Module 1: CHAPTER FOUR PHYSICAL PROCESSES
Objectives: To know physical processes that are important in the movement of pollutants through the
environment and processes used to control and treat pollutant emissions.
3 Major Sections:
Mass Balances
Energy Balances
Mass Transport Processes
MASS BALANCES
Law of Conservation of Mass states that mass can neither be produced nor destroyed.
General Equation:
Mass
Accumulation
Rate
Mass Flux
in
Mass Flux
out
Net Rate of
Chemical
Production
a. Basics: be able to write the mass balance on a control volume:
dm
dt
in
out
reaction
*Mass Accumulation Rate
dm
= rate of change of mass within the control volume
dt
Control Volume = boundaries across min and mout
Mass Flux = the rate at which mass enters / leaves a system
*Mass Flux in (min)
min = Qin x Cin
where: Qin = volumetric flowrate of input stream
entering the control volume, m3/s
Cin = concentration, mg/L
If Q, volumetric flowrate is UNKNOWN
Q=vxA
where: v = velocity, m/s
A = cross sectional area, m2
1
*Mass Flux out (mout)
mout = Qout x Cout
where: Qin = volumetric flowrate of input stream
entering the control volume, m3/s
Cout = concentration, mg/L
@ well mixed control volume:
Cout = C
mout = Qout x C
where: C = concentration in the control volume
*Net Rate of Chemical Reaction (mrxn) or Mass Flux Due to Reaction
dC
mrxn =
where: V = control volume
V
dt
rxn only
dC
dt
= rate of change in concentration that would occur if the reaction
took place in isolation, with no influent/effluent flows
rxn only
Obtained from the rate law for the reaction
Mass Flux Due to Reaction (mrxn) may take various forms:
Conservative Compound compounds with no chemical formation or loss within the control
volume.
dC
dC
= 0
dt
mrxn =
rxn only
dC
= -k
dt
mrxn =
rxn only
First-order decay
concentration.
-Vk
rxn only
the rate of loss of the compound is directly proportional to its
dC
= -kC
dt
=
dt
dC
rxn only
Zero-order decay the rate of loss of the compound is constant.
dC
=
dt
mrxn =
rxn only
=
dt
-VkC
rxn only
Production @ a rate dependent on the concentration of the other compounds in the
CMFR in this situation, the chemical is produced by reactions involving other compounds in
the CMFR.
dC
dt
0
rxn only
Steps in Mass Balance Problems
1. Draw schematic diagram of the situation, and identify the control volume and all influent and
effluent flows.
2. Write the mass balance equation in general form.
dm
dt
in
out
reaction
3. Determine whether the problem is steady state (dm/dt = 0) or non-steady state (dm/dt = V dC/dt rxn only)
4. Determine whether the compound being balanced is conservative (mrxn=0) or non-conservative
(mrxn = V dC/dt rxn only).
5. Replace min and mout with known or required values.
6. Finally, solve the problem.
a. If in steady state problem, solve in algebraic in algebraic equation.
b. If in non-steady state problem, solve in differential equation.
*Retention Time and Other Expressions for V/Q.
Retention time
Dentention time
Residence time
refer to the average period spent in a given control volume
Retention time, 0
V
0= Q
Where: V = volume of the reactor, m3
Q = total volume volumetric flowrate exiting the reactor,m3/s
0 = retention time, s
REACTOR ANALYSIS
Reactor Analysis refers to the use of mass balances to analyze pollutant concentrations in a control
volume that is either a chemical reactor or a natural system modeled as a chemical reactor.
*Ideal Reactors
Completely Mixed Flow Reactors (CMFR)
Plug Flow Reactors (PFR)
Batch Reactor
Semi-batch Reactor
2 most common types
CMFR/CSTR used to model well mixed environmental reservoir, eg. dam
PFR used to model the chemical transformation of compounds as they transport in system
resembling pipe.
- Behave like pipes and are used to model situations such as downstream transport in a river in
which fluid is not mixed in the upstream-downstream direction.
Batch Reactor all component mixed up in a reactor that has no inlet or outlet flows.
Semi-batch Reactor one component is gradually entering a batch reactor.
3
Mass Balances around Reactor
CSTR
Batch Reactor
PFR
Semi-batch Reactor
CA
Sample Problem [4-1]
A pond is used to treat a dilute municipal wastewater before the liquid is discharged into a river. The
inflow to the pond has a flow rate of Q = 4,000 m3/day and a BOD concentration of Cin = 25 mg/L.
The volume of the pond is 20,000 m3. The purpose of the pond is to allow time for the decay of BOD
to occur before discharge into the environment. BOD decays in the pond with a first-order rate
constant equal to 0.25/day. What is the BOD concentration at the outflow of the pond, in units of
mg/L?
Sample Problem [4-8]
In the winter, a stream flows at 10 m3/s and receives discharge from a pipe that contains road runoff.
The pipe has a flow of 5 m3/s. The stream's chloride concentration just upstream of the pipe's discharge
is 12 mg/L, and the runoff pipe's discharge has a chloride concentration of 40 mg/L. Chloride is a
conservative substance. (a) Does wintertime salt usage on the road elevate the downstream chloride
concentration above 20 mg/L? (b) What is the maximum daily mass of chloride (metric tons/day) that
can be discharged through the road runoff pipe without exceeding the water quality standard?
Sample Problem [4-5]
In the simplified depiction of an ice rink with an ice resurfacing machine operating (shown in Figure 419), points 1 and 3 represent the ventilation air intake and exhaust for the entire ice rink, and point 2 is
the resurfacing machine's exhaust. Conditions at each point are (C indicates the concentration of
carbon monoxide, CO): point 1: Q1=3.0 m3/s, C1=10 mg/m3; point 2: emission rate = 8 mg/s of
nonreactive CO; point 3: Q3, C3 unknown. The ice rink volume (V) is 5.0 x 104 m3. (a) Define a
control volume as the interior of the ice rink. What is the mass flux of CO into the control volume, in
units of mg/s? (b) Assume that the resurfacing machine has been operating for a very long time, and
that the air within the ice rink is well mixed. What is the concentration of CO within the ice rink, in
units of mg/m3?
Sample Problem [4-10]
The total flow at a wastewater-treatment plant is 600 m3/day. Two biological aeration basins are used
to remove BOD from the wastewater and are operated in parallel. They each have a volume of 25,000
L. In hours, what is the aeration period of each tank in hours?
Sample Problem [4-11]
You are designing a reactor that uses chlorine in a PFR or CMFR to destroy pathogens in water. A
minimum contact time of 30 min is required to reduce the pathogen concentration from 100
pathogens/L to below 1 pathogen/L through a first-order decay process. You plan on treating water at a
rate of 1,000 gal/min. (a) What is the first-order decay rate constant? (b) What is the minimal size (in
gallons) of the reactor required for a plug flow reactor? (c) What size (in gallons) of CMFR would be
required to reach the same outlet concentration? (d) Which type of reactor would you select if your
treatment objective stated that "no discharge can ever be greater than 1 pathogen/L? Explain your
reasoning. (e) If the desired chlorine residual in the treated water after it leaves the reactor is 0.20 mg/L
and the chlorine demand used during treatment is 0.15 mg/L, what must be the daily mass of chlorine
added to the reactor (in grams)?
KINETICS
Rate Law expresses the dependence of the reaction rate on measureable, environmental parameters;
also, on the concentration of the reactants.
a[A] + b[B]
c[P]
Rate of Reaction
R = k [A]a[B]b
Where: [A], [B] = reactant A,B
a,b = mole of A,B
order of A, B
Over-all order of rxn = (a+b)
Elementary Reaction
- the reaction order is controlled by the
stoichiometry of reaction.
In reality, order of reaction is determined experimentally!
Order
0
1
2
Rate Law
r=k
r = k [A]
r = k [A]2
Integration Rate Law
Half Life
(t1/2)
[A]
/2k
ln [A]
/k
1
/k[A]
[A] = -kt + [A]o
[A] = -kt + ln [A]o
1
/[A] = kt + 1/[A]o
10
Plot
[A] vs. t
ln[A] vs. t
1
/[A] vs. t
