Water Conservation and Resources

Efficiency in Industries

Energy Audits in Industry- exploiting the

opportunity-best practices and international
experience
Savvas Louizidis - Head of Energy Unit

23/1/2019
 CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION-LEGAL CONTEXT

2. ENERGY AUDIT STEPS – GOOD PRACTICES

3. EXAMPLES-OPPORTUNITIES FOR EE

4. INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE

2
3
 1.1 Unexploited potential for industrial EE

▪ Industry: historically a major energy

consumer
▪ In EU accounted for 28% of FEC
▪ Trends in improvement of energy intensity
▪ About 2% per year in European industries
▪ BUT there is substantial unexploited
potential
Source: JRC, 2017

Source: IEA, Tracking Clean Energy Progress, 2015

Obstacles for exploitation
4 Source: ABB, Trends in global energy efficiency 2011, An analysis 4
of industry and utilities
 1.2 Definition-standards
Standards
Energy audit ...
• ISO 50002
“A systematic procedure with the purpose of obtaining
adequate knowledge of the existing energy consumption • EN 16247-1: General Requirements
profile of a building or group of buildings, an industrial or
commercial operation or installation or a private or public • EN 16247-2: Buildings
service, identifying and quantifying cost-effective energy
savings opportunities, and reporting the findings”, Directive • EN 16247-3: Industrial Processes
27/2012/EU
• EN 16247-4: Transport

• EN 16247-5: Energy Auditors qualifications

Preliminary
energy audit
Detailed
energy audit
• technically simple Monitoring audit
• no and low cost
measures (follow up)
• medium & high
cost measures
• capital intensive
• system audits projects
• complicated
applications

Formulation / Revision of investment plan

5 5
 1.3 Mandatory requirement-Legal context

DIRECTIVE 27/2012/EC

Member States (MS) shall:

o promote the availability to all final customers of high quality energy audits which are cost-
effective and either carried out in an independent manner by qualified and/or accredited
experts according to qualification criteria; or implemented and supervised by independent
authorities under national legislation
o establish transparent and non-discriminatory minimum criteria for energy audits (to guarantee
their quality)
o develop programmes to encourage SMEs to undergo energy audits and the subsequent
implementation of the recommendations from these audits
o may set up support schemes for SMEs, including if they have concluded voluntary agreements,
to cover costs of an energy audit and of the implementation of highly cost-effective
recommendations from the energy audits, if the proposed measures are implemented
o MS shall ensure that enterprises that are not SMEs are subject to an energy audit by …… and at
least every four years from the date of the previous energy audit

6
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7
 2.1 Energy Audit steps
Initial meeting
Step 1. Preparation-data collection
Data collection

Initial visit
Step 2. Walk-through visit

Preliminary
analysis
Step 3. Analysis of energy data
Measurements
Step 4- Measurements
Detailed
analysis

EE proposals
Step 5. Data analysis

Financial
analysis

Reporting
Step 6. Report
Presentation

Comments Final report

8
 2.2 Energy Audit report

Chapter Contents
Executive Summary • Procedures followed
• Key figures on baseline Example-A1
• List of all measures and outlook of techno-economic results
• Recommended action plan.
CHAPTER 1 • Brief outlook of installations
Introduction- Site • Description processes-buildings
description • Description of utilities
• Raw materials-products-waste
• Energy management, monitoring and accounting procedures followed - current sub-
metering practices

CHAPTER 2 • Fuel supply and Electricity supply

• Electrical and thermal energy usage
Current energy
• Other resources utilisation
consumption-
• Detailed presentation of on site measurements and analysis
performance
Chapter3 • Allocation of energy to ECC-energy balances
• Baseline energy consumption
Energy efficiency • Specific energy consumption per product unit or other key parameter
assessment - • Comparison with international (benchmarking)
benchmarking • CUSUM analysis if data is available .

9
 2.2 Energy Audit report

Chapter Contents
CHAPTER 4 • Technical description
• Estimation of CAPEX, OPEX
EE proposals
• Calculation of energy savings and other resource savings
• Calculation of GHG emissions reduction
• Financial savings
CHAPTER 5 • Possibilities for improvement in the processes that can result to:
• Process optimization
Proposals for process • Raw material savings
improvement • Increase in quality of production
• Modernization of production procedures
• Improvement of regular operation and management
CHAPTER 6 ▪ Assumptions (tariffs, discount rate etc)
▪ Lifecycle costs per measure
Financial analysis ▪ Cash-flow analysis
▪ Extraction of financial indicators (IRR and NPV)
▪ Risk-sensitivity analysis
CHAPTER 7 ▪ Key findings report
▪ Proposal of financially viable improvements
Conclusions
▪ Follow up- action plan
Annexes - Measurement data
- Technical calculation data sheets
- Financial analysis flow sheets etc.

10
 2.3 Minimum criteria for an audit

Demand Addressing
Be based on up-to-date, measured, • Methodology for systematic collection of primary
traceable operational data on energy information.
consumption • Targeted measurements for the acquisition of
integrated and reliable data needed for energy balances
Comprise a detailed review of the • Analysis at discrete Energy Cost Centres to be defined
energy consumption profile of at early stage.
buildings or groups of buildings,
industrial operations or installations,
including transportation
Build, whenever possible, on life-cycle • Analytical approach and calculation of O&M costs of each
cost analysis (LCCA) instead of Simple action
Payback Periods (SPP) • Tools for financial viability analysis
• Risk and sensitivity analysis .
Be proportionate, and sufficiently • Transparent criteria for selection of targeted objects
representative to permit the drawing • Determine relationship of energy vs critical parameters
of a reliable picture of overall energy (production etc), interactive effects
performance and the reliable
identification of the most significant
opportunities for improvement.

11
 2.4 Good practices-analysis
Detailed - Correlation of energy with critical Representative – appropriate baseline
parameters consumption

Detailed- Allocation of energy use Representative periods

12
 2.5 Good practices-justification
Detailed: Benchmarking

To Heat 37oC
Pumpe
T40 A/B

28-32oC 34-37oC
Direct Heat
Exchange 38oC

Measured: Justification of need-scope 20-25oC

Raw waste 28oC

SP10 139.4°C
SP01 water
SP09 SP02 HEAT PUMP

SP03

SP08 SP04

SP07 EE proposals:
1. Clear and analytical, with technical evidence
SP05
SP06

34.6°C Example-A2

13
 2.6 Good practices-measures
2. Target on no/low cost measures 3. Put focus on processes

4. Financial analysis :
based on LCCA
Example-A3

5. Assess Risks: conduct

Sensitivity analysis
Example-A4

14
14
15
 3.1 Examples of BATs

Low payback measures

Measure Energy saving
potential until
2030
Integrated control systems 17.3%

Sub-metering 13.8%

Flue gas monitoring (boilers-furnaces) 8.3%

High Efficiency burners (furnaces) 8.1%

Flue gas heat recovery 5%

Combustion optimisation (furnace) 3.8%

Steam trap optimisation 1.9%

Preventive furnace maintenance 1.6%

Source: ICF, 2015 [3]

16
16
 3.2 Example: Heat recovery
Example: HR in ventilation in
Sources of waste heat agribusiness
Area Waste heat source Utilisation

Boilers Flue gas Economisers

Preheat combustion air
Boilers Blowdown Preheat boiler feedwater
Condensate
Refrigeration Waste heat from High grade heat from de-
Condenser superheater
Low-grade heat recovery from
condenser
Ventilation Exhaust air Heat wheel
systems Run-around coil
Heat pipes
Heat pumps RESULTS

Industrial Heating at industrial Low temperature waste heat Heat use before=22772 MWh/y
processes processes High temperature waste heat Heat used after = 9678 MWh/y
Drying Gas savings = 261885 EUR/y
Heat stored in products
etc. CAPEX: = 500,000 EUR
Auxiliaries: = 125,000 EUR

Simple Payback = 2.4 years

17 17
 3.3 Example: Smart Cooling
Concept: adiabatic evaporative pre-cooling system
- Cooling the incoming air without increasing its humidity ratio
- Sprays fine water mist to cool intake air
- Instant evaporation without touching the condenser
- Intake air reduces between 10-20°C through this process
- Increased efficiency (>20%) and cooling capacity
- Minimal water consumption

Example: Adiabatic Cooling

in pharmaceutical industry (TRANE RTAC 200 HE)

Source: Smart Cooling

RESULTS
Energy use before = 1,210 MWh/y
Energy used after = 995 MWh/y
Savings = 18,000 EUR/y
Energy Savings: = 18% or 56 kWh/tn

CAPEX: = 36,000 EUR

Simple Payback = 2 years

18
18
 3.4 Example: Ice Storage
Concept: adiabatic evaporative pre-cooling system
- Ice-making mode: Stores heat during nighttime by using off-peak electricity
- Ice-melting mode: Produces chilled water during daytime replacing chiller's output
- Viable when used with multiple tariff
Example: Ice Storage in chocolate manufacturing industry
P eriod tariff Demand Chiller U se for I ce Storage Charging Storage Charge/Discharge
(€ /k Wh) (k W) Cooling Sy stem P ower Sy stem M ode (% )
(k W) Discarge (k W)
1:00 0.088 466 466 (contribution)
0 253 Charging 19%
2:00 0.088 466 466 0 253 Charging 33%
3:00 0.088 453 453 0 253 Charging 46%
4:00 0.088 426 426 0 253 Charging 60%
5:00 0.088 453 453 0 253 Charging 73%
6:00 0.088 453 453 0 253 Charging 87% Source: Calmac
7:00 0.088 480 480 0 253 Charging 100%
8:00 0.099 520 520 0 0 StandBy 100%
9:00 0.099 546 546 0 0 StandBy 100%
10:00 0.099 626 626 0 0 StandBy 100%
11:00 0.099 813 813 0 0 StandBy 100%
12:00 0.099 959 879 80 0 Discharging 96%
13:00 0.099 1066 879 187 0 Discharging 87%
14:00 0.099 1146 879 266 0 Discharging 75%
15:00 0.099 1199 879 320 0 Discharging 60%
16:00 0.099 1239 879 360 0 Discharging 43%
17:00 0.099 1199 879 320 0 Discharging 28%
18:00 0.099 1159 879 280 0 Discharging 15%
19:00 0.099 1052 879 173 0 Discharging 7%
20:00 0.099 919 879 40 0 Discharging 5%
21:00 0.099 733 733 0 0 StandBy 5%
22:00 0.099 653 653 0 0 StandBy 5%
23:00 0.099 546 546 0 0 StandBy 5%
0:00 0.088 493 493 0 253 Charging 5%

Cooling Design Day - Energy Demand Profile RESULTS

1,400
1,200 Energy use before = 1,399 MWh/y
Power Demand, kW

1,000 Energy used after = 761 MWh/y

800 Savings = 19,263 EUR/y
600
400 CAPEX: = 87,000 EUR
200
0 Simple Payback = 4.5 years
19
 3.5 Example: Insulation
Surface heat losses: must be < 2% of heat input at
maximum boiler capacity
Can reach 10% if insulation is in poor condition

RESULTS
Savings > 5% of thermal
energy use
CAPEX: <0.1 EUR/kWh saved
Payback: < 1 year

20
20
3.6 EE measures key results

21
3.7 EE measures key results

22
3.7 Energy maturity sequence

23
4. International experience

24
 4.1 Energy audits in EU-key facts
Number of obliged
companies

Source: Ricardo, Article 8 of EED; challenges for

large enterprises, 2016

Size of obliged companies

Independent non a) have more than 250 employees
SME OR
b) less than 250 employees but
annual turnover exceeds 50 MEUR
and balance sheet exceeds 43 MEUR
Exemption Companies that implement certified
systems for energy and
environmental management, certified
by an independent body
25
25
 4.2 Scope of work-example

Categories of audits (and certification levels for auditors)

Category Α΄: Residential, office and commercial buildings up to 2000 m2, and workshops with installed
power capacity not exceeding 22 kWe or 50 kWth
Category Β΄: Office and commercial buildings over 2000 m2, other tertiary sector buildings, industrial
installations with total installed capacity less than 1000 kW.
Category C΄: Industrial installations with total installed capacity above 1000 kW

De minimis Representativeness

26 Source: Ricardo, Article 8 of EED; challenges for large enterprises, 2016

- 26
 4.3 Identified-implemented energy savings
Identified energy savings Realized energy savings (D)

Source: Ricardo, 2018

Source: https://deep.eefig.eu/viewcharts/industry/ 27
 4.4 ISO 50001
Energy Management is a systematic approach to the continuous setting, implementation and monitoring of energy
performance of a company/organization, aiming to reduce energy consumption, along with assuring the
sustainability of results in the long-term..!!!
ISO 50001: ISO standard that specifies requirements for establishing, implementing, maintaining and improving an energy
management system.

Main elements
Key area Main issues
Aim of energy management
Energy consumption
Policy  Energy management policy statement without energy

Energy consumption
management
Planning  Significant energy systems identified and reviewed Energy consumption
 Measurable energy objectives and targets set with energy
 Programme with responsibilities and time frame defined management

Implement  Roles and responsibilities: Energy manager/energy team

ation and with job description appointed
operation  Training and Awareness: personnel associated with energy

are familiar with EE and EM programme Production

 Communication: Information on energy performance

communicated to employees
 Documentation and control of documents

 Operational control: instructions on equipment operation,

consideration of EE in procurement of equipment and

services
Checking-  Energy use and costs being monitored and reported
Monitoring  Progress against plan being monitored
 Control of records-non conformity assessment
 Internal audit regularly performed

Review  Effectiveness of EMS reviewed by top management

28
 4.5 ISO 50001

EnMS system
Energy Policy
ISO Standard Energy planning
Plan-Do-Check-Act Model Continual EnMS Manual & -legal
improvement Procedures -energy Review
-energy Baseline
Management review Energy policy
-EnPI's
- inputs -objectives, targets, action plans
- outputs Energy -communications Plan
planning -training Plan
Management - set-up EMIS
review
Implementation Implementation &
& operation M&T operation
-competency, training &
awareness
Checking
-communications
-monitoring, Monitoring,
-documentation
measurement & analysis measurement
-operational Control
-legal & other and analysis
Checking -design
requirements
-procurement
-internal audit
-non-conformities Nonconformities,
-control of records correction, corrective
Internal audits and preventive
of EnMS action

System Diagram, including the ISO 50001 Standard elements

29
 4.6 ISO 50001
Target setting
SN Phase Responsible Approval Implementation timing
From the start of the EM
plan and every 3 years or
1. Programming of energy audit Energy Manager General Management when there is
process/equipment
replacement

Supervision: O&M
From the start of the EM
Manager
plan and every 3 years or
(if implemented
2. Implementation of energy audit when there is
internally then energy
process/equipment
audit is also under the
replacement
O&M)

Definition of significant energy

3. uses (SEUs) and Energy Ο&Μ Manager Energy Manager After every energy audit
Performance indicators (EnPIs)

After every energy audit

Definition of Objectives, Targets Energy Manager / EM
4. General Management and after every Management
και Action Plans Unit
Review

Filing and maintaining of energy

5. audits, methods and criteria H&S Manager After every energy audit
used

30
 4.7 EMS- success stories
Item Cost (EURO)
Paper industry Computer 3,000
20,000 tons/y paper products; 2MEuro energy Software and configuration
Data logger (64 input)
15,000
12,000
Installation of complete EnMS system & 32 electricity meters 19,000

introduction of new metering equipment

Installation 14,000
Wiring 23,000
CAPEX: 151,000 Eur Total electrical monitoring 86,000
16 steam meters 80,000
Savings: 7% Installation 23,000
Simple payback: 1 y Wirign connections
8 gas meters
12,000
9,000
Installation 6,000
Wiring connection 6,000
4 water meters 6,000
Installation 6,000
Wiring connection 3,000
Total additional monitoring 151,000

Danish Malting Group

ISO 50001
Optimisation of facilities for heat production
43 % reduction in electricity
consumption and 30 % in heat consumption for
the period 1997-2014

31 Source : Danish Energy Agency

 4.8 Implementation of ISO 50001

Source: P. Waide, European Experience with

Source: EC , 2016
energy management, 2017

32
 4.9 Key issues
• Quality: requirement for minimum criteria
should prevail over cost-effectiveness
• Added value: lead to actions or are tools
for compliance??
• Availability of support actions
o Experience on energy audit programmes in
industry show that if ran in isolation, have
limited impacts

o Benefits are multiplied if combined with Source: A study in energy efficiency in enterprises, EC, DNV, 2016
complementary measures

o Need: incentive and support schemes, including

SMEs, for the implementation of
recommendations from energy audits and
similar measures

Source: Dept of Business Energy and Industrial Strategy, UK, 2017

33
 4.10 Maximising impacts
• Provision of incentives: financing EE KENYA
measures THE ENERGY (ENERGY MANAGEMENT) REGULATIONS,
2012
Energy conservation measures.
• Minimisation of risks: Certification of EE
8. (1) The owner or occupier shall take measures to
projects including project development and realize at least fifty percent of the identified and
QA (eg ICP Europe) recommended energy savings specified in the energy
investment plan by the end of three years and
• Mandatory energy performance thereafter at every audit reporting date.
targets? Source;
https://www.erc.go.ke/index.php?option=com_content&view=arti
cle&id=249:public-notice-the-energy-energy-management-
Example: Instruments in Denmark regulations-2012&catid=108&Itemid=700

Source: UNIDO, 2018

34
 LDK Consultants

o Established in 1968 in Athens, Greece

o Comprising 6 companies (including subsidiaries
SN Project Country Period in Romania, Belgium, Cyprus, Serbia & Kenya)
1 Energy Audits at Hellenc Brewery Greece 4-6/2018
2 Energy Audits at FAMAR pharmaceutical company Greece 4-6/2018
o 80 employees
3 Resource Efficiency audit at Enzym Yeast plant Ukraine 9-11/2017 o Fields of expertise: Energy, Environment and
4 Energy Audit at JORMAG magnesia plant Jordan 5-8/2017 Water,Buildings & Infrastructure, Socio-economic
5 Energy Audit at grain facilities in Tunisia Tunisia 5-8/2017
6
Development
Energy audit at 2 sugar plants in Kyrgyz republic Kyrgyzstan 5-7/2017
7 Energy audits at 5 buildings
Armenia 9-12/2016
o Average revenues: 13m €
(schools/kindergartens/hospitals) in Yerevan
8 Energy audits at 5 buildings o Assignments in more than 70 countries world-
Moldova 9-12/2016
(schools/kindergartens/hospitals) in Chisinau wide
9 Energy Audits at 7 sites of Coca Cola Hellas as per
Greece 4-12/2016
EN16247 standards o Largest Integrated Consulting &
10 11/2015- Engineering Services Company in Greece,
Energy Audits at UKPF poultry complex Kazakhstan
1/2016
11 Energy Audits at the buildings of Nokia Hellas (4 9/2015- with 85% of revenues generated internationally
Greece
buildings) 11/2015
12 8/2015- o κε το 1968 στην Αθήνα/ 6 εταιρείες (με γραφεία
Energy Audit at Zernoff Group (Agribusiness) Moldova
10/2015 σε Κύπρο, Ρουμανία, Βουλγαρία, Σερβία, Βέλγιο,
13 7/2015-
Energy Audit at Khask (adhesive tapes) Ukraine Κένυα)
9/2015
14 4/2015-
Energy Audit at Rustavi Azot Georgia
7/2015 o 105 Μόνιμοι εργαζόμενοι & Συνεργάτες
15 3/2015-
Energy Audits at BMI and KMN copper plants Azerbaijan
6/2015
o Πυλώνες Εξειδίκευσης: Ενέργεια / Περιβάλλον &
Υδάτινοι πόροι Κτίρια & Υποδομές Κοινωνικό-
Οικονομική ανάπτυξη

Σελίδα 35
35
THANK YOU!!!

Off 21, Thivaidos st.

Gr-145 64, Kifissia, Athens
T: +30 210 8196700
E: [email protected]
W: www.ldk.gr
A1. Summary sheet

BACK

37
 A2.Data sheets
Project No PI-1A
Biogas generation-separation

SN AREA UNIT VALUE COMMENT

Assumptions
a Electricity tariff Eur/MWh 93.3 Assumed green tariff
b Gas tariff EUR/Nm3 0.46 Average 2015
Project No yyyy-5 c Gas tariff EUR/MWh 62.49 Average 2015
Replacement of lamps with energy efficient d LPG LHV MJ/Nm 3 26.477 assumed
e Green Tariff EURO/MWh 127
f Present
SN AREA UNIT VALUE COMMENT g Gas consumption boiler Nm 3/y 43,915 baseline assumed
Assumptions h Gas consumption boiler MWh/y 323 g x d /3.6/1000
a Electricity Tariff UAH/kWh 1.4670 Tariff for 2017 i Boiler efficiency (current) % 95% assumed present
j Heat demand MWh/y 307 hxi
b Electricity Tariff EUR/kWh 0.049 k Gas costs €/y 20,184 b x g /1000
c Present l Electricity consumption MWh/y 1,271 total plant's consumption
d Electrical capacity lamps kW 66.0 m Electricity Costs EUR/y 118,607 axl
n Income
o Electrical capacity MW 0.347
e Average operating time h/y 7,300 Caclulated p Electrical capacity (own) MW 0.151 costs included in O&M
f Electricity consumption kWh/y 482,004 calculated q electrical efficiency % 38% average of all units
r Heat efficiency % 42% average of all units
g Electricity Costs EUR/y 23,570 bxf
s Heat Capacity MWth 0.38 oxr/q
h After t Fuel input MW 0.99 o/ q
i New capacity (LED ) kW 30.6 with LED u Operation h/y 8,760 see analysis
j Average operating time h/y 7,300 year round operation v Thermal energy UF % 43%
w Power generation MWh/y 3,040 oxu
k Electricity consumption kWh/y 223,643 Caclulated
x Income from electricity sale Euro/y 283,606 axw
l Electricity Costs EUR/y 10,936 kxb y Biogas kWh/y 8,684,914
m Savings z Generated heat MWh/y 1,445 uxs
n Energy Savings MWh/y 258 f-k A Saved gas MWh/y 1,445
B Saved gas Euro/y 90,282 A x b /1000
o Energy Cost Savings EUR/y 12,634 nxb C Nitrogen fertilizer Euro/y 22,690 see analysis
p % of savings % 53.6% based on capacities D P2O5-fertilizer Euro/y 47,994 see analysis
q Reduction in O&M costs EUR/y 3,190 divided in yearly units E K2O-fertilizer Euro/y 8,265 see analysis
F Liquid fertiliser Euro/y 188,856
r Total Cost savings EUR/y 15,824 G Total income from fertilisers Euro/y 267,805 assumed 0 as baseline
s Investment Cost H Total income Euro/y 641,693
t Investment EUR 46,090 see calculations I Expenses

u GHG emissions reduction J Gas needed for CHP Nm 3/y 0 NA

K Gas for CHP costs Euro/y 0 NA
v Emission factor-electricity tCO2/MWhe 0.896 source: EBRD L Electricity costs Euro/y 24,928 10% parasitic consumption
M Personnel costs Euro/y 40,000 2 employees
w CO2 emissions reduction tCO2/y 231.5 v xn N Maintenance of installations Euro/y 290,225 mechanical + CHP
O Total expenses -355,153
P Investment Cost
Q Specific cost Eur/kWe 8,287
R Investment EURO 2,875,418 see analysis
S GHG emissions reduction
T Emission factor-electricity tCO2/MWhe 0.521 source: EBRD
U Emission factor-gas tCO2/MWh fuel 0.202 source: EC
V CO2 emissions reduction tCO2/y 1,584 w xT+ Uxz
BACK 38
 A3.Financial analysis

Project No yyyy-3
Optimisation of refrigerators

Key Input data Results

Cost/
Description Unit Benefit Description Unit Value
Saved electricity EUR 5,195 Net Present Value (NPV) EUR 71,992
Saved fuel EUR 28,506 Pay-Back Period years 4.3
Total Energy Saving EUR 33,701 Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) 1.4
Water savings EUR 0 Internal Rate of Return (IRR) % 17.33%
Investment Cost EUR 160,000
Reduction in O&M costs EUR -3,200
Aditional Income from increased sales EUR 0
Inflation % 0%
Project Lifetime years 15
Tax Rate % 0
Discount Rate % 10%

Discounted Cash Flow Calculations (yearly) [ in EURO]

Operation Period 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Operation Year 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033
Benefits from Energy Savings 33,701 33,701 33,701 33,701 33,701 33,701 33,701 33,701 33,701 33,701 33,701 33,701 33,701 33,701 33,701
Water savings 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Additional Income from increased sales 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Reduction in O&M costs -3,200 -3,200 -3,200 -3,200 -3,200 -3,200 -3,200 -3,200 -3,200 -3,200 -3,200 -3,200 -3,200 -3,200 -3,200
Gross Profit 30,501 30,501 30,501 30,501 30,501 30,501 30,501 30,501 30,501 30,501 30,501 30,501 30,501 30,501 30,501
Investment costs -160,000
Net Cash Flow -160,000 30,501 30,501 30,501 30,501 30,501 30,501 30,501 30,501 30,501 30,501 30,501 30,501 30,501 30,501 30,501
Discounted Cash Flow -160,000 27,728 25,207 22,916 20,833 18,939 17,217 15,652 14,229 12,935 11,759 10,690 9,719 8,835 8,032 7,302

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39
A4. Sensitivity analysis

BACK

40
 References
1. DEEP-De-risking energy efficiency platform; https://deep.eefig.eu/factsheet/quick/#
2. European Industrial Energy Efficiency Good practices platform; http://www.eumerci-portal.eu/web/guest/home
3. Concerted actions, European Energy Efficiency Directive; https://www.ca-eed.eu/Expert-areas/Expert-Areas/Energy-audits-and-
management-systems
4. Reference documents under the IPPC Directive and the IED; http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/
5. RICARDO Development of recommendations on the implementation of certain aspects of Article 8 and Annex VI of the Energy
Efficiency Directive , 2018; https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/final_report_-
_development_of_guidelines_and_recommendations_on_the_impl.pdf
6. Waide, European Experience With Energy Management , 2017
7. European Commission, A Study on Energy Efficiency in Enterprises: Energy Audits and Energy Management Systems; 2016;
https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/EED-Art8-Implementation-Study_Task12_Report_FINAL-approved.pdf
8. REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL;2017;
https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/171011-ssm-review-report_en.pdf
9. JRC; Energy Consumption and Energy Efficiency Trends in the EU-28 2000-2015; 2018;
http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC110326/efficiency_trends_2017__final_lr.pdf
10. EVALUATION OF THE ENERGY SAVINGS OPPORTUNITY SCHEME, Impact evaluation scoping report , 2017;
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/650881/Evaluation_of_ESOS_Im
pact_evaluation_scoping_report.pdf.
11. Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies In Industry , ODYSEE-MURE;2015; http://www.odyssee-mure.eu/publications/br/energy-
efficiency-trends-policies-industry.pdf
12. ICF, STUDY ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND ENERGY SAVING POTENTIAL IN INDUSTRY AND ON POSSIBLE POLICY MECHANISMS,
2015, https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/151201%20DG%20ENER%20Industrial%20EE%20study%20-
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