ANSI/HI 9.6.
4-2000
American National Standard
Standard for
Centrifugal and
Vertical Pumps
for Vibration
Vibration Measurements
Measurements
and Allowable Values
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9 Sylvan Way
Parsippany, New Jersey
07054-3802
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Copyright © 2000 By Hydraulic Institute, All Rights Reserved.
ANSI/H
ANSI/HII 9.6
9.6.4-
.4-200
2000
0
American National Standard for
Centrifugal and Vertical Pumps
for Vibration Measurements and Allowable Values
Secretariat
Hydraulic Institute
www.pumps.org
Approved March 23, 2000
American National Standards Institute, Inc.
Recycled
paper
Copyright © 2000 By Hydraulic Institute, All Rights Reserved.
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American requirements for due process, consensus and other criteria for approval have been met
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Published By
Hydraulic Institute
9 Sylvan Way, Parsippany, NJ 07054-3802
www.pumps.org
Copyright © 2000 Hydraulic Institute
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form,
in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior
written permission of the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America
ISBN 1-880952-45-9
Copyright © 2000 By Hydraulic Institute, All Rights Reserved.
Contents
Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
9.6.4.1 Introduction/Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
9.6.4.2 Dynamics of vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
9.6.4.2.1 Lateral critical speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
9.6.4.2.2 Lateral dynamic analysis (optional). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
9.6.4.2.3 Torsional critical speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
9.6.4.2.4 Torsional dynamic analysis (optional). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
9.6.4.2.5 Structure lateral vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
9.6.4.2.6 Structure dynamic analysis (optional). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
9.6.4.3 Vibration measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
9.6.4.3.1 Vibration instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
9.6.4.3.2 Location of vibration probes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
9.6.4.4 Allowable pump field vibration values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
9.6.4.5 Factors affecting vibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
9.6.4.5.1 Unbalance of rotating parts and rotor balancing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
9.6.4.5.2 Natural frequency and resonance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
9.6.4.5.3 Hydraulic disturbances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
9.6.4.5.4 Other mechanical problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
9.6.4.5.5 Effect of rigidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Appendix A Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Appendix B Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Figures
9.6.4.1 — First critical speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
9.6.4.2 — Second critical speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
9.6.4.3 — Simple horizontal centrifugal pump system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
9.6.4.4 — End suction foot mounted–ANSI B73.1, B73.3, B73.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
9.6.4.5 — Vertical in-line, separately coupled, ANSI B73.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
9.6.4.6 — End suction, close coupled horizontal and vertical in-line . . . . . . . . . 11
9.6.4.7 — End suction, frame mounted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
9.6.4.8 — End suction, centerline support, API 610 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
9.6.4.9 — End suction, paper stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
9.6.4.10 — End suction, solids handling, horizontal and vertical . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
9.6.4.11 — End suction, hard metal and rubber-lined horizontal and vertical . . 16
9.6.4.12 — Between bearing, single and multistage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
iii
Copyright © 2000 By Hydraulic Institute, All Rights Reserved.
9.6.4.13 — Vertical turbine, mixed flow and propeller type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
9.6.4.14 — Vertical turbine, short set pumps, assembled for shi pment
by the manufacturer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
9.6.4.15A — Allowable residual unbalance in pump impellers –
grade G6.3 (metric) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
9.6.4.15B — Allowable residual unbalance in pump impellers –
grade G6.3 (US units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
iv
Copyright © 2000 By Hydraulic Institute, All Rights Reserved.
Although this standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by the
Canvass Method, a working committee met many times to facilitate the develop-
ment of this standard. At the time it was developed, the committee had the follow-
ing members:
Chairman – Jack Claxton, Patterson Pump Company
Other Members Alternates
Thomas Angle, EnviroTech Aleks Roudnev, EnviroTech
Pumpsystems Pumpsystems
William A. Beekman, Floway Pumps
Frederic W. Buse, Ingersoll-Dresser Paul Behnke, Ingersoll-Dresser Pump
Pump
Michael Derr, Afton Pumps
R. Barry Erickson, ITT Industrial Pump Allan Budris, ITT Industrial Pump
Group Group
Herman Greutink, Johnston Pumps John Eddy, Johnston Pumps
Gunnar Hovstadius, ITT Flygt Stephan Abelin, ITT Flygt
Al Iseppon, Sta-Rite Industries
Thomas Morton, Sulzer Bingham Don Spencer, Sulzer Bingham
Pat Moyer, ITT, Bell & Gossett Jim Roberts, ITT, Bell & Gossett
James Osborne, A.R. Wilfley & Sons
Ray Perriman, Sunstrand Fluid
Handling
Y.J. Reddy, Reddy-Buffaloes Pump
Arnold Sdano, Fairbanks Morse
Ron Sperry, Flowserve Corporation Fred Hery, Flowserve Corporation
Roger Turley, Flowserve Corporation
vii
Copyright © 2000 By Hydraulic Institute, All Rights Reserved.
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Copyright © 2000 By Hydraulic Institute, All Rights Reserved.
HI Pump Vibration — 2000
9.6.4.1 Introduction/Scope vibrates back and forth in this shape. In Figure 9.6.4.2,
a node or steady point occurs between the bearings
This standard describes the vibration characteristics and the shaft takes an “S” shape and vibrates in this
for industrial/commercial centrifugal and vertical manner. Other more complex shapes may also occur.
pumps. Included is a description of the dynamics of
vibration, vibration measurement, allowable vibration Figure 9.6.4.1 has the lowest natural frequency and is
values and factors that effect vibration. sometimes called the first critical speed . Figure 9.6.4.2
has a higher natural frequency than Figure 9.6.4.1 and
9.6.4.2 Dynamics of vibration is sometimes called the second critical speed .
All centrifugal and vertical turbine pumps have rotors Determination of lateral critical speed is important for
and structures that can vibrate in response to excita- pumps and associated rotating equipment because if
tion forces. When the frequency of the excitation a critical speed or resonant frequency is close to an
forces is close to the natural frequencies of the struc- operating speed or other exciting frequency, such as
tures, resonance can occur and excessive and dam- the impeller vane pass frequency, small excitation
aging vibration levels can be reached. These natural forces can be greatly amplified. The resulting stresses
frequencies of vibration usually occur in one or more and deflections can cause premature equipment failure.
of the following modes:
Knowledge of critical speed is also important for bal-
• Rotor lateral vibration ancing considerations. Rotors having a first critical
speed less than the rated rotating speed may require
• Rotor torsional vibration balancing to a more stringent balance level.
• Structure lateral vibration Calculation of critical speed can become very com-
plex, depending on the effects one wants to consider in
The natural frequencies of vibration can be deter- the calculation. A simple calculation of the first critical
mined by one of the following methods: speed of a rotor is done by determining the static
deflection of the center of gravity of a shaft or rotor
• Simple beam formulas based on those derived under its own weight, when assumed to be in a hori-
from common structural mechanics zontal position (despite its actual orientation). Knowing
the static deflection “dst” in millimeters (inches) of the
• Finite elements methods using any one of a num- center of gravity, it is possible to calculate the first nat-
ber of commercially available computer programs ural frequency or critical speed (in CPM), as follows:
• Experimental techniques using variable frequency Metric: N c = 0.0299 / d st .5
exciters or impact devices in conjunction with
vibration sensors and recording instruments
US Units: N c = 187.7 / d st .5
9.6.4.2.1 Lateral critical speed
Where:
The natural frequency of rotor lateral vibration is also
called the lateral critical speed . More than one lateral N c = critical speed (rpm)
mode can occur naturally, as shown in the following
example of a simple shaft supported by two bearings. d st = static deflection, mm (in.)
In Figure 9.6.4.1, the shaft is bowed at the center and
Figure 9.6.4.1 — First critical speed Figure 9.6.4.2 — Second critical speed
Copyright © 2000 By Hydraulic Institute, All Rights Reserved.
HI Pump Vibration — 2000
7.11
d 6.10
e
r
e
t
l
i
f
n 5.08
u
,
S
M 4.06
R
c
e
s
/ 3.04
m
m
–
n
2.03
o
i
t
a
r
b
i 1.01
V
0
0.75 7.5 75 750
Input power @ test conditions — kW
0.28
d
e
r
e 0.24
t
l
i
f
n
u
, 0.20
S
M
R
c 0.16
e
s
/
s
e 0.12
h
c
n
I
–
n
0.08
o
i
t
a
r
b
i 0.04
V
0
1 10 100 1000
Input power @ test conditions — BHP
Figure 9.6.4.4 — End suction foot mounted–ANSI B73.1, B73.3, B73.5
Copyright © 2000 By Hydraulic Institute, All Rights Reserved.
HI Pump Vibration — 2000
7.11
d 6.10
e
r
e
t
l
i
f
n 5.08
u
,
S
M 4.06
R
c
e
s
/ 3.04
m
m
–
n
2.03
o
i
t
a
r
b
i 1.01
V
0
0.75 7.5 75 750
Input power @ test conditions — kW
0.28
d
e
r
e 0.24
t
l
i
f
n
u
, 0.20
S
M
R
c 0.16
e
s
/
s
e 0.12
h
c
n
I
–
n
0.08
o
i
t
a
r
b
i 0.04
V
0
1 10 100 1000
Input power @ test conditions — BHP
Figure 9.6.4.5 — Vertical in-line, separately coupled, ANSI B73.2
10
Copyright © 2000 By Hydraulic Institute, All Rights Reserved.
HI Pump Vibration — 2000
7.11
d 6.10
e
r
e
t
l
i
f
n 5.08
u
,
S
M 4.06
R
c
e
s
/ 3.04
m
m
–
n
2.03
o
i
t
a
r
b
i 1.01
V
0
0.75 7.5 75 750
Input power @ test conditions — kW
0.28
d
e
r
e 0.24
t
l
i
f
n
u
, 0.20
S
M
R
c 0.16
e
s
/
s
e 0.12
h
c
n
I
–
n
0.08
o
i
t
a
r
b
i 0.04
V
0
1 10 100 1000
Input power @ test conditions — BHP
Figure 9.6.4.6 — End suction, close coupled horizontal and vertical in-line
11
Copyright © 2000 By Hydraulic Institute, All Rights Reserved.
HI Pump Vibration Index — 2000
Appendix B
Index
This appendix is not part of this standard, but is presented to help the user in considering factors beyond this
standard.
Note: an f . indicates a figure, and a t . indicates a table.
Balancing See Rotor balancing Probe locations, 8
between bearing, single and multistage, 17f .
Critical speed end suction foot mounted, 9f .
See Dry critical speed end suction, centerline support, 13f .
See Lateral critical speed end suction, close coupled horizontal and vertical in-
line, 11f .
Dry critical speed, 2 end suction, frame mounted, 12f .
Dynamic analysis report, 4, 5 end suction, hard metal and rubber-lined horizontal
and vertical, 16f .
FEA See Finite element analysis end suction, paper stock, 14f .
Field values end suction, solids handling, horizontal and vertical,
between bearing, single and multistage, 17f . 15f .
end suction foot mounted, 9f . vertical in-line, separately coupled, 10f .
end suction, centerline support, 13f . vertical turbine, mixed flow and propeller type, 18f .
end suction, close coupled horizontal and vertical in- vertical turbine, short set pumps, assembled for
line, 11f . shipment by the manufacturer, 19f .
end suction, frame mounted, 12f .
end suction, hard metal and rubber-lined horizontal Reed frequency, 6
and vertical, 16f . See also Natural frequency
end suction, paper stock, 14f . Resonance, 23
end suction, solids handling, horizontal and vertical, in piping, 24
15f . Resonant frequency, 6
vertical in-line, separately coupled, 10f . Rigidity, 24
vertical turbine, mixed flow and propeller type, 18f . Rotational inertia, 4, 5
vertical turbine, short set pumps, assembled for Rotor balancing, 20
shipment by the manufacturer, 19f . allowable residual unbalance in pump impellers,
Finite element analysis, 3, 5, 7 21f ., 22f .
First critical speed, 1f ., 1, 4 maximum looseness between balancing arbor and
First mode shape, 4 impeller, 23
Rotor lateral vibration, 1
Hydraulic disturbances, 24 See also Lateral critical speed
Hydraulic resonance See Resonance Rotor torsional vibration, 1
Lateral critical speed, 1, 1f . Second critical speed, 1f ., 1
calculations, 1 Structure dynamic analysis, 7
Lateral dynamic analysis, 3 Structure lateral vibration, 1, 6
vertical dry pit pumps, 6
Miscellaneous mechanical problems, 24 vertical wet pit pumps, 6
Natural frequency, 6, 7 Torsional critical speed, 4, 4f .
and resonance, 23 calculation, 5
Torsional dynamic analysis, 5
Torsional stiffness, 4, 5
26
Copyright © 2000 By Hydraulic Institute, All Rights Reserved.
HI Pump Vibration Index — 2000
Unbalance, 20
allowable residual in impellers, 21f ., 22f .
maximum looseness between balancing arbor and
impeller, 23
Vibration
dynamics, 1
factors affecting, 20
field values, 8, 9f .–19f .
frequencies and methods of determination, 1
measurements, 7
probe locations, 8, 9f .–19f .
Wet critical speed, 2
27
Copyright © 2000 By Hydraulic Institute, All Rights Reserved.
M121
Copyright © 2000 By Hydraulic Institute, All Rights Reserved.
