Department of Mechanical Engineering

Subject: - Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer (MTME 012)

Assignment No: - 01

Assignment Topic: - Problems on Conduction, Convection and Radiation

Submitted to: - Mr. Anand Kumar Singh

Submitted by: - PRASHANT GUPTA

Roll No.:- 19005200405004

Institute of Engineering & Technology, Lucknow

An Institute of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University,
Lucknow, U.P.
Question No. 1-

An inexpensive food and beverage container is fabricated from 25 mm thick polystyrene

(K=0.023 w/mk) and has interior dimensions of 0.8 m × 0.6 m×0.6 m. Under condition
for which an inner surface temperature of approximately 2 ℃ is maintained by an ice-
water mixture and an outer surface temperature of 20 ℃ is maintained by the ambient,
what is the heat flux through the container wall? Assuming negligible heat gain through
the 0.8 m× 0.6 m base of the cooler, what is the total heat load for the prescribed
condition?

Solution- Given data- L= 25mm = 0.025m,

k= 0.023w /mK,

Assuming length (L) = 0.8m, breadth (B) = 0.6m, height (H) = 0.6m

Ti= 2℃, To= 20℃,

As per Fourier’s Law, Heat flux (q) of the surface -

k (¿−Ti)
q= --------------------------------- (i)
L

0.023 ×(20−2) 0.414

q= = 0.025 w /m2
0.025

q=16.56 w /m2

Surface area ( A)= { 2 ( L × H ) } + { 2 ( B × H ) } +( L × B) ------------------------------- (ii)

A = ( 2 ×0.48 ) + ( 2 ×0.36 )+(0.8 × 0.6)=1.68+0.48=2.16 m2

Using values of equation (i) and( ii)

Total Heat load, Q=q × A

Q¿ 16.56 ×2.16 W (watt)

Q = 35.7696 W. Ans.

COMMENT: - The corners and edges of the container create local heat loss through 1-
D conduction, hence the heat load get increased. But if H, W1, W2 >>>L, then the heat
effect is not considered.
Question No. 2-

A common procedure for measuring the velocity of an air stream involves the insertion
of an electrically heated wire (called a hot wire anemometer) into the airflow, with the
axis of the wire oriented perpendicular to the flow direction. The electrical energy
dissipated in the wire is assumed to be transferred to the air by forced convection.
Hence, for a prescribed electrical power, the temperature of the wire depends on the
convection coefficient, which , in turn, depends on the velocity of the air. Consider a
wire of length L= 20mm and diameter D= 0.5mm, for which a calibration of the form
V =6.25× 10−5 h2 has been determined. The velocity V and the convection coefficient h
have units of m/s andw /m2 k , respectively. In an application involving air at a
temperature ofT ∞=25 ℃, the surface temperature of the anemometer is maintained at
Ts=75 ℃ with a voltage drop of 5V and an electric current of 0.1A. What is the velocity
of the air?

Solution – Given data L=20 mm=0.020 m ,

D=0.5 mm=0.0005 m ,

Voltage( v )= 5 volt, I= 0.1amp,

V =6.25× 10−5 h2,

Ts=75 ℃ , T ∞=25 ℃

Surface area = π × D × L=π ×0.0005 ×0.020=0.0000314 m 2 -------------------- (i)

As per Energy balance equation –

vI=hA (Ts−T ∞) --------------------- (ii)

Substituting value of equation (i)

5 ×0.1=h ×0.0000314 ×(75−25)

w
h = 318.51
m2 k

According the velocity equation given in question

Velocity (V) = 6.25 × 10−5 h2 ---------------------- (iii)

Using value of equation (ii)

−5 2 m
Velocity (V) = 6.25 ×1 0 × ( 318.51 ) =6.332
s

m
V =6.332 Ans.
s
Question No. 3-

A spherical interplanetary probe of 0.5m diameter contains electronics that dissipate

150w. If the probe surface has an emissivity of 0.8 and probe does not receive radiation
from other surfaces, as, for example, from the sun, what is its surface temperature?

Solution – Given data D=0.5 m,

Q=150 watt ,

ε =0.8,

σ =5.67 ×1 0−8

Ts = Surface temperature

Surface area( A ) =π D 2=0.783m 2

Heat transfer through Radiation, Q=σϵAT s 4

Q =150 = 5.67 ×1 0−8 × 0.8× 0.783 ×T s 4

Ts =254.73 K Ans.
Question No. 4-

Consider a carton of milk that is refrigerated at a temperature of Tm =5 ℃. The

kitchen temperature on a hot summer day is T∞¿ 30 ℃. If the four sides of the carton
are of height and width L =200 mm and w = 100 mm, respectively, determine the heat
transferred to the milk carton as it sits on the kitchen counter for durations of t = 10 s,
60 s, and 300 s before it is returned to the refrigerator. The convection coefficient
associated with natural convection on the sides of the carton is h =10 w /m2 K . The
surface emissivity is 0.90. Assume the milk carton temperature remains at 5 ℃ during
the process. Your parents have taught you the importance of refrigerating certain foods
from the food safety perspective. Comment on the importance of quickly returning the
milk carton to the refrigerator from an energy conservation point of view.

Solution- Given data Tm=5 ℃=27 8 K , T ∞=30 ℃=303 K ,

L=200 mm=0.2 m

W =100mm =0.1m,

10 w
h= ,∈=0.90
m2 k

Total surface area = ( S )=4 × ( L ×W )=4 ×0.2 ×0.1=0.08 m 2

As per Energy balance Equation-

Total heat transfer ( Q )=( Q ) conv .+ ( Q ) rad . ------------------------ (i)

Q¿ hA ( T ∞−Tm )+ σ ∈ AT m 4

Q¿ { 10 ×0.08 × (303−278 ) } +{5.67 ×1 0−8 ×0.90 × 0.08× ( 30 34 −27 84 ) }

Q¿ 20+10.024=30.024 watt

Energy For the given time instant –

1) At (t) = 10second

E¿ Q ×t=30.024 ×10=300.24 J ( joule)

2) At (t) = 60second

E¿ Q ×t=30.024 × 60=1801.44 J

3) At (t) =300second

E¿ Q ×t=30.024 ×300=9007.2 J
COMMENT: - The result shows if milk carton will remains on the kitchen counter for
long period of time, milk would gain more amount of heat. Therefore to maintain it at
required temperature i.e. at 5℃ , we need to apply more amount of heat.

QUESTION No. 5-

In one stage of an annealing process, 304 stainless steel sheet is taken from 300 K to
1250 K as it passes through an electrically heated oven at a speed of Vs =10 mm/s. The
sheet thickness and width are ts = 8 mm and Ws = 2 m, respectively, while the height,
width, and length of the oven are Ho = 2 m, Wo = 2.4 m, and Lo = 25 m, respectively.
The top and four sides of the oven are exposed to ambient air and large surroundings,
each at 300 K, and the corresponding surface temperature, convection coefficient, and
emissivity are Ts = 350 K, h = 10 w /m2 k , and ϵ =¿ 0.8. The bottom surface of the oven is
also at 350 K and rests on a 0.5m-thick concrete pad whose base is at 300 K. Estimate
the required electric power input, Pelec, to the oven.

Solution – Given data Ti=300 K , ¿=1250 K ,

mm
Velocity of sheet (Vs)=10 =10 m/s,
sec

Thickness of sheet (ts) = 8mm = 0.008m,

Width of sheet (Ws) =2m,

Oven Height (Ho) = 2m,

Oven width (Wo) = 2.4m,

Oven length (Lo) = 25m,

Surface temperature of oven (Ts) =350K,

Ambient temperature (To) =300K

 w
h¿ 10 2
,∈=0.8 , tc=0.5m, T¿ 300+ 1250 =775 K
m k 2

kg joule
For 304 stainless steel at 775 k :- ρ=7900 , C=570 ,(reference from- http://azom.com)
m 3
kgk

For concrete at 300 K : K=1.4 w /mK

As per Energy equation

P ( elect )= (Uo−Ui ) +Q−−−−−−−−−( L)

Where m =Heat transferred from oven

m=ρ ×Vs × (Ws ×ts ) =7900× 0.01× ( 2× 0.008 )=1.264kg

Uo – Ui=m ×C × ( ¿−Ti )=1.264 × 570× ( 1250−300 )

¿ 1.264 ×541500

= 684456 J (joule) ------------------------- (i)

Surface area (A)¿ 2 × ( HoLo+ HoWo ) +WoLo

¿ 2 × ( 2 ×50+2 ×2.4 )+ ( 2.4 ×25 ) =109.6+60 =169.6 m 2 ------- (ii)

Qconv.¿ hA ( Ts−Tb )=10 ×169.6 × (350.300 )=84800 W ( watt ) --------- (iii)

Qrad.¿ σ ∈ A × ( T s4 −T b 4 ) =5.67× 1 0−8 ×0.8 ×169.6 ×(35 04 −30 04 )

=53130.168 W ------------- (iv)

(Ts−Tb) ( 350−300 )
Qcond.¿ K ×(WoLo)× =1.4 × ( 2.4 ×25 ) × =8400 W. --------- (v)
tc 0.5

As per Energy balance Equation

Q = Qcond. + Qconv. + Qrad

= 8400 + 84800 + 53130.168 =146330.168 W ----------- (vi)

Substituting values from equation (i) and (vi) in equation (L)

Hence, P(elect )=( Uo−Ui ) +Q

¿ ( 1.264 ×541500 ) +146330.168

P(elect )=830786.168 watt=830.780 kW Ans.