Stoichiometry
Chapter-3 • Stoichiometry comes from the Greek words Stoicheion
meaning “element” and Metron, meaning “measure”
Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations
Text book: General Chemistry, 9th edition, D. Ebbing and S. Gammon, 2009, Houghton • Composition stoichiometry: deals with the mass
Mifflin Co., ISBN-13: 9781439049280
relationships of elements in compounds
• Reaction stoichiometry: involves the mass
relationships between reactants and products in a
chemical reaction
Molecular Weight and Formula
Mass and Moles of a Substance
Weight
• The molecular weight of a substance is the sum of
• Chemistry requires a method for determining the the atomic weights of all the atoms in a molecule of
numbers of molecules in a given mass of a substance. the substance.
– This allows the chemist to carry out “recipes” for compounds – For, example, a molecule of H2O contains 2 hydrogen atoms
based on the relative numbers of atoms involved. (at 1.0 amu each) and 1 oxygen atom (16.0 amu), giving a
– The calculation involving the quantities of reactants and molecular weight of 18.0 amu.
products in a chemical equation is called stoichiometry. • The formula weight of a substance is the sum of the
atomic weights of all the atoms in one formula unit of
the compound, whether molecular or not.
– For example, one formula unit of NaCl contains 1 sodium
atom (23.0 amu) and one chlorine atom (35.5 amu), giving a
formula weight of 58.5 amu.
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Mass and Moles of a Substance Mass and Moles of a Substance
• The Mole Concept
• The molar mass of a substance is the mass
– A mole is defined as the quantity of a given substance that of one mole of a substance.
contains as many molecules or formula units as the number
of atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon–12. – For all substances, molar mass, in grams per
mole, is numerically equal to the formula weight in
– The number of atoms in a 12-gram sample of carbon–12 is
atomic mass units.
called Avogadro’s number (to which we give the symbol Na).
The value of Avogadro’s number is 6.02 x 1023. – That is, one mole of any element weighs its atomic
mass in grams.
Mass and Moles of a Substance Mass and Moles of a Substance
• Mole calculations
• Mole calculations
– Conversely, suppose we have 5.75 moles of
– Converting the number of moles of a given substance into its magnesium (atomic wt. = 24.3 g/mol). What is its
mass, and vice versa, is fundamental to understanding the mass?
quantitative nature of chemical equations. mass Mg = (5.75 moles) × (24.3 g/mol)
mass of " A" = 140 grams of Mg
moles of " A" =
atomic (or molecular) mass of " A"
• Mole calculations
• Mole calculations
– This same method applies to compounds. Suppose we
– Suppose we have 100.0 grams of iron (Fe). The atomic
weight of iron is 55.8 g/mol. How many moles of iron does
have 100.0 grams of H2O (molecular weight = 18.0 g/mol).
this represent? How many moles does this represent?
100.0 g Fe 100.0 g H 2O
moles Fe = = 1.79 moles of Fe moles H 2O = = 5.56 moles of H 2O
55.8 g/mol 18.0 g/mol
2
Mass and Moles and Number of
Mass and Moles of a Substance
Molecules or Atoms
• Mole calculations • The number of molecules or atoms in a sample is related to
– Conversely, suppose we have 3.25 moles of the moles of the substance:
glucose, C6H12O6 (molecular wt. = 180.0 g/mol). 1 mole HCl = 6.02 × 1023 HCl molecules
What is its mass?
1 mole Fe = 6.02 ×1023 Fe atoms
mass C6 H12O6 = (3.25 moles) × (180.0 g/mol)
• Suppose we have a 3.46-g sample of hydrogen chloride, HCl.
How many molecules of HCl does this represent?
= 585 grams of C6 H12O6 1 mole HCl 6.02 x 10 23 HCl molecules
3.46g HCl × ×
36.5g HCl 1 mole HCl
= 5.71×10 22 HCl molecules
Determining Chemical Formulas Mass Percentages from Formulas
• Let’s calculate the percent composition of
• The percent composition of a compound is
the mass percentage of each element in the butane, C4H10.
compound. First, we need the molecular mass of C4H10.
– We define the mass percentage of “A” as the 4 carbons @ 12.0 amu/atom = 48.0 amu
parts of “A” per hundred parts of the total, by mass.
That is, 10 hydrogens @ 1.00 amu/atom = 10.0 amu
mass of " A" in whole 1 molecule of C4 H10 = 58.0 amu
mass % " A" = × 100% Now, we can calculate the percent's.
mass of the whole
% C = 5848.0 amu C
.0 amu total × 100% = 82.8%C
% H = 5810.0 amu H
.0 amu total × 100% = 17.2% H
3
Determining Chemical Formulas Determining Chemical Formulas
• Determining the formula of a compound from the • Determining the empirical formula from the
percent composition. percent composition.
– Benzoic acid is a white, crystalline powder used
– The percent composition of a compound leads directly to its as a food preservative. The compound contains
empirical formula. 68.8% C, 5.0% H, and 26.2% O by mass. What is
its empirical formula?
– An empirical formula (or simplest formula) for a compound – In other words, give the smallest whole-number
is the formula of the substance written with the smallest
integer (whole number) subscripts.,m. ratio of the subscripts in the formula
Cx HyOz
Determining Chemical Formulas Determining Chemical Formulas
• Determining the empirical formula from the percent composition.
• Determining the empirical formula from the percent
– Our 100.0 grams of benzoic acid would contain:
composition.
– For the purposes of this calculation, we will assume we have
1 mol C
68.8 g C × = 5.73 mol C
100.0 grams of benzoic acid. 12.0 g
– Then the mass of each element equals the numerical value 1 mol H
5.0 g H × = 5.0 mol H
of the percentage. 1.0 g
– Since x, y, and z in our formula represent mole-mole ratios, 1 mol O
we must first convert these masses to moles. 26.2 g O × = 1.63mol O
16.0 g
Cx HyOz This isn’t quite a whole number ratio, but if we divide each number by the
smallest of the three, a better ratio might emerge.
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Determining Chemical Formulas Determining Chemical Formulas
• Determining the empirical formula from the percent
composition. • Determining the molecular formula from the empirical
– Our 100.0 grams of benzoic acid would contain: formula.
– An empirical formula gives only the smallest whole-number
5.73 mol C ÷ 1.63 = 3.50 ratio of atoms in a formula.
now it’s not too difficult to See that the
smallest whole number ratio is 7:6:2. – The molecular formula should be a multiple of the empirical
5.0 mol H ÷ 1.63 = 3.0 formula (since both have the same percent composition).
The empirical formula is C7H6O2 .
– To determine the molecular formula, we must know the
1.63(7) mol O ÷ 1.63 = 1.00 molecular weight of the compound.
Stoichiometry: Quantitative Relations
Determining Chemical Formulas
in Chemical Reactions
• Determining the molecular formula from the empirical • Stoichiometry is the calculation of the quantities of
formula. reactants and products involved in a chemical
– For example, suppose the empirical formula of a compound reaction.
is CH2O and its molecular weight is 60.0 g/mol. – It is based on the balanced chemical equation and on the
– The molar weight of the empirical formula (the empirical relationship between mass and moles.
weight) is only 30.0 g/mol. – Such calculations are fundamental to most quantitative work
– This would imply that the molecular formula is actually the in chemistry.
empirical formula doubled, or
C2H4O2
5
Molar Interpretation of a Molar Interpretation of a
Chemical Equation Chemical Equation
• The balanced chemical equation can be interpreted in numbers • This balanced chemical equation shows that one
of molecules, but generally chemists interpret equations as mole of N2 reacts with 3 moles of H2 to produce 2
“mole-to-mole” relationships. moles of NH3.
– For example, the Haber process for producing ammonia
involves the reaction of hydrogen and nitrogen. N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) → 2 NH 3 ( g )
1 molecule N2 + 3 molecules H2 2 molecules NH3
N 2 ( g ) + 3 H 2 ( g ) → 2 NH 3 ( g )
1 mol N 2 + 3 mol H 2 → 2 mol NH 3
– Because moles can be converted to mass, you can
also give a mass interpretation of a chemical
equation.
Molar Interpretation of a Chemical Mass Relationships in Chemical
Equation Equations
• Suppose we wished to determine the number • Amounts of substances in a chemical reaction by
of moles of NH3 we could obtain from 4.8 mol mass.
H2. – How many grams of HCl are required to react with 5.00
N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) → 2 NH 3 ( g ) grams manganese dioxide according to this equation?
– Because the coefficients in the balanced equation 4 HCl(aq) + MnO2 ( s ) → 2 H 2O(l) + MnCl2 (aq) + Cl 2 ( g )
represent mole-to-mole ratios, the calculation is
simple.
2 mol NH 3
4.8 mol H 2 × = 3.2 mol NH 3
3 mol H 2
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Mass Relationships in Chemical
Limiting Reagent
Equations
• First, you write what is given (5.00 g MnO2) and • The limiting reactant (or limiting reagent) is the
convert this to moles. reactant that is entirely consumed when the reaction
• Then convert to moles of what is desired.(mol HCl) goes to completion.
• Finally, you convert this to mass (g HCl)
• The limiting reagent ultimately determines how much
1 mol MnO 2 4 mol HCl 36.5 g HCl product can be obtained.
5.00 g MnO 2 × × ×
86.9 g MnO2 1 mol MnO 2 1 mol HCl – For example, bicycles require one frame and two wheels. If
you have 20 wheels but only 5 frames, it is clear that the
number of frames will determine how many bicycles can be
= 8.40 g HCl made.
Limiting Reagent Limiting Reagent
• Zinc metal reacts with hydrochloric acid by • Take each reactant in turn and ask how much
the following reaction. product would be obtained if each were totally
consumed. The reactant that gives the smaller
Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → ZnCl2 (aq) + H 2 ( g ) amount is the limiting reagent.
1 mol H 2
0.30 mol Zn × = 0.30 mol H 2
– If 0.30 mol Zn is added to hydrochloric acid containing 0.52 1 mol Zn
mol HCl, how many moles of H2 are produced?
1 mol H 2
0.52 mol HCl × = 0.26 mol H 2
2 mol HCl
• Since HCl is the limiting reagent, the amount of H2
produced must be 0.26 mol.
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Theoretical and Percent Yield Theoretical and Percent Yield
• The theoretical yield of product is the maximum • To illustrate the calculation of percentage yield, recall that the
amount of product that can be obtained from given theoretical yield of H2 in the previous example was 0.26 mol (or
0.52 g) H2.
amounts of reactants.
• If the actual yield of the reaction had been 0.22 g H2, then
– The percentage yield is the actual yield (experimentally
determined) expressed as a percentage of the theoretical yield 0.22 g H 2
(calculated). % Yield = × 100% = 42%
0.52 g H 2
actual yield
% Yield = × 100%
theoretical yield
Operational Skills
• Calculating the formula weight from a formula.
• Calculating the mass of an atom or molecule.
• Converting moles of substance to grams and vice versa.
• Calculating the number of molecules in a given mass.
• Calculating the percentage composition from the formula.
• Calculating the mass of an element in a given mass of
compound.
• Calculating the percentages C and H by combustion.
• Determining the empirical formula from percentage composition.
• Determining the true molecular formula.
• Relating quantities in a chemical equation.
• Calculating with a limiting reagent.
