodies attached through pulley 8) Force of friction 9) Equation of motion of a body on a rough inclines Laws of motion We normally observe around us, a number of objects or bodies at rest or in motion. On observing we can find that, the objects at rest do not move by themselves or the objects in motion do not come to rest by themselves but they require some external force to do so. e.g., to move a book kept on a table, we need to push or pull it, or to stop a vehicle in motion, breaks are required. “The factors which are necessary for causing motion or change in motion are termed as force. This cause of motion (force) and effects of motion are governed by Newton's laws of motion, In this chapter, we will discuss the motion of a body by taking into consideration the cause of motion ée., the external force which produces the motion or change the motion. 1) Force Force is an effort in the form of push or pull causing or tending to cause motion, change in motion or deformations in a body. There are basically two types of forces which are commonly observed. 1. Distant forces (Field forces) ‘The forces acting between two or more objects, which do not require the physical contact between the objects are called distant forces or field forces. Gravitational force between two bodies, electrostatic force between two charges, weak forces and nuclear forces are examples of distant forces. Weight (w = mg) of a body comes in this category. 2. Contact forces ‘The forces acting between two or more objects, which require the physical contact between the objects are called contact forces. Friction force, normal reaction, tension, “4 plane Pring forces etc are some examples of contact forces.Inertia The term inertia means resistance or opposition to the change of state. It is defined as the inherent property of a body by virtue of which it remains in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line. This term was first used by Galileo. There are three types of inertia (i) Inertia of rest It is defined as the tendency of a body to remain in its position of rest. ie., A body at rest remains at rest, and can not start moving on its own. (ii) Inertia of motion It is defined as the tendency of a body to remain in its state of uniform motion along a straight line. i A body in uniform motion can neither gets accelerated nor get retarded on its own, also it cannot stop on its own, (iii) Inertia of direction It is defined as inability of a body to change by itself its direction of motion, Relation between mass and inertia ‘Mass of a body is the measurement of its inertia. A body with greater mass shows greater inertia, ie. it is more difficult to change its state of rest or uniform motion as compared to that of a body having smaller Quantitatively, the inertia of an object is measured by its mass. Thus, the SI unit for mass as well as inertia is kilogram (kg), whereas the units in the CGS system and in the BE system for mass or inertia are gram (g) and slug (3), respectively. Momentum Momentum of a body is the quantity of motion contained in the body. It is measured as the product ‘of mass and velocity of a body. It is represented by p. ites [Momentum i) = Mass (n) Velocity ()] ST unit of momentum is kg-ms“! n and CGS unit of momentum is g-cms™! The dimensional formula of momentum is [MLT~"]. Ibis a vector quantity. 2) Newton's laws of motion Newton's laws of motion are the thre physical laws that toe, Iai the foundation for classical mechanics. These three lay motion were first proposed by Sir Isaac Newton. Newton's Ist law of motion This law states that, “every body continues in its state of rest of uniform motion in a straight line unless it is compelled by some external force to change its state”. Thus, it can be concluded that if the net external force on a body is zero, its acceleration is zero. Acceleration can be non-zero only if there is a net external force on the body. Newton’s first law defines force qualitatively. Newton's IInd law of motion This law states that, “the rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the external force applied on the boly and the change takes place in the direction of the applied force” We may also state Newton's second law of motion as “If the unbalanced external force (net force) acts on a body, the body accelerates. The direction of acceleration is the same as the direction of the net force.” Calculating force with the help of Newton's IInd law Let F be external force applied on the body in the direction of motion of the body for time interval A ¢, then the velocity of a body of mass m changes from v to v + Av ie. change in ‘momentum, A p = mv. According to Newton's second law. FoAP op pig AP At At where kis a constant of proportionality. If limit Ae 0, then the term 2 becomes the derivative 2 t # Thus, F=22 at For a body of fixed mass m, we have dimv) _,.dv Fok = km - Gen hm = B= ba If vis fixed and mis variable then F = d (aw) _ kudm a dt k=1, then F = vdm/dtNow, a unit force may be defined as the force which produces unit acceleration in a body of unit mass. So. Felm=la=1 So. kel So, [Force, F = ma Inscalar form, this equation can be written as, F = ma, The force is a vector quantity. Note. the ope of momentum-time graphs equaltoforceonthepatcleeg. ° ol eo t Fig 81 Momerinsine 008 ‘Tis raph depicts the mation of a body on which increasing force is acing Unit of force ‘+ In SI system, absolute unit of force is newton. One newton is defined as that much force which produces an acceleration of 1 ms~ in a body of mass 1 kg. In CGS system, absolute unit of force is dyne. One dyne is that much of force which produces an acceleration of 1 cms“? in a body of mass 1g. I dyne = 1 gx Lems™* 1 dyne = 1 g cms? + In MKS unit, gravitational unit of force is kilogram weight (kg-wt). One kg-wt is that much of force which produces an acceleration of 9.80 ms in a body of mass 1 kg. It is also known as kilogram-force (kgf). 1 kg-wt = Ikef = 9.8N In CGS system, gravitational unit of force is gram weight (g-wt) or gram force (gf). It is defined as that force which produces an acceleration of 980 cm s~* in a body of mass 1 g. 1 g-we= 1 gf= 980 cm s~ or 1 gf = 980 dyne Relation between newton and dyne 1 N= 1 kgx I ms 1000 gx 100.cm s~* 10° g cms (1 dyne=1 g cms~*) 10° dyne Chapter 05; Laws of motion 193 Example 51 If an electron is subjected to a force of 10 N in an X-ray machine, ther find out the time taken by the electron to cover a distance of 0.2 m. Take mass of the electron 10” kg. Sol, The acceleration of the electron F 10 m 10 ‘The time taken by the electron (to cover the distance (+) of (0. 2m can be given by 0° ms Lap ue dat 2 0.2=0+1x10°x? 2 = 0.410% =4x10% > t=2x 109s Example 52 A bullet of mass 0.06 kg moving with a speed of (90 ms" enters a heavy wooden blocl and it stopped after a distance of 60 cm. What is the average resistive force exerted by the block on the bullet? Sol. The retardation a of the bullet is given by From, v? =u? +2as,v=0) 60 em =0.6 m,u=90 ms" > From second law of motion, Retarding force by the second law of motion is F = ma where, F =0.06x 6750 = F=405N Example 53 A stone of mass 1 kg is thrown with a velocity of 20 ms" across the frozen surface of a lake and it comes to rest after travelling a distance of 50 m. What is the magnitude of the force opposing the motion of the stone? Sol, Given, =20 ms", v=0, s=50 m and m =1 kg To calculate force, we have the formula F = ma, but we have to first calculate acceleration a. Using the third equation of mation en v? =u +2as (OP =@0) +2xax 50 1000 == 400 2-190 ast ie ‘Acceleration a =~4 ms“? (—ve sign shows that speed of the stone decreases, i.e, retardation) Now, F =ma =1kg x (-4)ms" =—4 kg-ms ‘Thus, force of friction between the stone and the ice is -4N. ‘The negative value of force shows that the frictional force acts in a direction opposite to the direction of motion,104) OBJECTIVE PHYSICS Vol. 1 Example 54. block of 5g is resting ona frictionless plane. It is struck by a jet releasing water at a rate of 3 kgs' at a speed of 4 ms". Caleulate the acceleration of the block. Sol. Force exerting on block F =v = so acceleration of the block a 4x3=12N Resolution into different components of force If the force applied imparts acceleration a to a body, then, its components in X, Y and Z-axis area =a,i+a,j+a,k Components of force will be F,,F, and F, F=ma Fitk,j+Fk=mQ@,ita,j+ a,b The component form of Newton's second law tells that if the applied force makes some angle with the velocity of the body, it changes the component of velocity along the direction of force. The component of velocity normal to the force remains unchanged. Example 5.5 A force of 50 N acts in the direction as shown in figure. The block of mass 5 kg, resting on a smooth horizontal surface. Find out the SQN ‘acceleration of the block. Sol. Free body diagram son oo 50 cos 60" =F, Fy = 50 sin 60" where, F, = Horizontal component of the force F, = Vertical component of the force Horizontal component of the force = 50 sin 60° = Acceleration of the block a = Component of force in the direction of acceleration Parise > dp =2tddi + 31°dg = Joo=2f) dd +3 f° Pag = Ap=(Pigi +18) => ap = => ldp|=Vi6 + 64 =V80 = 9kg ms"! Resultant force ‘When two or more forces act on a body simultaneously, then the single force which produces the same effect as produced by all the forces acting together is known as the resultant force. A Balanced force When a number of forces acting simultaneously on a body do not bring about any change in its state of rest or of, uniform motion along a straight line, then the forces acting ‘on the body are said to be balanced forces, When different forces acting on a body give a zero resultant, then the forces are said to be balanced. Balanced forces do not produce any acceleration. 2.9. When two opposite forces having the same magnitude F act on a block placed on a smooth horizontal table, they fail to move the block. FB F Fig. $.3This is because the et Force is equal to zero, Similarly, vo opposite forces having the same magnitude cannot c the speed of a moving body. Unbalanced force When a number of forces acting simultaneously on a body bring about a change in its state of rest or of uniform motion along a straight line, then these forces acting on the body are said to be unbalanced forces. In this case, different forces acting on body do not give zero resultant. If an unbalanced force is applied on the abject, there will be a change either in its speed/ velocity or in the direction of its motion. ‘Thus, to accelerate an object, an unbalanced force is required. ‘When net force on the body is not equal to zero, then the body at rest starts moving in the direction of resultant force Fig, 54 IF, > F, then F; —F, > as a result the ear accelerates in the direction of F. Example 5.8 Let us consider two forces F, and Fy acting on a body of mass 2 kg as shown in the figure. F, =10N, F, = 2N, what will be the acceleration? A A Sol. Unbalanced external force =F, ~F In the direction of Fy. So, Foma > F ‘The body move in direction of F- Impulse When a lange force acts on a body for very small time, then product of the average of total force for that small time period and the time period itself is called impulse. Impulse = Average force x Time] “At or Chapter 05 : Laws of motion (195 It is a vector quantity and its direction is same as that of force. Dimensional formula of impulse is same as that of momentum, ie.,[MLT~!]. Its SI unit is N-s or kg ms ‘In CGS system, it is dyne or gems! Relation between momentum and impulse Suppose F is the value of force during impact at any time and pis the momentum of the body at that time, then according to Newton's IInd law of motion. P= op F-dt=dp oti) at Suppose that the impact lasts for a small time t and during this time, the momentum of the body changes from p, to pa. Then, integrating the above equation, we get (Eae= free lel = [Fde= mom From this equation, we found that impulse is equal to change in momentum of the body. ‘Also, if Fy, is the average force (constant) during the impact, then Impulse, T= [Fy dt = p2 ~ Pim Fee fee =po-Pr or 1=Fy Po Pi = AP Thus, impulse is also equal to total change in momentum. This is known as impulse-momentum theorem. Calculation of impulse: graphical method (i) When applied force is constant then the graph between this force and the time of application of this force is a straight line parallel to 7 Finewton) ae “Time (second) — Fig. $5 Impulse of a constant force Here, impulse is given by the area covered by the graph. ie, I=Fxat198) OBJECTIVE PHYSICS Vol. 1 where, Area of rectangle OABC. (i) When force is variable for the time of application (Ad) then, graph between force and time will be a curve as given in the figure below y Force (newton) —+ x ‘Time second) Fig, $.6 Impulse ofa variable force HDG Here, Impulse = Force x time (dt) =Fxdt = Area of shaded region Total impulse for the force applied during period from t, to t, =f? Feat a Area under F-t curve from f; to fa. Total impulse force the force applied Area covered between the curve and time-axis Example 5.9 A baseball player hits back the ball straight in the direction of the bowler without changing its initial speed of 12 ms”. If the mass of the ball is 0.15 kg. Find the impulse imparted to the ball. (Consider the ball in linear motion) Sol, Given, m=0.15 kg, v=12 ms“! w= —12 ms“! ‘Change in momentum, Pp A= mv —u)=0.15(12 - (-12)]=0.15 x 24 Pp = 3.60 kg ms“! Impulse, I=p,-p => 1=3.6 Ns Example 510 A hammer of mass 1 kg moving with a speed of 6 ms” strikes a wall and comes to rest in 0.1 s. Calculate, @ Impulse of the force (i) Average retarding force that stops the hammer. (ii) Average retardation of the hammer. ‘SOL, (i) Impulse = F x t = m(v —u) =1(0-6)=—6 Ns (i) Average retarding force that stops the hammer Impulse F =tmpube Time (ii) Average retardation, a = Example 5.1 A cricket ball of mass 150 g is moving with g velocity of 2 ms and is hit hy @ bat so that the bal is ack with a velocity of 20 ms”! If the duration of contact between the ball and bat is 0.01 s, find the impulse and the average force exerted on the ball by the bat ned Sol. According to given question, change in momentum ofthe ba Ap =p, ~ p =mlv—u) = 150 10 (20 - (-12) So, by impulse-momentum theorem, impulse = Ap = 4.8 N., And by time averaged definition of force in case of impulse 1 ae A 01 Example 5.12 Figure shows an estimated force-time graph for a base bail struck by a bat. i g Force in 8) —+ 115 2.253 “Time in second) —+ From this curve, determine () Impulse delivered to the ball (Gi) Average force exerted on the ball. Sol, (i) Impulse = Area under F-t curve = Aten of ABC = OP x AC = 1% 18000x 25-1 1.35% 10" kg ms~! Impulse _1.35%10* _ =9000N 25-1 i) Average force = ee Time Newton's Ilird law of motion This law states that, “to every action, there is always an equal and opposite reaction or, the mutual actions of two bodies upon each other are always directed to contrary parts". Analysis of forces From Newton's ITIrd law, it can be analysed that we can not produce a single isolated force in nature. Thus, forces ‘occur in equal and opposite pairs. Whenever object A exerts a force on object B, object B must also exert a force ‘on object A. The two forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. can Fax Fig, 8.7 Forces acting on bodies A and Bchapter 05 + Laws of tion (197 As shown in figure, if Fyq is the force exerted by body A“ Total ation on the floor by the man inBand Fy is the force exerted by Bon A, then = 50 kg wt - 25 kg wt s.cording to Newton's third law, 25 kg wt= 25x 9.8N = 245N ‘As the floor yields to a downward force of 700 N, so the man Fay should adopt mode (b). Fra} Force on A by B = ~ Force on Bby A Law of conservation of important features of Newton's Illrd law of motion 3 linear momentum (p Newton's third law of motion is applicable irrespective of the nature of the forces The forces of action and reaction may be mechanical, gravitational, electric or of any other nature ‘The total momentum of an isolated system (a system (i0 Action and reaction always act on two different having no external force ating it) of constant mass bodies If they act on the same body, the resultant remains constant or conserved and does not change with time, force would be zero and there could never be ielovated motio If the momentum of a two particles system of masses m, and my are p, and p, respectively, then the net ‘momentum of whole system is given by p= py +2 = Constant ‘This principle is a consequence of Newton's second and third law of motion. (ii The force of action and reaction cannot cancel each other This is because action and reaction, though equal and opposite forces always act on different bodies and so cannot cancel each other. (i) No action can occur in the absence of a reaction Ina tag of war, one team can pull the rope only if Derivation of law of conservation of linear momentum are the other team is pulling the other end of the rope, _/¥€"" below. no force can be exerted if the other end is free. One ro ore sci the force of action and the other team Conservation of linear momentum for a provides the force of reaction. system of two or more particles Example 513 A block of mass 25 ky is raised by 2 50 kg man Force applied on particle 1 by particle 2 is Fiz and force rate different ways as shown in figure. What isthe action on applied on particle 2 by particle 1 is F,, and their the flor by the man in the two cases? Ifthe floor yields © @ respective momentum are Py P: normal force of 700 N, which mode should the man adopt to . : » Pa lif the block without the floor yielding? (Take g = 98 ms?) From Newton's IInd law Sol. In mode (a), the man applies a force equal to 25 kg weight in upward direction, According to Newton's third law of tration, there will be a downward force of reaction onthe floor. 7 it am =0 is) Thus, py + pz = constant © ® For n number of particles, +. Total action on the floor by the man = 50 kg wt + 25 ke wt Pi + P2 +P3 + «+ + Py = Constant — Conservation of linear momentum for the aaa collision of two bodies tn mode ft), tho man applies a downward force on ropes equal Two bodies of mass m, and ma collide on frictionless Toe Sorin to Newt’ thd nw, the reaction | surface inthe same direction ‘with respective velocities u, weil bese the upward direction by the ropes on the man so he and up, After collision, both the bodies separate with a becomes light by 25 kg ¥* variation in their velocities. ie., v; and v2, respectively.~ 198 OBJECTIVE PHYSICS Vol. 7 Initial momentum (before collision) Pace) = "My Paina) = M242 Final momentum (After collision) Pulinat) = "11 P2tinad = M22 Fig, Fay 4 (0) At the time of collision (a) Before callision (© Aker collision Fig. 5.8 During collision, particle 1 exerts a force Fy, on particle 2 and simultaneously particle 2 exerts a force Fj, on particle 1. Fp = Rate of change of momentum of particle 1 my, = mye _ mld, = 4) i: t t Similarly, F,, = Rate of change of momentum of particle 2 Img — Minty _ ml, — uy) t t According to Newton's IIIrd law of motion Fy = ml, 14) ¢ ( or myu, + Mgt = myv, + MVy ie., Total momentum before collision remains same as total momentum after collision. Collision of ball with wall A ball of mass m strikes a surface with velocity u at angle 8 from the normal of surface and rebounds with the same speed in time t. Here, initial momentum of the particle P; = mu cos 01 ~ mu sin 8} Final momentum of the particle Py =—mu cos 03 — mu sin Oj Surface | =musin 6} Normal Pre my Fig. 8.9 Collision of ball with wall Now, change in momentum, Ap = py ~ p; = = mu-cos 04 — mu sin 0} — mu cos 61 + mu sing} = 2mu cos 04 Tt means that momentum changes only along the normal to the surface but not along the surface. This is so becatin, force is acting on the ball only normal to the surface (this force is reaction force of wall) and no force acts parallel the surface. | Ap |= 2 mu cos 0 Force, F= OP = =2mucos0 + at t 2 mu cos 8 Es cores There are two possible cases Case I 1f@=0°, means ball is throum perpendicular to de surface, then Ap=~2mu cos 0° => Ap=-2mui Ap _ -2mu at Casell 1/6 is the angle measured from the surface, then Ap=—2musin@i => | Apl=2musind z2mu sind 3 yp] = 2musine t t Newton's llird law can be derived from principle of conservation of linear momentum | wo pares f masses. andy are moving under aton other mutual erecting forces wth each ther, such thal no extemal feats | onthe syiem, Mamestu of sem remains corsa ie, p,+ 4p; =0 ap,=-ap, > > Fy=-Fy | Force on ts due to 2nd = ~ Force on 2nd due ots Example 5.14 A bullet of mass 10 g is fired from a gun of mass | kg. If the recoil velocity is 5 ms~'. Find the velocity of the muzzle. Sol. From the law of conservation of momentum MeVG =Mp’p where, mg, Vg =_mass of gun and velocity of gun ‘My Vy = mass and velocity of bullet = a ee my 10% 10grample 5:15 On a mine site a rock is exploded. On explosion Fak beaks into three parts. Two parts go off at right angles to Mh otler, These two are, 1 hg first part moving with a velocity SF? ms" and 2 kg second part moving with a velocity of gmc! Ifthe third part flies off with a velocity 4 ms", what pil be its mass? ‘Sol. oe wim ote OF OF’ oe From the law of conservation of momentum, paleo > myx 4a ylxl2P + Ox 6F =20 > my=Skg Example 5.16 Two objects each of mass 5 kg are moving in the same straight line but in the opposite directions towards each other with same speed of 3 m/s. They stick to each other after collision. What wil be the velocity of the combined object after colision? ™ m 4 =3m/s, uy Atcollision, After collision, 1 Let the velocity of the combined object be v. Total momentum before collision is my + ratty = 5x 3-+ 5x (-3)=0 Total momentum of the system after collision is mp + m3v = (m, + mzv= (5+ 5)v=100 Check point 51) 1. Which of Newton's laws of motion explain the concept o neti? {@) Istlaw (0) lindlaw (c) lid law —() Allof these 2. Inertia of an object is directly dependent on (a) impulse (b) momentum (c) mass (d) density 3. A body of mass 6 kg is acted on by a force so that its velocity changes from $ ms"! to § ms", then change in ‘momentum is (@) 48Ns (©) 24Ns (©) SONS (6) 12.Ns chapter 05 : Laws of mation (198 ‘According to the conservation of momentum, ‘Momentum before collision = Momentum after collision, O=10v => v=0 Hence, the velocity of the combined object after collision is Example 517 A ball of mass m strikes a rigid wall with speed v ‘and gets reflected without any loss of speed, as shown in the figure. (i) What is the magnitude ofthe impulse imparted to the ball by the wall? (i) What is the direction of the force on the wall due to the ball? smusin 30" imvsin 30° According to the question, @) py =mw sin 30° i — mv cos 30°} py == mv sin 30° — mv c0s30°} » Ap=py—p; =—2mv sin 30°F Lap|=mv i) Negative sign of the impulse shows that it is along negative x-direction. Since impulse and force are in the same direction, the force on the ball is along the negative direction of x-axis. Hence the force on the wall will be along positive x-axis. ‘= 4. The momentum p (in kg ms“) of a particle is varying with time't (in second) as p =2 + 3t2, The force acting on the particle att = 3s willbe (@ 18N ) S4N (ON ‘5. Abody is acted upon by balanced forces (@) ititis in rest only {0} ifitis moving with constant speed (©) it even number of forces are acting on it @ ititis not accelerating (@) 15200) OBJECTIVE PHYSICS Vol. 1 6. A lorce F = (6i ~ 8] + 10k) N produces acceleration of V2 ms ® in a body. Calculate the mass of the body. @ 10hg — &) Bkg —@) 12kg_— a) kg 7. A force of 72 dyne is inclined to the horizontal at an angle of 60° find the acceleration in a mass of 9 g which moves in the effect ofthis force in a horizontal direction (@) 5oms (b) dems"! @) 2ms"!—@) Sms 8. Aconstant force acting on a body of mass 3 kg change its speed from 2 ms~'to 3.5 ms~"in 25 s. In the direction of the ‘motion of the body. What is the magnitude and direction of the force? (a) 18min the direction of motion () 0.32 min the direction of motion {6) 0.64 min the direction of motion (@) 0.16 min the direciton of motion 9. Abody of mass 5 kgs acted upon by two perpendicular force BIN and GN. find the magnitude and direction the acceleration (@) 3s, @= cos” (0.8) irom 8m (0) 2ms"?, @=cos"' (0.6) fromm (0) 3ms~, = cos" (0.9)trom 6 m () Sms®, 8 =cos™ (0.81) from 8 m 10. A bull of mass m is moving towards a player with velocity vt player stopped it, then impulse applied by the player is (=v (e) +m) -2mv_—() +2 11. Aconstant retarding force of 50 N is applied to a body of ‘mass 20 kg moving initaly with a speed of 15 ms~. How long time does the body take to stop. @és 8s (9s (@ 10s 12. Aball of mass 1 kg is dropped from height 9.8 m, strikes with ground and rebounds at height of 4.91, if the time of contact between ball and ground is 0.1 s then find impulse and average froce acting on ball (a) 2352N-s, 2852N —(b) 235.2N-s, 23.53N (6) 425N-s,525N (@) 525N-s, 525N 13. Abail of mass 0.5 kg moving witha velocity of 2 ms~' strikes. ‘wall normally and bounces back with the same speed. Ifthe time of contact between the ball and the wallis one millsecond, the average force exerted by the wall on the ball is (@) 2000N (6) 1000N(c) SOON (¢) 125N 14, Aballis moving with speed 20ms~" collides »=20 ms"* with a smooth surface as shown in figure. The (Smooth horizontal surface) rate of chr nosy fe ba a f) 18 me" anne 6) 1 dome 18. A body of mass 5 kg is moving with velocity of v= (@i+ 6j)ms” att =05. After timet =2s, velocity of b 's (10% + 63), then change in momentum of body ig (2) 40%kgms~! (0) 201 kgms~" (©) 30% kgms~ (@) (801 + 30j)kgms~1 16. Ifimpulse | varies with time t as f (kg ms“) = 201? ~ 40t.The cchange in momentum is minimum at s (t=1s 3 fat or-de @ 17. Aa initially stationary device lying on a frictionless toor explodes into two peices and slides across the floor. One piece is moving in positive x-direction then other piece is moving in (@) positive y-direction (0) negative y-direction (6) negative x-direction (0) at angle from x-direction 78. Abuilet of mass 10 gis fred from a gun of mass 1 Kg with recoil velocity of gun § m/s. The muzzle velocity wil be (@) 30 kavnin (b) 60 kori ()30ms (2) 500 ms 19. Abullet of mass 0.1 kg is fed with a speed of 100 ms“ The mass of gun being 50 kg. Then, the velocity of recoil becomes (@)0.05 ms ()05ms“* (6)0.1 ms (02ms"* 20. Aman of mass 60 kg is standing on a horizontal conveyor belt. When the belt is given an acceleration of 1 ms“, the man remains stationary with respect to the moving bet. If g = 10ms~, the net force acting on the man is 2 ae tims" (a) zero (©) 120N (c) 6ON (4) 600N4) Forces in equilibrium forces which have zero linear resultant will not cause dny change in the motion of the object to which they are dpplied. Such forces (and the object) are said to be in equilibrium, For understanding the equilibrium of an hect under two or more concurrent or coplanar forces let gs frst discuss the resolution of force. Resolution of a force When a force is replaced by an equivalent set of components, it is said to be resolved. One of the most tseful ways to resolve a force is to choose only two ‘components (although a force may be resolved in three or more components also) which are at right angles also. The magnitude of these components can be very easily found using trigonometry, FE, 3 Fr pain t - Frees ri A é Fig. 5.10 Component of force In the above figure, F, =F cos 0 =component of F along AC F, = F sin = component of F perpendicular to AC or along AB The component of a force in a direction perpendicular to itself is zero. Example 5.18 Resolve horizontally and vertically a force F=8N which makes an angle of 45° with the horizontal. Sol. Horizontal component of F is yp =F cos 45° -of f) =42N and vertical component of Fis Fy =F sn as?=(0 ig} 828 Example 5.19. Resolve a weight of 10 N in two directions which are parallel and perpendicular toa slope inclined at 30° to the horizontal. Sol. Component perpendicular to the plane y ce i bao wy (&) V8 Os Oa 6. Aweight wis suspended from the mid-point of a rope, whose ends are at the same level. In order to make the rope perfectly horizontal, the force applied to each ofits ends must be (a) less than w (©) equal 1020 (©) equal tow (0) infinitely large 7. The below figure is the part of a horizontally stretched net. Section AB is stretched with a force of 10 N. The tensions in the sections BC and BF are (a) 10N,10N (©) 10N,6N (6) 10, 10N (@ cannot be caleulated due to insufficient data 8. Two particles of equal mass are connected to a rope AB of Negligible mass, such that one is at end Aand the other dividing the length of the rope in the ratio 1:2 from A, The ‘ope is rotated about end B in a horizontal plane. Ratio of the tensions in the smaller part to the other is (ignore ettect of revity) 4:3 (byta (1:2 (ata ‘9, When a force F acts on a body of mass m, the acceleration produced in the body isa If three equal forces fi =f =F =F acton the same body as shown in figure. The acceleration produced is Fy 135" 90 R @OR-hae) W+)a Ba Wa 10. Thiee forces acting on a body are shown in the figure. To have the resultant force only along the y-direction, the magnitude of the minimum additional force needed is (@)05N (b) 15N © 7 N () VN 11. Two equals forces are acting at a point with an angle of ey» between them. Ifthe resultant force is equal to 4043 ¥, the magnitude of each force is (a) 40N (b) 20N ()€0N (@30Nn 12. A body of mass 60 kg suspended by means of three stings, P,Q and Ras shown in the figure Is in equiliorium, The tension in the string P is wall M=60kg (a) 130.9 kgf (©) 60 kgf (©) 50 kgf (2) 103.9 kat 13 A body is under the action of two mutually perpendicular forces of 3 N and 4 N, The resultant force acting on the bodys @7N (IN (5N (A) 2610 14, Abball of mass 1kg hangs in equilibrium from a two stings ‘OA and OB as shown in figuré. What are the tensions in strings OA and OB? (Take g = 10ms~2) w=I0N (@) 5N,5N () SVEN, SVEN (©) 5N,5V3N (d) SV3N,5N 15. Aman of mass 60 g stands on a frame of mass.30 g. He pulls on a light rope which ‘passes over a pulley. The other end of the rope is attached to the frame. For the system to be in equiliorium what force man” must exert on the rope? (@) 409 (b) 80g (©) 30g @ 5095 Common forces in ~ mechanics ‘same of the common forces that we come across in ‘mechanics are described below. 1, Weight (w) The weight of an object is equal to the gravatitional force with which the earth pulls it downwards. ‘Weight of an object w = mg where m= mass of the object acceleration due to gravity 2. Normal reaction (R) Normal reaction is a contact force between two surfaces in, contact, which is always perpendicular to the surfaces in, contact. The following diagrams shown normal reaction berween two surfaces. le = fe Fig. S14 and g Block pushes ground downward with force R and ground pushes the block back with force R, where R = normal reaction force. 2.2 a © ein Fig. 5.15 Normal reaction between two surfaces Here m, pushes m, towards left by force Rand my pushes 'm, towards right by force R. 3. Tension (7) ‘When a body is connected through a string or rope, a force may act on the body by the string or rope due to the tendency of extension. This force is called tension. | rer Seer, Fig. 5:16 Tension forces Regarding tension and string, the following three points are important to remember (i) Force of tension acts on a body in the direction away from the point of contact or tied ends of the string, (i) Ifa string is inextensible, the magnitude of acceleration of any number of masses connected through string is always same. (ii) Ifa string is massless, the tension in it is same everywhere. However, if a string has a mass, tension at different points will be different. aed . (m | ae ig 5.17 Mases comected through sig having same celeraton (iv) If there is friction between string and pulley, tension is different on two sides of the pulley, but if there is no friction between pulley and string, tension will be same on both sides of the pulley. Last two points can be understood in diagram as follows rt no ir 7 i!" iT M (a) String is massless and there eo fiction between pulley and sting (@ String is massless and there i friction between string and pulley DR bry iT (c) String i not massless and there is friction between pulley Fig. 5.18 (v) Ifa force is directly applied on the string, the tension will be equal to the applied force irrespective of the motion of the pulling agent. 4. Spring force ‘The resistive force developed in a spring, when its length is changed is called spring force. <. Spring force, bes, where, x = Change in length of the string ‘Spring constant.\ 206) OBJECTIVE PHYSICS Vol. 1 Free body diagram A free body diagram (FBD) consists of a diagrammatic representation of a single body or a sub-system of bodies isolated from its surroundings showing all the forces acting on it. N Mass of book = m we mg Fig. .19 Free body diagram Consider, for example, a book lying on a horizontal surface A free body diagram of the book alone would consist of its weight (w = mg), acting through the centre of gravity and the reaction (N) exerted on the book by the surface. Example 5.24 A cylinder of weight w is resting on a V-groove ‘as shown in figure. Draw its free body diagram, 7 Sol. The free body diagram of the cylinder is as shown in figure. a Here, w= weight of cylinder and N, and N, are the normal reactions between the cylinder and the two inclined walls. Example 525 Three blocks A, B and C are placed one over the other as shown in figure. Draw free body diagrams of all the three blocks. 4 soley ‘Sol. Free body diagrams of A, B and Care shown below: | [os CEJ (Oh ets melt Here, N; = normal reaction between A and B. ‘Na = normal reaction between B and C. ‘Na = normal reaction between Cand ground. Example 526 A block of mass mis attached with vo yy as shown in figure. Draw the fre boy diagram ofthe ye i] 2... ‘S01. The free body diagram of the block is as shown in figure Tysin 8 T, n 1B.. r.cos0 mg Example 5.27 All surfaces are smooth in following figure, Find F such that block remains stationary with Tespect to wedge. M mE ANT Sol. Acceleration of (block + wedge) FE Orem) Let us solve the problem by both the methods. @) From Inertial Frame of Reference (Ground) FBD of block w.r.t. ground (apply real forces) with respect to ‘ground, block is moving with an acceleration a Neos 8 a Nano x mo 7 EF, =0 > N cos 0 =mg fl and EF, =ma > N sin @=ma Ail From Eqs. (i) and (i) a@=gtand F=Mtma =(M+m)gtan@Chapter 05 : Laws of motion (207 {i From Non-inertial Frame of Reference (Wedge) FBD Tom ‘of block w.r.t. wedge (real forces + pseudo force) Neos 8 ma) Tsino Nein 0 | ng mg ~ with respect to train, bob is in equilibrium EF,=0=9 Tsin BF, =0=> Tcos0 From Eqs. (ii) and (iv), we get the same result, ie. sw.r.t. wedge, block is stationary EF, =0 => N cosO=mg «ii ZF, =0= NsinO=ma tiv) In this way the block's net acceleration hecomes zero because all the forces acting on them balance each other for an observer on the wedge and not for.an observer on the ground. From Eqs. (ii) and fiv), we will get the same result ie Fait rmgtand 6) Apparent weight of a man ~ ina lift Example 5.28 A bob of mass m is suspended from the ceiling of atrain moving with an acceleration a as shown in figure. Find the angle @ in equilibrium position. Let us consider a man of mass mis standing on a weighing A machine placed in an elevator/lift. The actual weight mg a of the man acts on the weighing machine and offers a reaction R given by the reading of the weighing machine. @ This reaction R exerted by the surface of contact on the bas ‘man is apparent weight of the person. Sol, This problem can also be solved by both the methods. (i) Inertial Frame of Reference (Ground) FBD of bob wert ground (only real forces) bob is also moving with eee : (i When the lift moves upwards with acceleration a as shown in figure, the net upward force on the man is, Now, we consider how R is related to mg in the different conditions. Teos ® 6 ma. Fig. 5.20 a R-mg=ma = R=matmg a Apparent weight, R= m(g +a) So, when a lift accelerates upwards, the apparent weight of the man inside it increases. (i When the lift move downwards with acceleration a as shown in figure. Then net downward force on the (i) Non-inertial Frame of Reference (Train) FBD of bob aan ‘wat train (real forces + pseudo force) and ,, From Eqs. (i) and (i), we get20 OBJECTIVE PHYSICS Vol. 1 R cla "9 Fig. 5.21 mg—R=ma Apparent weight, R = m(g-a) So, when a lift accelerates downwards, the apparent weight of the man inside it decreases. (ii) When the lift is at rest or moving with uniform velocity v downward or upward as shown in figure. R a0 mg Fig. $22 ‘Then, acceleration a = 0. So, net force on the man is R-mg=mx0 = R=mg or Apparent weight = actual weight ‘So, when the lift is at rest, the apparent weight of the man is his actual weight. (iv) When the lift falls freely under gravity if the supporting cable of the lift breaks. Then, a = 9. The net downward force on the man is R=m@g~-g) > R=0 Thus, the apparent weight of the man becomes zero. This is because both the lift and man are moving downwards with the same acceleration g and so there is no force of action and reaction existing between the man and lift. Hence, a person develops a feeling of weightlessness when the lift falls freely under gravity. Example 5.29 A spring balance is attached to the ceiling of an elevator. A boy hangs his bag on the spring and the spring reads 49 N, when the elevator is stationary. If the elevator ‘moves downward with an acceleration of 5 ms~*, what will be reading of the spring balance? Sol, When the elevator is stationary, Then, w=mg > 49=mx98 > m= 25 28 ‘When the elevator is moving downward with an acceleration R=m(98 -a)=5 (9.8 —5)=24N Example 530. finan stationary elevator a man i stan with a bucket full of water. The bucket has a hole a its bs The rate of flow of water through this hole is Ro. Ifthe oe starts fo move up and then down with same acceleration, a” the rate of flow of water are R, and R. Find the relation between Ry, R,, and Ry. Sol, Rate of flow will be more when elevator will move in, upward direction with some acceleration because the net downward pull will be more and vice-versa. Frpwact (Ry (+a) Founnard (Ry) = (9-2) => Fee vox Ro) = mg ‘Thus, relation between R,, Ro and Ry is R, > Ry > Ry Example 531 In the adjoining figure, a wedge is fixed to an elevator moving upwards with an acceleration a. A block of mass m is placed over the wedge. Find the acceleration ofthe block with respect to wedge. Neglect friction. Sol, Since, acceleration of block w.r:t. wedge (an accelerating or non-inertial frame of reference) isto be find out. FBD of block w.r.t. wedge is shown in Fig. > 1 Ge mg +Fp=mg+ma Pseudo-acceleration(-a) {for non-inertial fame ‘The acceleration would had been g sin 6 (down the plane) if the lift were stationary or when only weight (ie., mg) acts downwards. Here, downward force is m (g + a) +. Acceleration of the block (of course w.r.t. wedge) will be (G+ a) sin 0 down the plane, 7) Applications of Newton's laws of motion Consider two bodies of mass m, and m, placed in direct ‘contact with each other on a smooth platform. F =a [mm] ™ Fig, 5.23 Motion of two connected bodySuppose a horizontal force is applied and both the bodies moves with acceleration a, then F=(mtm)a Now, we can calculate, normal reaction between the todies, using free body diagram (FBD). FBD of Ist body N Fig, 5.24 F-N=ma_ (From Newton's IInd law) FBD of IInd body ork Fig. 5.25 N=ma In the same way, we can calculate, the acceleration and normal reaction for three bodies in contact. Example 532 Two blocks of mass 4 kg and 2 kg are placed side by side on a smooth horizontal surface as shown in the figure. A horizontal force of 20 N is applied on 4 kg block. 20N akg 2 Find (a) the acceleration of each block, (0) the normal reaction between two blocks. Sol. (a) Since, both the blocks will move with same acceleration (say a) in horizontal direction. Let us take both the blocks as a system. Net external force on the system is 20 N in horizontal direction: say [sie fa : Usin BF,=mo, : 10 ro=U+20=60 or ant? (0) The free body diagram of both the blocks are shown in the figure , 20n oi aa Es Using EF, = ma, For 4 kg block 20-N 40 = n=20-2 hi Chapter 05: Laws of motion (209 For 2 kg block Here, N is the normal reaction between the two blocks. Note in fee body diagram of te blacks we have not shown the forces acting onthe blocks in vertical direction, because normal reaction ‘between the blocks and acceleration ofthe system can be obtained without using EF, = 0 Example 5.33 Three blocks of mass 3 kg, 2.kg and 1 kg are placed side by side on a smooth surface as shown in figure A. Horizontal force of 12.N is applied on 3 kg block. Find the net force on 2 kg block. Sol, All the blocks will move with same acceleration (say a) in horizontal direction. Let us take all the blocks as a system. Net external force on the system is 12 N in horizontal direction. ch Le 12N Using 12=0+2+1e=62 or a Now, let F be the net force on 2 kg block in x-direction, then using EF, =ma,, for 2 kg block, we get F=Q)2)<4N Note Here, nt force Fon 2 kg bockis the resultant of Mand Ny My >) ‘where f= normal reaction between 3 kg and 2b block and. fl, normal reaction between 2 kg and 1kg black Thus, #21 My Motion of bodies connected through strings Horizontal motion ‘When two bodies are connected through an inextensible ‘weightless string and a force is applied to impart an acceleration ‘a’ in both the bodies, as given in the figure below, then equation.of motion from the FBD can be given by : For A Tema ofl) For B F-T=ma ii) a “ tf LE Fig. 5.26 Motion of evo connected body through string From Eqs. (i) and (ii) Fema+ma= 210) OBJECTIVE PHYSICS Vol. 7 From Eqs. (i) and (ii) mF im, +m) In the same way we can calculate the acceleration and tension in three bodies. Example 5.34 A block of mass M is pulled along a horizontal frictiontess surface by a rope of mass m as shown in figure. A horizontal force F is applied to one end of the rope. Find () The acceleration of the rope and block (i) The force that the rope exerts on the black. (ii) Tension in the rope at its mid-point. ee F Sol. (i) Acceleration a “Ga (i) Force exerted by rope on the block is, M:F Tee i) r « 7 L FED of rope a (m+ 2M)F 2m + M) we BD of block +M ‘Tension in rope at mid-point J; = M-F Men oe M) L2—- Ty nh M Vertical motion . In the same manner, as discussed above we can calculate acceleration, tension in the string and common force in two or more blocks in vertical direction also. Example 5.35 In the arrangement shown in the figure, the strings are light and inextensible. The surface over which blocks are placed is smooth. Find kg Sgn kg (a) the acceleration of each block ®) the tension in each string. Sol, (a) Let a be the acceleration of each block and J; and T; be the tensions, in the two strings as shown in the figure. 2 ang | igh ate Fen fre ‘Taking the three blocks and the two strings as the systen MN iri or 14=(442+1la or antteams? (0) Free body diagram (showing the forces in x-direction only) of 4 kg block and 1 kg block are shown in figure, a=2ms? a=2ms? y hon Foun akg i 7 Using EF, =ma, Ma) or 14-7, =0)2)=2) 14-2=12N T, = (4)2)=8N For L kg block, F - & T For 4 keg block, 1, =(4)@e) Example 5.36 The blocks of masses 2 kg, 3 kg and 5 hg are connected by light, inextensible strings as shown, The system of blocks is raised vertically upwards by applying a force '200 N Find the common acceleration and tension in the = strings. 200N 2g Ske I . Ske Sol. 200 N | [a] eS “Th af | 3 [ie ts af] sie 200N 2k : 6 2g=20N A4-308 T:T-T,-30=3a i) 5 oi] SerSON Tet -S0=5a Ai) ‘Adding Eqs. (0) (i) and (i), we get 100=102 => a=10ms* T.=160N = T,=100N Alternate Method Taking three blocks together as a system 200N (2+3+539=100N 7 :200-100=(2+3+5a => a=10ms Two blocks at a time 200 200-50-T=2+3) 150-7,=5%10 => T;=100N (+5\g=80N 7-80-6450 > 7}—80=8%10 => T;=160N Note There are various ways to take blocks as a system. ( Chapter 05 : Laws of motion ( 211 Example 537 Two blocks of mass 4 kg and 2 kg are attached by an inextensible light string as shown in figure. Both the Blocks are pulled vertically upwards by a force F =120N. F=120N [vs 2 ke Find (a) the acceleration of the blacks, ©) tension in the string, (Take g =10 ms"*) Sol, (a) Let a be the acceleration of the blocks and T the tension in the string as shown in figure. F=120N 2 2 ke Taking the two blocks and the string as the system. Using BF, =ma,, we get F-4g-29=(4+2)a or 120-40~20=6a or 60=6a a=10ms? (©) Free body diagram of 2 kg block is shown below. po 1 7 awe[ | le cle sng BF =ma, weet, T2900 T2020 : Te40N\ 212) OBJECTIVE PHYSICS Vol. 1 . 'BD for m Bodies attached through pulley 7 a . m,g-T =ma (down Case I Consider two bodies of mass m, and m, (m, > m,) Alg-T=4.la ma connected to a massless and inextensible string ae “i svhich passes through a smooth pulleys. IFthey are Adding Eqs (and Gi, we get allowed to move freely, they move with common 41g -2.69=2.6 + 4.0 acceleration a. The tension in the string due to i mass m, and m, is T: . 67 Putting the value of ain Eq. (i), we get i T 2.69 =2.6x2.2 T =2.6% 2.2 +2.6x10 T r =31.72N Tea Example 5.39 The pulley is light and smooth; the strings are A [m] o| inextensible and light. The system is released from rest. B Find the acceleration of each block, tensions in the strings and Fig. 5.27 Motion of connected bodies reaction on pulley. From FBD, puss! For A, T—myg=ma fi) For B, m,g-T=ma (On solving Eqs. (i) and (i), we get io (mao) (omy +m) Sol. . Ts (22) : m +m; Reaction at suspension of pulley R = 27. Example 5.38 Two spheres of masses 2.6 kg and 4.1 kg are tied together by a light string looped over a frictionless pulley. () What will the acceleration of each mass be? (ii) Find the value of tension in the spring. Sol. Here, m, =2.6kg, m, = 4.1kg Aaa nh om] 2 Pall Ne eed Tr Tr 59 =50.N a al fw h ma] 2 T aia] |* F i FBD for m, j erp 39 =30N 4:304)-T, =3a . T -2.6g =2.6a i)Th falls ea ay220N 4:T,-20=20 Salvng Eas. i and (i, we get a=6ms? i T, =32N Faceson pulley, R~2T, (pulley in massless) R k hoh where Ris the reaction in the pulley. Case I When two bodies are attached through a pulley as given in the figure below. —2t a Fig. 554 Here, m > m, then from FBD, Then, for A T=ma For B, — ma=mg~T Solving Eqs. (i) and (i), we get my im +m nll) ii) a=—™2_g=>T Gm, +m) Example 5,40 A 2 kg mass placed on a level table and is attached by a string passing over the edge of a table as illustrated in the diagram. AK m Pub —"2 B . [ee] me R (9 Calulte the magnitude of aceleration of the system. (i) Calculate the tension in the string. Chapter 05 : Laws of motion (20 Sol, From FBD in m, T-ma=0 = T-2a=0 oll) FBD in m, mag ~ 5g-T=5a Putting T =2a from Eq. (i) 5q-2a=5a Again Tension in the string T=2a= Example 5.41 A 3000 kg truck ison a cliff and is tied with a rope to a 78 hg person hanging over the cliff Ifthe cliff is very {gy (frictionless), what is the magnitude of acceleration of the system? Sol, As the elif is very frictionless, so it can be considered as, frictionless pulles. Tr 000 track ait \ Tag Mant From FBD of truck T-ma=0 T =ma =3000a fi) From FBD of man mg-T=m,a ‘18g -T =1Ba Putting the value of T from Eq. () 789 ~3000a = 782 3078a = 789 = 8X10 0.25 ms? 3078 Example 5.42 The strings are inextensible and light; the pulleys are smooth and light. Find the acceleration of each block and tensions in the strings. 2h ‘Smooth Ske oie~ 214) OBJECTIVE PHYSICS Vol. 1 Sol. Ske: 4:50-F=5a eli) 2kg: “5-h 7 She TT, -30=3a Adding Eqs. (i), (ii) and (ii), we get Motion on inclined plane If a block is moving on an inclined plane, we choose two directions, along the plane and perpendicular to the plane. Resolve the forces along these directions and solve. Case III When pulley is attached to the edge of an inclined plane To understand this case, first of all we need to understand the motion of an object placed on a frictionless inclined plane. Fig. 5.28 Consider an object of mass m, is placed on a smooth inclined plane with angle of inclination ®. From the FBD of object, different forces acting on it, are (@ Normal rotation R, acting perpendicular to the plane. (ii) Component of weight mig cos@, acting perpendicular to plane. (iii) Component of weight mig sin downward along the inclined plane. Here R and mg cos @ will cancel each other (as here is no motion in vertically upward and vertical downward direction), so here forces can be ignored. Fig. 5.29 Now a pulley is connected at the edge of inclng plane and a block of mass ma (m,>m,) 4 connected through a string passing over the ply to mass m, as shown in Fig. 5.29. Now equation of motion of my T—mgg = ma ol) Equation of motion in my mgsin® ~T = ma wi From Eqs. (i) and (ii) (nygsin® ~ mg) (im, + my) T= (1+ sin@) g m, +m Example 5.43 Consider the situation shown in the figure. The surface is smooth and the string and the pulley are light, Find the acceleration of each block and tension in the string.Leta d kg block be moving downward. \waer Along the plane: 2 29=20N 30 sin30°-T =3a T-20 Ai) ti) since, the acceleration is negative, ie, the block of mass 3 kg is moving upward. Example 5.44. In the arrangement shown, inclined plane is snot strings and ples are massless. Find 7 Bs +: 50sin 30° — kg: along the plane : 30 sin 30° + T; ~ T, =3a hg: te Adding Eqs. (i), (i) and (ii), we get 20=10a => a=2ms? T=15N > T=24N 7188 Tu 8 Chapter 05 : Laws of motion (215 \ Example 5.45 In the arrangement shown, all the surface are smooth, strings and pulleys are light. Find the tension in the string Sol, Block A : along the plane 20sin 53°-T =2a Ai) Block B: along the plane T-20sin37=2a til) Adding Eqs. () and (i), we get 20 in 53° - sin37°) = 4a m(e-3) T=20sin37+2a = 4a => a=\ms? 20x 342x1-14N 5 Example 5.46 In the adjacent figure, mass of A, B and C are 1 hg, 3 kg and 2 kg, respectively, Find (@) the acceleration of the system, and ® tensions in the string. Neglect friction. (g =10 ms") Sol. (a) In this case net pulling force = mg sin 60° + mgg sin 60° ~ meg sin 30° 5 Bi 1 1yLO=™ + (KIO) > |- ano(}) =24.64N Total mass being pulled =1+3 +2=6kg Acceleration of the system. (b) For the tension in the string between A and B. FBD of A mag sin 60° ~T; =(mXa) =m, 9sin 60" mya216) OBJECTIVE PHYSICS Vol.1 =m, (g sin 60°-a) T -ofo2- «je 56N For the tension in the string between B and C. FBD of C BN ‘meg sin 30° T, ~meg sin30°= me a Ty =mcla + 9 sin30°) t ~a[410+ wo(4)]- 18.2N Example 5.47 Calculate the net acceleration produced in the ‘arrangements shown below. (a) etm) [an] T mg 3g ® = nll i 2mg @ * OFT! elfen Line y 2mg 3mg @ Co) Sol. (a) Net pulling force =3mg — mg =2mg Total mass =3m + ) Pulling force =2mg Total mass = 3m (©) Net pulling force =3mg -2mg =m Total mass =3m +m +2m =6m m6 (@) Net pulling force = 3mg + mg ~2mg =2mg Total mass =3m +m +2m = 6m (e) Net pulling force = 4mg sin 30° - mg Total mass = 4m +m = 5m = ee@ad Sm 5Check point 53) 1. Find the force exerted by 5 kg block on tloor of lt, as shown intigute, (Take, g = 10ms"2) Sims? Phe Ske (@) 100N (0) 115N (9 105N (@) 135 2. Three blocks of masses m,, m, and my are connected by massless strings as shown on a frictionless table. They are pulled with a force T, = 40N. fm, = 10kg, m = 6kg and ‘m= 4kg, the tension T, wil be i th t, ey m™ (@) 20N () 40N @ 10N (@ 32N 3. AS0kg boy stands on a platform spring scale ina lit that is going down with a constant speed 3s“ If the lft is brought to rest by a constant deceleration in a distance of ‘9m, what does the scale read during this period? (Take, g = 9.8ms~*) (@) SOON (b) 465N (©) 515N (@) zero 4. An elevator and its load have a total mass of 800 kg. Ifthe elevator, originally moving downward at 10 ms, is brought torest with constant deceleration in a distance of 25m, the. tension in the supporting cable will be (g = 10 ms~*) (@) 8000 N (b) 6400 N (@ 11200 (@} 9600N ‘5. The surtace are tritionless, the ratio of F and Tis F fra. re (@) V3.1 (0) 1:3 Ors (5:1 6. Two blocks of masses 2 kg and 1 kg are in contact with each other on a frictionless table. When a horizontal force of '3Nis applied to the block of mass 2 kg, the value of the force of contact betwoen the two blocks is, (@4N (0) 3N @5N @1N 7. Three blocks are placed at rest on a smooth inclined plane with force acting on m, parallel to the inclined plane. Find the Contac orce between mandy rae (@ Gemermyr ™ ae mem om (0) F-(m+m)q (0) None of the above 88. In the arrangement shown, the mass m will ascend with an accsleration (Pulley and rope are massless) Fa 3m Zer g (@) Zero we 9 (@) 29 9. Two masses are connected by a string which passes over a pulley accelerating upwards at a rate A as shown. Ita, and a, be the accelerations of bodies 1 and 2 respectively, then @ Aza-a@ =42 (@ a-A5