An-Najah National University

Materials/Mass Balance

Dr. Abdel Fattah Hasan

Dr. Amal Al-Hodhod
Dr. Abdelhaleem Khader
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 Introduction
Materials and Energy Balance:
• A key tool in achieving a quantitative
understanding of the behavior of
Environmental Systems.
• Accounts for the flow of energy and
material into and out of Environmental
Systems.
• Models production, transport, and fate
of Pollutants and Energy in the
Environment.
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 Conservation of Matter
• Matter (without nuclear reaction) can
neither be created nor destroyed

• Its Mathematical form is called:

Materials Balance or Mass Balance

• For an environmental system:

Accumulation = Input – Output
Env. System: River, Pond, Pollution Control Device...etc.
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 Conservation of Energy

• Energy (without nuclear reaction) can

neither be created nor destroyed

• Its Mathematical form is called:

Energy Balance

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 Control Volume (CV)
• CV: boundaries to the system as
imaginary blocks around the process or
part of the process so the calculations are
made as simple as possible.
CV

River in
Input Output
LAKE River out Accumulation

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Examples of Control Volumes

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 Useful Relations
• Density (ρ) [M/L3] = Mass [M]/Volume [L3]

• Mass (M) = Density (ρ) x Volume (V)

• Mass Flow Rate [M/T] = ρ[M/L3] x Q [L3/T]

• Concentration of Component A (CA) [M/L3] = Mass of A [M]/Volume [L3]

• Mass Flow Rate of Component A [M/T]= CA [M/L3] x Q [L3/T]

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 Mass Balance
Input Output
Accumulation dM/dt
In Out
min [M/T] Accumulation = Input – Output mout [M/T]
Qin [L3/T] Qout [L3/T]
CAin [M/L3] CAout [M/L3]

Units:
M in kg, g, mol, eq…etc.
m in kg/h, g/s, mol/day, eq/wk….etc.

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 Mass Balance

When No Accumulation in the System ( dM/dt = 0) : Steady State Conditions:

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 Example 3-1 Page 89

Accumulation = 1kg

In = 50 kg Out = food + solid waste

food = 0.5* In , Recycle = 0.25* solid waste, solid waste at the curb = ??
Solution:
In = Acc. + out = 1+(0.5*50+solid waste) → solid waste = 24
solid waste at the curb = 24 – 0.25 * 24 = 18 kg
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 Example 3-2 page 91

Volume of bath = 0.350 m3 = 350 L

Qin=1.32 L . min Qout=0.32 L . min -
Time to fill the tub = ?? -1 Vacc 1

Wasted water = ??

Solution:
Accumulation = mass in – mass out
(Vacc )(ρ) = (Qin ) (ρ) (t) – (Qout ) (ρ) (t)
Vacc = (Qin ) (t) – (Qout ) (t)
350 = 1.32t – 0.32 t
t = 350 min

Wasted water = (0.32 L . min -1)(350 min) = 112 L

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 Example 3-3 Page 91
A storm sewer network in a small residential subdivision
is shown in the following sketch. The flow rate for each
section of pipe is also shown by each section of pipe.
The capacity of each pipe is 0.120 m3.s-1 . During
large rain storms River street floods below junction
number 1 because flow of water exceeds the capacity
of the storm sewer pipe. To alleviate this problem and
to provide extra capacity for expansion, it is proposed
to build a retention pond to hold the storm water until
the storm is over and then gradually release it. Where
in the pipe network should the retention pond be built
to provide approximately 60% extra capacity (0.07
m3.s-1 ) in the remaining system?

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 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01
5
11 12
10

0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01

5 8
9
7

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.02

5 5 6

River
1 2 3
Street

Example 3-3: problem sketch

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 0.005 0.01 0.01 0.01

11 12
10
0.01
0.015 0.01
0.005 0.01 0.01 0.01
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9
7
0.03
0.02 0.02

0.005 0.01 0.02 0.02

5 6

0.045 0.04 0.04

0.125 0.08 0.04

1 2 3

Example 3-3: solution sketch

Retention Pond at junction number 2: flow enters junction 1 becomes 0.045
m3.s-1 because flow at junction 2 will go to the pond

Extra capacity = (0.12 – 0.045)/0.12 .100% = 62.5%

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Mass Balance for Component A
Input Output
Accumulation dM/dt
In Out
min [M/T] Accumulation = Input – Output mout [M/T]
Qin [L3/T] Qout [L3/T]
CAin [M/L3] CAout [M/L3]

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Mass Balance for Component A

For Steady State Conditions:

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 Efficiency
Input Output
Accumulation dM/dt
In Out
min [M/T] mout [M/T]
Qin [L3/T] Qout [L3/T]
CAin [M/L3] CAout [M/L3]

When Qin = Qout

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 Example 3-4 page 94

Baghouse

Cin = 15 g . m-3 Acc. Cout = 24 mg . m-3

Qin = 47 m3 . s-1 Qout = 47 m3 . s-1

Total number of bags = 424, Q for each bag = 1/424 of total Q (parallel)

1- in normal operation, calculate the fraction of particulate matter removed and the
efficiency
2- Estimate the mass emission rate when one bag is missing and recalculate the
efficiency

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 Example 3-4 page 94 (solution)

Baghouse

Cin = 15 g . m-3 Acc. Cout = 24 mg . m-3

Qin = 47 m3 . s-1 Qout = 47 m3 . s-1

1- Normal operation:
dM/dt = Cin Qin - Cout Qout = (15,000 mg . m-3) (47 m3 . s-1 ) – (24 mg . m-3 ) (47 m3 . s-1 )
= 703,872 mg . s-1

fraction of particulates removed = (dM/dt) /Cin Qin= 0.9984

efficiency (η)= (Cin Qin - Cout Qout )/ (Cin Qin ) * 100% = 99.84%

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 Example 3-4 page 94 (solution)
Cemission = ?
Qemission = 47 m3 . s-1
2- When one bag is missing:
Cin = 15 g . m-3
Qin = (1/424)47 m3 . s-1

“Bypass” Baghouse

Acc. Cout = ?
Cin = 15 g . m-3 Qout = (423/424) 47 m3 . s-1
Qin = (423/424)47 m3 . s-1

dM/dt = ?

η= (Cin Qin - Cout Qout )/ (Cin Qin ) * 100% = 99.84%

Cout Qout = (1- η) Cin Qin = 1125 mg . s-1
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 Example 3-4 page 94 (solution)
Effluent

“Bypass”

From baghouse

dM/dt = (Cin Qin from bypass + Cin Qin from baghouse )- Cout Qout
dM/dt = 0 (no accumulation at the junction)

Cout Qout= Cin Qin from bypass + Cin Qin from baghouse
The only unknown is Cout
Cout = 59 mg . m-3
The overall efficiency:
η= (Cin Qin - Cout Qout )/ (Cin Qin ) * 100% , Qin = Qout
= (15,000 mg . m-3) – (59 mg . m-3 )/ (15,000 mg . m-3) = 99.61%
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 State of Mixing
• State of mixing is important in the application of
mass balance equation
• Coffee and cream example
• Completely mixed systems are those in which
every drop of fluid is homogeneous with every
other drop, that is every drop of fluid contains
the same concentration of material or physical
property (e.g. temperature)
• Very difficult to achieve in real systems – we use
approximations

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 State of Mixing
• Completely unmixed systems – plug-flow
systems
• Example of a train moving along a railroad track
• Plug-flow systems are also very difficult to
achieve in real systems – we use
approximations
• Steady state condition: the rate of input and
the rate of output are constant and equal –
Accumulation = 0.
• Steady state does not imply equilibrium (e.g.
water running into a pond)
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 Example 3-5 page 98
Cse = 1.200 mg.L-1
Qse = 2000 L.min-1 Assumptions: complete
mixing and steady state

Cst = 20 mg.L-1 Cmix =?

Stream Qmix = Qst + Qse
Qst = 2.0 m3.s-1

dm/dt = d(In)/dt – d(out)/dt

= [Cst Qst + CseQse ] - Cmix Qmix

Where, Qmix = Qst+Qse

steady state → dm/dt = 0

Cmix Qmix = [Cst Qst + CseQse ]

Cmix = [Cst Qst + CseQse ] / [Qst+Qse] (make the necessary unit conversions)
= 39.34 mg.L-1

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 Including Reactions
• Conserved Substances: Substances do not undergo
chemical, biological or radioactive transformations.
• Examples of conservative substances: salt in water,
argon in air
• Examples of non-conservative substances: decomposing
organic matter
• In case of transformations, Mass Balance will become:
 Accumulation Rate = Input Rate – Output Rate ± Transformation Rate


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 Kinetics

• r: Rate of Transformation or Reaction Rate

• r is used to describe the rate of formation or
disappearance of a substance or chemical
species.
• These time dependent reactions are called:
Kinetic Reactions.

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• So, r = - k Cn
• k: reaction rate constant
• C: concentration of substance
• n: exponent or reaction order
• For first order reactions:
The rate of loss of the substance is proportional to
the amount of substance present at any given
time t. n=1 (e.g. oxidation of organic compounds
by micro-organisms, radioactive decay)
• So, r = - k C = dC/dt (units of k; s-1 or d-1)

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• By Integration:

• Co: Initial Concentration

• Rearranging:

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• For completely mixed systems with first-
order reactions:

• Mass balance Equation becomes:

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 Example 3-6 page 100
Decay

Sewage Ceff =?
Cin = 180 mg.L-1
Qin = 430 m3.d-1 Lagoon Qeff = 430 m3.d-1

Assume first-order kinetics, with k= 0.7d-1

Assume completely mixed, steady state
Find Ceff

Accumulation = input Rate – output Rate - decay Rate

Steady state → Accumulation = 0 → input Rate = output Rate + decay Rate
CinQin = Ceff Qeff + kClagoonVlagoon
Vlagoon = (10 ha)(104 m2.ha-1)(1m) = 100,000 m3
Completely mixed → Ceff = Clagoon
Only one unknown in the equation: Clagoon = 1.1 mg.L-1 = Ceff

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• For plug-flow systems with first-order reactions:

• Because there is no mass exchange across the plug boundary, d(in)

and d(out) = 0:

• For 1st order reactions:

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• Define θ as residence time in PFR = V/Q
• Integration of the above equation:

Also,
u: sped of flow, L: system length, A: x-sectional area of PFR
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 Example 3-7 page 102

Assume first-order kinetics, with k= 0.23 min-1

Assume plug-flow, steady state
Find L

Only one unknown in the equation: L = 1060 m

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 Reactors
• The tanks in which physical, chemical, and
biochemical reactions occur
• Classified based on their flow characteristics and
their mixing conditions

Batch
No-flow
Reactor
Reactors Completely
Mixed
Continuous
Flow
Plug-Flow

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 Batch Reactor

• Fill-and-draw type
• The composition within the tank changes with time as the reaction proceeds
• There is no flow into or out of the reactor

• Inexpensive and easy to build and operate.

• Used in lab. experiments and in industries with flow less than 150 m3.d-1

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 Completely Mixed Flow Reactor (CMFR)

• Also called a continuous-flow stirred tank reactor (CSTR)

• The composition of the effluent is the same as the composition in the tank
• Used when flow rates are greater than 150 m3.d-1
• e.g. equalization reactors to adjust the pH, precipitation reactors to remove
metals, and mixing tanks.
•Some natural systems can be modeled as CMFR, e.g. lakes, mixing of two
streams, and the air in the room.
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 Plug-Flow Reactor (PFR)

• Particles that enters first leave first

• No mixing occurs in lateral directions
• Although composition varies along the length of the tank, as long as the flow
conditions remains steady, the composition of the effluent remains constant
•e.g., pipe and long narrow rivers
• Real continuous flow reactors are generally something in between a CMFR and
a PFR

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 Detention Time

• The time that a particle remains in the

reactor affects the degree to which the
reaction goes to completion.
• Detention time or retention time, or for
liquid systems, hydraulic detention time
or hydraulic retention time
θ = theoretical detention time (in s)
V = volume of fluid in reactor (in m3)
Q = flow rate into reactor (in m3.s-1)
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 Reactor comparison

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 Reactor comparison

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 Example 3-8 page 105

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 Example 3-9

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 Example 3-10

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