Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
Introduction
Accordingly, humans especially teenagers are more likely active in doing sexual
intercourse, proven by the growing rates of people engaging on pre-marital sex or sex before
marriage and teenage pregnancy or early pregnancy. This growing rate was very alarming
concerning on the disease that a person can get through sexual intercourse called Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
According to Bonnema et al. (2012), HIV, or human immunodeficiency syndrome, is a
virus that causes AIDS, or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and its infection occurs by the
transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate or breast milk. For further explanation on
how someone is infected with HIV and how to prevent this, see next chapter. HIV infects cells
that play a vital role in a person's immune system, such as T-cells, macrophages and dendritic
cells. These T-cells recognize invaders and are able to “warn” other cells, like macrophages,
through transmitters in order for them to slow down or destroy the invaders.
HIV attaches to these cells' membrane enzymes, CD4+ enzymes and then enters the
cell where they place their DNA in the genome of the host cell, as explained above. Different
enzymes that will be produced in this infected cell may have a negative effect on the cell's
function. Also, different reactions of the body, which usually serve as a protection but are now
even more harmful, will destroy the infected cells. These processes lead to an extreme
reduction of the amount of helper T-cells in the infected person's body. This causes failing of the
person's immune system (Bonnema et al., 2012).
The Philippines is never an exception in the spread of this deadly disease. Since its first
case was reported in 1984, HIV has been a major public health concern (Lucero, 2017). The
Department of Health (DOH), had launched several schemes and strategies to circumvent this
deliberately enflaming social concern, still, the complete eradication of it has not been realized.
Across the globe, out-of-school youth are a diverse group. They may have completed
school, dropped out, or never started school. They may have jobs or be married, or may be girls
who have been forced to quit school because they need to work in the home, are pregnant, or
1
have babies. They work in factories, live on the street, hawk vegetables in the market, stay at
home for housework or child care, or are unemployed.
Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
This study was anchored on the Attribution Theory by Harold Kelly. According to Kelly
(1967), the attribution theory is the conceptual analysis of causality and extinction. This implies
that one has to look for the causes of a particular thing for example HIV/AIDS and how to avoid
it or how to bring it to an end.
Attribution theory concerns the allocation of responsibility for an event. Attribution
theorists assume that man is motivated to find causes of events, and to understand his or her
environment. Although incorrect or motivated inferential errors may be made, man is
conceptualized as a rational organism, acting as a scientist, testing and discarding hypotheses
about the world. To reach causal inferences one must search for information, assemble and
process this knowledge (Kelly, 2000). According to Kelley (1967), information about the
consistency and social consensus of events is especially necessary to reach appropriate causal
inferences.
Weiner (1974) advanced the attribution theory which states that historical conditions
enable people to explain why one perceives the present situation the way she/he does. Weiner
(1990) explains that people use a set of historical conditions, for example when somebody
enjoys a particular drink another person may decide whether to take the drink or not to ascertain
whether he or she can also enjoy it. One may also take the drink to find out whether it is good.
Thus, the decision may in part depend upon the attribution of enjoyment to the person or to the
drink.
Indulging in sexual activities might result to HIV infection and subsequent AIDS disabling
condition. The resultant suffering from the disease on the individual would make other people to
make the decision on whether to engage themselves in sexual activities or not. According to this
theory, knowledge is necessary to predict behaviour but attributions constitute explanations,
excuses or rationales that people give to explain their behaviour. This theory guided the study in
attempting to establish the respondents' level of awareness and their attitude on HIV.
The schema of this study was drawn in figure 1. It explains the relationship between the
independent and dependent variables. It also briefly explains the significant difference in the
respondents' level of awareness on HIV when data are grouped according to sex, age, sexual
2
orientation and relationship status. and the significant difference in the respondents' attitude on
HIV when data are grouped according to sex, age, sexual orientation and relationship status.
Independent Variable Dependent Variable
Level of Awareness of the Attitude of the Youths on HIV
Youths on HIV
On Practicing Safe Sex
Disease Process of HIV and On Dealing with People
AIDS Living with HIV
Mode of transmission
Prevention and treatment
Profile
Sex
Age
Sexual Orientation
Relationship Status
Figure 1 Schema of the study
3
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to look into bivariate analysis on HIV awareness and attitude of the out-
of-school in Dapitan City during the year 2019.
Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:
1. What is the profile of the respondents when data are grouped according to:
1.1 sex;
1.2 age;
1.3 sexual orientation; and
1.4 relationship status?
2. What is the respondents' level of awareness on HIV when data are grouped according to:
2.1 disease process of HIV and AIDS;
2.2 mode of transmission; and
2.3 prevention and treatment?
3. What is the respondents' attitude on HIV when data are grouped according to:
3.1 on practicing safe sex; and
3.2 on dealing with people living with HIV?
4. Is there a significant difference in the respondents' level of awareness on HIV when data
are grouped according to:
4.1 sex;
4.2 age;
4.3 sexual orientation; and
4.4 relationship status?
5. Is there a significant difference in the respondents' attitude on HIV when data are grouped
according to:
5.1 sex;
5.2 age;
5.3 sexual orientation; and
5.4 relationship status?
6. Is there a significant relationship between the respondents' level of awareness and
respondents' attitude on HIV?
Significance of the Study
4
The result of this study will resound to the benefit of the society considering that the
eradication of HIV transmission has not fully realized. Below are some reasons why the
following members of the society are beneficiary to this study:
Department of Health (DOH). The data will determine the significant relationship
between the level of awareness and attitude of the respondents on HIV. Thus, the result will
give idea/s to the DOH on what to do in helping the respondents if the level of awareness and
attitude of the respondents is negative.
Future researchers. This study will provide information that can be utilized by a new
group of researchers who plan to take similar studies.
Scope & Delimitation
The study focuses on the evaluation of the level of awareness in relation to the
respondents' attitude on HIV. The respondents belong to this study were the Out-of-School
youth in Dapitan City during the year 2019.
5
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Youth who do not attend school or who drop out prematurely miss many of the
fundamentals of basic education — reading and writing skills, mathematics, and science. But
they are also disadvantaged because they lose a valuable opportunity to learn about
reproductive health and HIV in a stable and credible environment: the classroom. Such youth
are vulnerable to misinformation from unreliable sources or possibly never learn about the
issues at all.
The assumption underlying Information, Education and Communication (IEC)
intervention which has long been used to alert the general public to the reality of the risk of
HIV/AIDS, has been that knowledge about HIV/AIDS will cause peoples' attitudes to change
which will in turn lead to a change in sexual behaviour (Joined United Nations Programme
(UNAIDS), 1999) on HIV/AIDS.
There have been efforts to curb the pandemic from various world governments. The
campaigns have been on end the silence, stigma and shame, provide young people with
knowledge and information equip young people with life skills to turn knowledge into practice,
work with young people to promote their participation among others. At the national level, United
Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) is supporting modes of transmission studies being carried
out by (UNAIDS) and the World Bank (WB) in Eastern and Southern Africa and in Latin America
which aim to help countries analyze how the most recent HIV infections were transmitted and
understand why they occurred (UNICEF, 2009). UNICEF is also supporting situational analysis
to better understand which young people are most at risk of HIV and why. Data collection on
risk behaviours among young people has been supported by UNICEF in several countries in
Eastern Europe. Risk mapping at community level has been carried to determine when and
where adolescents and young people are at risk to assist local efforts to implement and tailor
the right intervention strategies (UNICEF, 2009).
Along with UNAIDS, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and the World Health
Organization (WHO) (2002), UNICEF has supported the inclusion of specific HIV prevention
strategies aimed at young people into the national plans of a number of countries in Eastern and
Southern Africa and encouraged young people's participation in the development of such plans.
Malawi has completed a national acceleration plan for prevention among young people. In
6
Namibia a prevention subcommittee prioritizing young people has been established under the
national co-ordination structure and the HIV prevention. Response includes a focus on most at-
risk adolescents (UNICEF, 2009).
In the United States of America (U.S.A), AIDS education in school is carried out within
the wider frame work of sex education. Debate has raged over whether AIDS education should
take the form of abstinence education (where pupils are encouraged purely to avoid sex until
marriage) or comprehensive AIDS education which promotes other options such as condom use
alongside abstinence-as ways of preventing infection. Ultimately, comprehensive education has
been shown to be more effective since it is more realistic about the lifestyle of young people,
and because abstinence purely protects an individual from AIDS if the person that they marry
has also abstained from sex (Avert organization, 2008).
National Aids Control Organization (NACO) and the ministry of Education have also
designed sex education programme to be taught to 15 to 17 year old in Indian secondary
schools, a potentially valuable tool in India's fight against AIDS. However, this plan has been
met with loud opposition, with politicians, teachers and parents protesting that such education is
not appropriate and goes against Indian cultural values.
HIV/ AIDS education in India is incorporated into science lessons with students being
taught purely about the biological aspects of the subject. This approach has advantage in that it
is more adaptable to teachers who have not received any training to teach about AIDS and
avoids the cultural and religious barriers that make it difficult for teachers to talk about sex in the
classroom. At the same time most experts agree that programmes that address the social side
of HIV /AIDS are more effective than purely scientific approaches, which can make it difficult for
students to appreciate the 'human' life of the topic (Global Campaign for Education, 2005).
The government of Uganda has put a lot of effort into AIDS education and this
to have paid off in the form of a falling national HIV prevalence (Human Rights Watch, 2004). In
2001, the Presidential Initiative on AIDS Strategy for Communicating to Young People
(PIASCY) was launched – the country's first AIDS curriculum for primary schools. Under this
programme primary schools are required to hold weekly assemblies about HIV and AIDS and a
set of teachers' manuals have been distributed to give guidance on teaching the subject.
HIV/ AIDS education in Kenya is based around a 'life-skill' approach that is, an approach
that focuses on relationship issues and the social side of HIV, as well as simply the scientific
7
facts about infection. Life skills include: decision making, interpersonal skills, critical thinking,
negotiation, resistance, problem solving, empathy, creative thinking, communication, goal-
setting, self awareness, assertiveness, and coping (Gisela and Maren, 2005).
Lessons on HIV/AIDS are incorporated in primary school curriculum. A secondary school
HIV/AIDS kit with information on how HIV/AIDS should be taught was prepared by the Ministry
of Education Science and Technology (MOEST). The teachers are committed in teaching
HIV/AIDS concepts infection, transmission and prevention that help the youth\ understand about
HIV/AIDS (Gisela and Maren, 2005).
In spite of the efforts by the governments to create awareness, United Nations report an
alarming new finding that vast majority of the world's young people have no idea how HIV/AIDS
is transmitted or how to protect themselves from the pandemic. Yet the study also shows
adolescence is the time when the majority of the people become sexually active (Avert
Organization 2008).
Overall, surveys from 60 countries indicate that more than 50% of young people aged 15
to 24 harbour serious misconceptions about how HIV/AIDS is transmitted- a strong indicator that
young people are not getting access to the right information. In some of the country's most at
risk from the virus, the proportion of young people who have correct knowledge to protect
themselves is as low as 20%. The result: half of all new infections are in people between the
ages of 15 and 24 (WorldBank,2000).
On the contrary, Attitudes have been defined as ways of thinking or behaving. Attitudes
are the general evaluative dispositions toward other people, objects, ideas, events, situations or
concepts. These general evaluative dispositions include feelings, beliefs and behaviour
tendencies or practices, which are relatively stable and enduring in an individual (Cowie, et al.
1965).
Attitudes make one to react in a consistent way, favourably or unfavourably to a more or
less predictable degree to particular situations. They are internal, private events whose
existence we only infer from our own introspection. This happens whenever they are reflected in
our words or actions. Observational learning occurs when attitudes are acquired from friends
and the mass media. In such a case, the approval or disapproval of peers mould attitudes,
especially those held in common with other people (Snyder and DeBong, 1987).
8
A good example of this can be seen in a boy who joins existing group whose norms
include smoking cigarettes as a way of having fun. He will eventually end up believing that
smoking is fun and thereby acquire a favourable attitude toward the “norm”, even if the original
intention of joining the group was to gain entry in the group for company. The IEC fails to take
into account of both the interacting complexities of factors that determine people‟s attitudes and
the fact that attitudes do not exist in isolation. Rather they entail the organization of concepts,
beliefs, habits and motives (Snyder and DeBong, as cited by Mugi, 2012).
Finally, attitudes can be learnt through cognitive appraisal and evaluative information on
the basis of evidence. For example, a boy who believes having sexual intercourse makes him a
man may revise such a stereotype on the basis of new information purporting abstinence until
he is married. In this case, initial attitudes tend to serve as cognitive anchors, which help mould
the ways in which we perceive the world and interpret issues. This study sought to establish the
out-of-school youths' attitude towards HIV and their levels of awareness.
9
Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the related literature and studies after the thorough and in-depth
search done by the researchers.
Research Method and Design
The descriptive – correlational method of research was used in this study with the aid of
questionnaire based and adopted from standardized test found on the internet. It took an
average of 20 minutes for the out-of-school youth to finish answering the questions. The
questions was simplified to make them clear, simple and easy to understand.
Research Environment
This study was conducted in Dapitan City.
Respondents of the Study
The researchers considered the out-of-school youth in Dapitan City as the respondents
of this study, comprising of 50 members, 25 female and 25 male. These respondents were
utilized in answering the standardized questionnaire (see Table 1).
Table 1 presents the distribution of respondents. There were a total of 50 out-of-school
youth respondents in this study who took the survey. Out of the total, 26 or 52% were male and
24 or 48% were female.
Table 1 Distribution of Respondents
Respondents Frequency Percentage
Male 26 52%
Female 24 48%
Total 50 100%
Sampling Technique Used
10
Quota sampling was utilized in finding the respondents of this study. The questionnaire
was administered personally by the researchers and was responded by 50 out-of-school youth
respondents in Dapitan City. The items in the instrument was based on the awareness of HIV
and the attitude of the out-of-school youth towards its transmission though some items was
customized to suit to the needs of this study.
Research Instrument
A standardized questionnaire based and adopted from standardized test found on the
internet was used in gathering data. The questionnaire considered of items that determined HIV
awareness and attitude of the out-of-school youth in Dapitan City. The questionnaire was
constructed in such a way that respondents will be able to answer it easily.
The questionnaire was composed of various questions that were categorized into three
sections: demographic profile of the respondents, their awareness towards HIV and their
attitude towards HIV
In the first part of the questionnaire, the participants’ profile was asked specifically, their
age, sex, sexual orientation and relationship status.
The second part of the questionnaire determined the participants’ prior knowledge on
HIV and AIDS. The participants were asked alternate response questions about the nature and
disease process, mode of transmission, and prevention and treatment of HIV and AIDS.
The participants’ attitude on HIV and AIDS was the focus of the third part of the
questionnaire. In here, the participants were asked of their attitude towards practicing safe sex
and dealing with people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA)..
Validation of The Instrument
To ensure the validity of the instrument, the researchers sought valuable corrections,
suggestions, and opinions from their instructor and from the person who knows more about the
case to ensure that the questions were appropriate and could be very illicit substantial
responses.
11
Any documents used by this study were also referred to and the opinions of persons
who have established themselves as authorities in related fields of endeavor were also
considered and pondered upon to help in formulation of questions.
Scoring Procedure
To draw out the responses of the respondents' level of awareness on HIV, they were
asked to answer 15 alternative response questions about its mode of transmission, disease
process, and prevention and treatment. The findings herein were obtained by getting the
percentage of the participants who answered each question correctly. The percentage obtained
was further categorized into ‘high awareness’ if the percentage range was 75 percent and
above; ‘average awareness’ if the percentage range was 51-74 percent; and ‘low awareness’ if
the percentage range was 50 percent and below.
The participants’ attitude towards HIV was determined by asking them to rate their
feeling towards the 20 statements presented in the questionnaire. The findings herein was
obtained by computing for the mean score in reference to their answers in the prepared 20
statements. Then, the result was further categorized into ‘very positive’ if the mean range was
3.25-4.00; ‘positive’ if the mean range was 2.50-3.24; ‘slightly positive’ if the mean range was
1.75-2.49; and ‘not positive’ if the mean range was 1.00-1.74.
Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers personally administered the research instruments to the out-of-school
youth respondents, conferred and discussed the significance of the study and accomplished the
distribution of the instruments properly.
The respondents were given 20 minutes to accomplish questionnaires. After the
questionnaires have been accomplished, the results were tallied and tabulated. These data
became the bases of presentation, analysis and interpretation.
Statistical Treatment
Frequency count, percentage distribution, weighted mean, One-way ANOVA, Pearson r
Product Moment and Regression Analysis are the statistical tools used to come up with the apt
analysis and interpretation of the data gathered.
12
13
Chapter 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents the findings, analysis and interpretation of data that have been
gathered from the questionnaires distributed to the respondents. These were sequentially
presented following the order of the specific problems.
Problem No. 1 What is the profile of the respondents when data are grouped
according to:
1.1 sex;
1.2 age;
1.3 sexual orientation; and
1.4 relationship status?
Sex
Table 2 shows the profile of the respondents when data are grouped according to sex. It
further shows that 26 or 52% of the out-of-school youth respondents are male and another 24 or
48% are female.
Table 2 Profile of the Respondents When Data are Grouped According to Sex
Sex Frequency Percentage
Male 26 52%
Female 24 48%
Total 50 100%
Age
Table 3 presents the profile of the respondents when data are grouped according to age.
The respondents who age above 19 represent 52% of the total number of out-of-school youth.
Moreover, the respondents who age 17-19 represent 42% and the respondents who age 14-16
represent the 6% of the total number of respondents.
Table 3 Profile of the Respondents When Data are Grouped According to Age
14
Age Frequency Percentage
14-16 3 6%
17-19 21 42%
Above 19 26 52%
Total 50 100%
Sexual Orientation
Table 4 reveals the profile of the respondents when data are grouped according to
sexual orientation. As revealed, majority of the respondents are heterosexual with a frequency
of 30 or 60%. Also, there are 12 or 24% who are homosexual, 7 or 14% who are bisexual and 1
or 2% who are belong to other sexual orientation.
Table 4 Profile of the Respondents When Data are Grouped According to Sexual
Orientation
Sexual Orientation Frequency Percentage
Heterosexual 30 60%
Homosexual 12 24%
Bisexual 7 14%
Others 1 2%
Total 50 100%
Relationship Status
Table 5 shows the profile of the respondents when data are grouped according to
relationship status. It can be seen that most of the respondents were single with a frequency of
30 or 60% followed by 15 or 30% who are in a relationship. Moreover, 3 or 6% are in an open
relationship and 2 or 4% are in a closed relationship.
Table 5 Profile of the Respondents When Data are Grouped According to
Relationship Status
Relationship Status Frequency Percentage
15
Single 30 60%
In a Relationship 15 30%
Open Relationship 3 6%
Closed Relationship 2 4%
Total 50 100%
Problem No. 2 What is the respondents' level of awareness on HIV when data are
grouped according to:
2.1 disease process of HIV and AIDS;
2.2 mode of transmission; and
2.3 prevention and treatment?
In order to determine the level of awareness of the participants on HIV, they were asked
to answer a set of questions focusing on the mode of transmission, disease process, and
prevention and treatment of the virus and disease, respectively. Table 6 summarizes the
findings on this part of the study.
Based from the findings, majority of the participants have an average awareness on
what HIV and AIDS is, as shown by the overall mean percentage score of 53.04. Interestingly,
further analysis of the results showed that majority of them have an average awareness on the
disease process (MPS=58.00) of HIV and AIDS, average awareness on mode of transmission
(MPS=58.27) and average awareness on prevention and treatment.
Table 6 Respondents' Level of Awareness on HIV when data are grouped
According to Disease Process of HIV and AIDS, Mode of Transmission and
Prevention and Treatment
Mean Percentage
Score of Correct
Independent Variable Interpretation
Responses
Disease Process of HIV and AIDS 58.00% Average Awareness
16
Mode of transmission 58.27% Average Awareness
Prevention and treatment 60.53% Average Awareness
OVERALL MEAN PERCENTAGE SCORE 53.04% AVERAGE AWARENESS
Scale: 75% and above - 'high awareness'
51-74% - 'average awareness'
50% and above - 'low awareness'
Problem No. 3 What is the respondents' attitude on HIV when data are grouped
according to:
3.1 on practicing safe sex; and
3.2 on dealing with people living with HIV?
The respondents' attitude towards HIV was also determined in the study. According to
Squire (2007) as cited by Lucero (2017), while we are entitled to our opinions, it is our moral
responsibility to formulate non-prejudicial or non-discriminatory opinions for our fellows; hence,
we need to understand the facts relating to a particular issue in order to make fair judgments
and decisions. He added that it is easier to judge and condemn a person who is HIV positive or
who has AIDS than it is to reach out with understanding and acceptance. This may well be true
but he enjoined people not to fall into the trap of becoming self-opinionated and self-righteous
but, instead, try to understand the other person from their perspective and their point of view.
Only then can people decide on how they would like others to react and how they would like
them to treat them.
In this part, the respondents were asked to state their level of agreement on the 20
statements (the first 10 statements are about practicing safe sex while the other 10 statements
are about dealing with PLWHA) presented to them. Their level of agreement on each statement
determines how positive their attitude is towards HIV.
As revealed on the findings, the mean of 3.648, interpreted as very positive, and 3.212,
interpreted as positive, are noted for the statements on practicing safe sex and dealing with
PLWHA, respectively. Consequently, those findings yield the overall mean of 3.43, interpreting
that the respondents have a very positive attitude towards HIV.
17
Table 7 Respondents' Attitude on HIV when data are grouped According to On
Practicing Safe Sex and On Dealing with People Living with HIV
Dependent Variable Mean Response Interpretation
On Practicing Safe Sex 3.648 Very Positive
On Dealing with People Living with HIV 3.212 Positive
OVERALL MEAN 3.43 Very Positive
Scale: 3.25 - 4 - 'very positive'
2.5 - 3.24 - 'positive'
1.75 - 2.49 - 'slightly positive
1 - 1.74 - 'not positive'
Problem No. 4 Is there a significant difference in the respondents' level of
awareness on HIV when data are grouped according to:
4.1 sex;
4.2 age;
4.3 sexual orientation; and
4.4 relationship status?
Table 8 shows the test of difference in the respondents' level of awareness on HIV when
data are grouped according to sex, age, sexual orientation and relationship status.
Further investigation revealed that the respondents' level of awareness on HIV did not
significantly differed as to their sex (P-value = 0.644), age (P-value = 0.905), sexual orientation
(P-value = 0.816) and relationship status (P-value = 0.337) since the P-value is greater than the
0.05 level of significance.
Table 8 Test of Significant Difference in the Respondents' Level of Awareness on
HIV when data are Grouped According to Sex, Age, Sexual Orientation and
Relationship Status
Variable Profile of the respondents DF P – value Decision
Sex 48 0.644 Do Not Reject H0
18
Level of Age 47 0.905 Do Not Reject H0
Awareness
Sexual Orientation 46 0.816 Do Not Reject H0
Relationship Status 46 0.337 Do Not Reject H0
Problem No. 5 Is there a significant difference in the respondents' attitude on HIV
when data are grouped according to:
5.1 sex;
5.2 age;
5.3 sexual orientation; and
5.4 relationship status?
Table 9 presents the test of significant difference in the respondents' attitude on HIV
when data are grouped according to sex, age, sexual orientation and relationship status.
The study further revealed that the respondents' attitude on HIV did not significantly
differed as to their sex (P-value = 0.609), age (P-value = 0.068), sexual orientation (P-value =
0.467) and relationship status (P-value = 0.287) since the p-value is greater than the 0.05 level
of significance.
Table 9 Test of Significant Difference in the Respondents' Attitude on HIV when
data are Grouped According to Sex, Age, Sexual Orientation and
Relationship Status
Variable Profile of the respondents DF P – value Decision
Sex 48 0.609 Do Not Reject H0
Age 47 0.068 Do Not Reject H0
Sexual Orientation 46 0.467 Do Not Reject H0
Attitude on HIV
Relationship Status 46 0.287 Do Not Reject H0
Problem No. 6 Is there a significant relationship between the respondents' level of
awareness and respondents' attitude on HIV?
19
Table 10 reflects the test of relationship between the respondents' level of awareness
and attitude on HIV at 0.05 significance level.
Interestingly, using the regression analysis tested at 0.05 level of significance, the study
revealed that there is a significant relationship between the respondents' level of awareness and
attitude on HIV since the table exposed a P-value 0.045 or 4.5% which is below the 5% level of
significance. Thus, it implies that the null hypothesis should be rejected.
Table 10 Correlation Results at 0.05 Significance Level between the
Respondents' Level of Awareness and Respondents' Attitude on HIV
20
Variables DF P - value Decision
Respondents' Attitude on HIV 49 0.045 Reject H0
and Level of Awareness
21
Chapter 5
SUMMARY, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the brief summary of the study, findings of each problem,
conclusions and recommendations based on the data gathered and analyzed.
Summary
The purpose of this study was to look into bivariate analysis on HIV awareness and
attitude of the out-of-school in Dapitan City during the year 2019.
Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:
1. What is the profile of the respondents when data are grouped according to:
1.1 sex;
1.2 age;
1.3 sexual orientation; and
1.4 relationship status?
2. What is the respondents' level of awareness on HIV when data are grouped according to:
2.1 disease process of HIV and AIDS;
2.2 mode of transmission; and
2.3 prevention and treatment?
3. What is the respondents' attitude on HIV when data are grouped according to:
3.1 on practicing safe sex; and
3.2 on dealing with people living with HIV?
4. Is there a significant difference in the respondents' level of awareness on HIV when data
are grouped according to:
4.1 sex;
4.2 age;
4.3 sexual orientation; and
4.4 relationship status?
5. Is there a significant difference in the respondents' attitude on HIV when data are grouped
according to:
5.1 sex;
5.2 age;
5.3 sexual orientation; and
5.4 relationship status?
22
6. Is there a significant relationship between the respondents' level of awareness and
respondents' attitude on HIV?
The descriptive – correlational method of research was used in this study with the aid of
questionnaire based and adopted from standardized test found on the internet. Quota sampling
was utilized in finding the respondents. The questionnaire was administered by the researchers
and was responded by 50 out-of-school youth respondents in Dapitan City.
Frequency count, percentage distribution, weighted mean, One-way ANOVA and
Regression Analysis are the statistical tools used to come up with the apt analysis and
interpretation of the data gathered.
Findings
The classification, analysis and interpretation of the gathered data revealed the following
findings:
1. Majority of the respondents were male, above 19 years old, heterosexual and single.
2. The respondents generally had average awareness on the disease process of HIV and
AIDS, on its mode of transmission and on its prevention and treatment.
3. The respondents manifested very positive attitude towards performing safe sex
measures. They likewise showed positive attitude in terms of dealing with PLWHA.
4. The respondents' level of awareness on HIV did not significantly differed as to their sex
(P-value = 0.644), age (P-value = 0.905), sexual orientation (P-value = 0.816) and
relationship status (P-value = 0.337) since the P-value is greater than the 0.05 level of
significance.
5. The respondents' attitude on HIV did not significantly differed as to their sex (P-value =
0.609), age (P-value = 0.068), sexual orientation (P-value = 0.467) and relationship
status (P-value = 0.287) since the p-value is greater than the 0.05 level of significance.
6. There is a significant relationship between the respondents' level of awareness and
attitude on HIV since the table exposed a P-value 0.045 or 4.5% which is below the 5%
level of significance.
Recommendations
In view of the findings discussed in this study, the following are hereby recommended:
1. The level of awareness and attitude towards HIV and AIDS of the out-of-school youth in
the other cities or provinces of the country should also be explored.
23
2. The Department of Education and Department of Health should be in cooperation on
implementing awareness creation on the infection, transmission and prevention of
HIV/AIDS in other cities or provinces.
3. The findings of this study may serve as reference for other researchers who are
conducting studies pertinent to HIV and AIDS.
24
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