MIND

Structure of The Atom

Sub-Atomic Particles Atomic Models Characteristics of Atom

These are the particles from which an atom is mode These show the arrangement of sub- These are the properties by which an atom
atomic particles within an atom. can be identified.
Electrons
● It was identified by JJ Thomson. Thomson's Model
● It is the negatively charged particle present ● It considered atom like christmas
in atom. pudding in which the electrons were Atomic Number Mass Number (A)
– 31 embedded in a sphere of positive (Z) It is the sum of number
● Its mass is 9.1 × 10 kg and charge is
charge like currants in a spherical It is equal to the of protons and neutrons.
Christmas pudding. number of protons A = p + n.
● Here, negative and positive charges and written as It is nearly equal to
Cathode Rays balance each other, thus atom as a atomic weight which is
● These are a beam of electrons, generally twice of atomic
originated from cathode.
● Their e/m remains same for every
Limitations of Thomson's Model
material.
It failed to explain the results of
α-particles scattering experiment.
Different Atomic Species
Distribution of Electrons in Different Orbits These differ in the number of one or more
● It is govern by following rules (given by Bohr
Rutherford's Model sub-atomic particles but have same
● It suggested that
and Bury) ● There is a positively charged, highly
● Maximum number of electrons in a shell densed centre in an atom, called the
= 2n 2 nucleus. Isotopes
(Here, n = 1,2,3....) l These have same atomic number but
● Nearly the whole mass of atom
● Outermost orbit can accommodate a different mass number of same
resides in it.
maximum of 8 electrons. number of protons but different
● The electrons revolve around the number of neutrons. e.g. 1H1, 1H2,
3
1H
Valence Electrons Their chemical properties are same
Particle Scattering Experiment l
It is the number of electrons present due to same atomic number.
in outermost or valence shell of an
● When Rutherford bombarded
thin gold foil with α-particles, l Their physical properties are different
he found that due to different mass number.
Valency A P + A P + ...
● Most of the α-particles passed l Average mass = — 1— 1— — — 2 — 2 — —
● It is the combining capacity of an P1 + P2
element with the atom(s) of other undeviated, which means
element(s) in order to complete its most of the part of an atom is
octet. empty.
● For metals, valency = valence ● Some α-particles were

scattered with large angles

showing presence of positively Applications
Protons charged centre, i.e. nucleus in 1. U-235 is used as a nuclear fuel.
● These were discovered by E Goldstein. the atom. 2. Co-60 is used for treating cancer.
● These are the positively charged ● A very few are deflected by

particles.
● Their relative mass is +1 unit (i.e. Limitations of Rutherford's Model Isobars
They have different atomic
It failed to explain stability of
number but same mass number.

Anode or Canal Rays

● These are the beam of protons but do not
originate from anode. Bohr’ s Model Isotones
● Their e/m is different for different ● Main postulates of this model are They have same
number of neutrons.
● Only certain special orbits called
Neutrons discrete orbits or energy levels of L N e.g. 14C, 16 O.
K 6 8
● These were discovered by J Chadwick. electrons are allowed inside the M
1
● These are neutral particles. atom. 2 Nucleus
● Their mass is 1.67493×10– 27 kg. ● While revolving in discrete orbits, 3
the electrons do not radiate energy. 4
● These are present inside the nucleus along Bohr's model