1 INTRODUCTION

This project is a design procedure of a reinforced concrete building. The

building is a school that consists of three floors with an overall area 2580 m2.

Various floor areas are as follows:

Net Area of Ground Floor 808.9m²

Net Area of First Floor 808.9m²
Net Area of Third Floor 808.9m²
Net Area of Stair Case 153.3m²
TOTAL AREA 2580 m2

Design Method:

The most important characteristic of any structural member is its actual strength,
which must be large enough to resist all foreseeable loads that may act on it
during the life of the structure, without failure or other distress.

For the purpose of safety the theoretical strength of the structural element is
reduced by the application of a strength reduction factor, and loads are amplified
by factors as follows:

The effect of factored Load (U) ≤ factored strength

Factored load combinations for determining required strength U in the ACI code

1
 Load factors specified in the ACI code 9.2.1
U = 1.4(D+F)
U = 1.2(D+F+T)+1.6(L+H)+ 0.5(Lr or S or R)
U = 1.2D+1.6(Lr or S or R)+(L or 0.8W)
U = 1.2D+1.6W+0.5L+(Lr or S or R)
U = 1.2D+1.0E+1.0L+0.2S
U = 0.9D+1.6W+1.6H
U = 0.9D+1.0E+1.6H

Where:
D: Dead load.
L: Live load.
E: Earth quake load.
F: lateral fluid pressure load.
H: load due to the weight, lateral pressure of soil & water in soil.
Lr::Roof load.
R: Rain load.
S: Snow load.
T: Self-straining force such as creep, shrinkage & temperature effects.
W: Wind load.

Strength reduction factors in the ACI 318-08 Code 9.3.2:

Strength Condition Reduction

Factor(Φ)
Tension controlled section 0.9
Compression controlled section
a)Members with spiral reinforcement 0.7
b)Other reinforced members 0.65
Shear and torsion 0.75

2
 Bearing on concrete 0.65

Material Strength:

Our design was based on the following strength:

1- Reinforcing bars with fy = 420 MPa and stirrups with fy = 420 MPa.
2- Concrete compressive strength after 28 days fc' should be 30 MPa.

Soil Characteristics:

Bearing capacity of the soil at foundation level is 2.7 Kg/cm 2

Computer programs used:

AutoCAD 2015

Microsoft word

E-tabs 2015

The structure designed according to:

ACI 318-08

Jordanian code for loads

3
2
LOAD
ULTIMATE
n
CALCULATIONS

This part includes the loads and forces that are acting on the structure; the
structure will be designed to carry these forces safely without structural
collapsing, and to achieve safe and economic design. The primary loads
considered in design is the dead load and the live load. The ACI 318-08 limitation
will be used in calculating the factored loads, these factors are (1.2) for dead load
and (1.6) for the live load.

Dead Loads:

Dead loads are the loads that act on the structure since we construct it and remain
acting on it through the entire life of the building, and remain constant in
magnitude and fixed in direction and position. This category of loading includes
the self weight of the structure which can be calculated easily using dimensions
of the structure and density of the materials.

Live Loads:

Live loads are loads in which their magnitude and distribution at any given time
are uncertain and their location can also be changed. Their maximum intensities
through the lifetime of the structure are not known with precision. These loads
consist mainly of occupancy loads in building and traffic loads on bridges.

Load Calculations:

In order to determine the load we have to determine the slab thickness. For our
structure, we have one-way ribbed slab, two-way ribbed slab, and a solid slab.

4
 We need to determine the minimum thickness for each one and take the
maximum for the whole structure in order to be safe against deflection.

For one way ribbed slab → referring to the ACI 318-08 chapter 9.5 page122 the
minimum depth of various structures is listed to control the deflection of the span:

Simply One end Both ends Cantilever

Supported Continuous Continuous
Members not supporting or attached to partitions or other
Member construction likely to be damaged by large deflections.
Solid one-way L /20 L /24 L /28 L / 10
slabs
Beams or L /16 L /18.5 L /21 L/8
ribbed one-
way slabs

Where: L is center-to-center distance.

In the building the maximum span length =6m one end continuous.
6∗1000
Minimum Thickness= =327 m m
18.5

5
A slab thickness of 350 mm will be used in order to assure that the deflection is
minimum, to change the design that was delivered or done in the original plans,
and to provide a sufficient slab thickness for fire resistance.

Dead Load Calculations:

1) Weight of Slab Covering Materials:

Tiles (2.5cm thick) = 0.025 * 23 = 0.575 KN/m2

Cement Mortar (2.5cm thick) = 0.025 * 21= 0.525 KN/m2
Sand (5.0cm thick) = 0.5 * 18= 0.90 KN/m2
Plaster (1.5cm thick) = 0.015 * 21= 0.315 KN/m2

Total dead load due to covering material: 2.315 KN/m2

2) Equivalent partition weight:

Since we have different floor areas for each slab.
Assume equivalent partition load: 1 kN/m2

3) Own weight of slab:

a) For one-way ribbed slab with thickness 350 mm, a typical section is shown below:

6cm 40 cm 6cm 52 cm

6 11 cm
24 cm
 12 cm 40cm 12cm

20 cm

 Total volume (hatched)= 0.5 x 0.35 x 0.20 = 0.0364 m3

 Volume of one hollow block= 0.4 x 0.24 x 0.20 = 0.0192 m3

 Net concrete volume = 0.0172 m3

 Weight of concrete = 0.0172 x 25 = 0.43 kN

 Weight of concrete/ m2 = 0.43/(0.52x0.2)= 4.14kN/m2

 Weight of hollow blocks/ m2 = 0.19/(0.52x0.2) = 1.83 kN/m2

 Total slab own weight = 4.14 + 1.83 = 5.97 kN/m2

b) For Two-way ribbed slab with thickness 350 mm, a typical section is shown below:
0.12 m

0.12 m

0.52 m

0.52 m

 Total volume (hatched)= 0.52 x 0.52 x 0.35 = 0.09464 m3

 Volume of hollow blocks=2 x 0.4 x 0.24 x 0.20 = 0.0384 m3

7
  Net concrete volume = 0.05624 m3

 Weight of concrete = 0.05624 x 25 = 1.41 kN

 Weight of concrete/ m2 = 1.41/(0.52x0.52)= 5.215 kN/m2

 Weight of hollow blocks/ m2 = 0.19(2)/(0.52x0.52) = 1.41 kN/m2

 Total slab own weight = 5.215+1.41 = 6.625 kN/m2

Total dead load:

Covering materials weight + equivalent partition weight +slab own weight

 For one-way slab total dead load=

2.315 + 1 + 5.97 = 9.285 kN/m2

 For two-way slab total dead load=

2.315 + 1 + 6.625 = 9.94 kN/m2

Live Load Calculations:

2 kN/m2 for school classrooms.
3 kN/m2 for library rooms.

8
3
ANALYSIS AND
DESIGN OF
SLABS

This chapter will introduce the analysis & the design procedures for a one-
way ribbed slab, two-way ribbed slab, and solid slab to be used in this project.
The importance of ribs comes from its being the first structural elements that
support loads and then transfer these loads to the beams then from beams to
columns. Eventually, the loads reach the foundation of the building which
discharge loads into the supporting soil mass.

The design process starts by choosing the size of ribs, hollow blocks and the
thickness of the slab, then the maximum shear and moments acting on the
structure will be calculated, the design procedure is then started using the ultimate
strength design method, following the ACI 318M-08 building code requirements.

Procedure for Flexural Design at the Critical Sections:

1- Check the centroidal axis position to determine if the section is a rectangular

section or a prismatic tee (T) section. This can be done by taking the longest rib

9
 which is subjected to the maximum moment and check its centroidal axis (a-
value).
2- The moment values will be computed using ETABS software program.
3- Since the geometry of rib is known

fc' 30
fy 420
b 120
d 275 For 350 mm slab thickness

Then by applying the design equation which is

presented below, the steel reinforcement ratio can be calculated by:

Mu
Rn = ( )∅ b d2

0.85∗f ' c 2.3 6∗Rn

ρ=
fy ( √
1− 1−
f 'c )
4- Comparing the obtained value ρ with the permitted values of ρmin and decide
which is the value that satisfy the requirements; this value can be defined
according to the ACI 318-08 code:
ρmin = maximum of both:

0.25∗√ f 'c 0.25∗√ 25

ρmin = = =0.002976
fy 420

1.4 1.4
ρmin = = =0.0033
f y 420

f 'c −28
β=0.85−0.05 , 0.65≤ β ≤0.85
7

f 'c ϵu
ρmax =0.85 β (
f y ϵ u+ ϵ y )

10
 The area of steel required can be then determined directly by applying the
following formula:

A s=ρ bw d

5- Choose appropriate number of bars and diameter to provide the required value.

Procedure for Shear Design:

If we compare the shear force value in ribs to that exist in beams we will find it
relatively a small value, usually the minimum reinforcement used in ribs (1Φ10
@ 200 mm) and the thickness provided to the slab must resist the applied loads.

Vu ≤ Φ Vc

Where Vn = Vs +Vc

According to ACI 318-08 code, Vc is given by the following equation

V c =¿ 0 .17 λ √ f 'c b w d ….. (11-3)

Av∗fyt∗d
V n=
s

Φ∗Av∗fy∗d
S=
V s−Φ V c

According to ACI 318-08 Code:

The minimum spacing equals the smallest value of the following:

d
S=
2
11
 A v f yt A v f yt
Smax ≤ ≤
0.062 √ f 'c b w 0.35 bw
≤ 600 mm

If S > Smax use minimum steel reinforcement for shear 1 φ 10mm@200mm.

Design of one-way ribbed slab:

a) Simply supported case:

4.25m

∑ D.L. (including own weight) = 10.26 kN/m 2

L.L. = 2kN/m2

WU = 1.2 (10.26) + 1.6 (2) = 15.512 kN/m2 for all the slabs

At support the moment = zero , but we should provide minimum reinforcement

(2ф12 ) because in real life the moment at supports is negative not zero.

w∗l 2 15.512∗4.25 2
Positive Moment (M) = = = 35 kN/m
8 8

MU 35∗10 6
Rn = 2= = 4.28
∅∗b∗d 0.9∗1.2∗2752

0.85∗25 2.36∗R n
ρ=
420 ( √
1− 1− '
fc
=
0.85∗25
420 )
1− 1−
2.36∗4.28
25( √ = 0.011 )
12
ASt = 0.011 * 120 * 275 = 380.7 mm2

Use 2 ф16
A s∗f y 402∗420
a= = = 66 mm < 80 mm i.e. treat the section as
0.85∗f ' c∗b 0.85∗25∗120
rectangular

b) Continuous one-way ribbed slab case (2 spans):

4.05 m 4.25 m

WU = 15.512 kN/m2

For Span 1, L = 4.05 m

Negative Moment (M) = 17.38 kN.m

13
 MU 17.38∗106
Rn = = = 2.12
∅∗b∗d 2 0.9∗120∗2752

0.85∗25 2.36∗R n
ρ=
420 ( √
1− 1− '
fc
=
)
0.85∗25
420
1− 1−
2.36∗2.12
( √25 )= 0.0053

ASt = 0.0053 * 120 * 275 = 175 mm2

Use 2 ф12

Positive Moment (M) = 11.2 kN.m

MU 11.2∗106
Rn = = = 1.37
∅∗b∗d 2 0.9∗120∗2752

0.85∗25 2.36∗R n
ρ=
420 ( √
1− 1−
f 'c )
= 0.85∗25 1− 1− 2.36∗1.37 = 0.0034
420 ( √25 )
ASt = 0.0034 * 120 * 275 = 112.2 mm2

Use 2 ф12

c) Continuous one-way ribbed slab case (3 spans):

3.9 m 2.5 m 4.25 m

Positive Moment (M) = 12.81 kN.m

14
 MU 12.81∗10 6
Rn = = = 1.57
∅∗b∗d 2 0.9∗120∗2752

0.85∗25 2.36∗R n
ρ=
420 ( √
1− 1− '
fc
=
)
0.85∗25
420
1− 1−
2.36∗1.57
( √ 25 ) = 0.0039

ASt = 0.0039 * 120 * 275 = 129 mm2

Use 2 ф12

Negative Moment (M) = 12.5 kN.m

MU 12.5
Rn = = = 1.53
∅∗b∗d 2
0.9∗120∗2752

0.85∗25 2.36∗R n
ρ=
420 ( √
1− 1−
f 'c )
= 0.85∗25 1− 1− 2.36∗1.53 = 0.0038
420 ( √ 25 )
ASt = 0.0038 * 120 * 275 = 125.4 mm2

Use 2 ф12

Design of two-way ribbed slab:

S1:

LS = 7.2 m, LL = 9.5 m

r’ = LS /LL = 7.2/9.5 = 0.8

● For Positive Moment:

Dead Loads:

αS = 0.039 αL= 0.016

Live Loads:

αS = 0.048 αL = 0.020

15
● For Negative Moment:

αS = 0.071 αL = 0.029

● For Shear:

WS = 0.71 WL = 0.29

Positive Moment:

+MS = { αS(D.L.) * (D.L.) * (LS)2 } + { αS(L.L.) * (L.L.) * (LS)2 }

= { 0.039* 10.26 * (7.2)2} + 0.048* 2 * (7.2)2} = 25.7 kN-m

25.7∗106
Rn = = 3.14
0.9∗120∗2752

25 2.36∗3.14
ρ=0.85
420( √ (
1− 1−
25 )) = 0.0082
A s req' d =0.0082∗120∗275=¿270.6 mm2

Use 2 ϕ 14

+ML={ αL(D.L.) * (D.L.) * (LL)2} + { αL(LL) * (L.L.) * (LL)2 }

={0.016* 10.26* (9.5)2} +{0.020* 2 * (9.5)2 }

= 18.45 KN-m

18.45∗106
Rn = = 2.26
0.9∗120∗2752

25 2.36∗2.26
ρ=0.85
420( √ (
1− 1−
25 )) = 0.0057
A s req' d =0.0057∗120∗275=¿188 mm2

Use 2 ϕ 12

Negative Moment:

-MS = αS * (L.L. + D.L.) * (LS)2

= 0.071 * ( 10.26 + 2 ) * (7.2)2 = 45.12 kN-m

16
 45.12∗106
Rn = = 5.52
0.9∗120∗2752

25 2.36∗5.52
ρ=0.85
420 ( √ (
1− 1−
25 )) = 0.016
A s req' d =0.016∗120∗275=¿528 mm2

Use 2 ϕ 20

-ML = αL * ( L.L. + D.L. ) * (LL)2

= 0.029 * ( 10.26 + 2 ) * (9.5)2 = 32 kN-m

32∗106
Rn = = 3.91
0.9∗120∗2752

25 2.36∗3.91
ρ=0.85
420 ( √ (
1− 1−
25 )) = 0.01
A s req' d =0.01∗120∗275=¿330 mm2

Use 2 ϕ 16

Shear:

VS = 0.5 * Ws * ( L.L. + D.L. ) * LS

= 0.5 * 0.71 * (10.26 + 2 ) * 7.2 = 31.33 kN

√25 ∗120∗275
ϕVc
= 0.75*
(6) = 20.62 kN

Vu=31.33 kN

ϕ V s=V u−ϕV c

ϕ V s=31.33−20.62=10.71 kN

17
 ( ∅ Av fy d ) ( 0.75× 158× 420 ×275 )
Srequired = = =1278mm
∅ Vs 10710

Select No. 10 stirrup:

Smax = 600 mm or

Smax = d/2 = 275/2 mm = 137.5 mm

A v∗F yt 158 × 420
Smax = = = 1626 mm
0.34∗bw 0.34 × 120

so, S = 137.5 mm

Use 1 ø 10 @ 140 mm

VL = 0.5 * WL * ( LL + DL ) * LL

= 0.5 * 0.11 * ( 10.26 + 2 ) * 9.5 = 6.4 kN

√25 ∗120∗275
ϕVc
= 0.75*
(6) = 20.63 kN

Vu=6.4 kN

Vu<ϕ V c

Use min. reinforcement 1 ø 10 @ 140 mm

4
ANALYSIS AND
DESIGN OF
BEAMS

18
 This chapter includes the analysis and design for beams, which are
considered one of the essential structural elements that support loads coming from
slabs and maybe other beams. The analysis and design of beams including the
main steps to obtain shear and moment diagrams and dimensions or proportions of
the concrete cross-sections, the area of steel required handling the situation and
carrying the loads, also the number of bars, spacing, and placing will be
determined. After the design for flexure is completed, shear reinforcement will be
determined. The analysis and design procedures are similar to that in ribs but by its
nature it supports larger loads, beams are subjected to more forces such as shears,
moments, and internal stresses.

There are two types of beams:

Hidden beam: is defined as a beam that its height does not exceed the slab
thickness so the slab hides it from being seen.

Drop beam: is defined as a beam that its depth exceeds the slab thickness and can
be seen clearly. This type of beams are used when the loads supported by the
beams is heavy or when the span is too long so the deflection cannot be allowed,
or both.

Design Procedure for Beams:

a) Design for flexure:

Calculate the loads on the beams including the self weight of the beam.

The own weight can be calculated using the following formula:

O .W .( per m)=γ concrete∗A section

Since the geometry of beam is known, then by applying the design equation which
is presented below:

Mu
Rn = ( )
∅ b d2

0.85∗f ' c 2.3 6∗Rn

ρ=
fy ( √
1− 1−
f 'c )
19
Comparing the obtained value ρ with the permitted values of ρ min and decide which
is the value that satisfy the requirements; this value can be defined according to
the ACI 318-08 code:

ρmin = maximum of both:

.25∗√ f 'c 0.25∗√ 25
ρmin = = =0.002976
fy 420
1.4 1.4
ρmin = = =0.0033
f y 420
f 'c −28
β=0.85−0.05 , 0.65≤ β ≤0.85
7

f 'c ϵu
ρmax =0.85 β (
f y ϵ u+ ϵ y )
The area of steel required can be then determined directly by applying the
following formula:

A s=ρ bw d

Choose appropriate number of bars and diameter to provide the required value.

b) Design for Shear:

Beam shear design is similar to that for ribs. It is common to use minimum shear
reinforcement but in beams it is not; this is because of large shear forces acting
on it.

Beams shear design procedure is as follows:

Using equation to calculate the concrete shear capacity of the beam:
V c =¿ 0 .17 λ √ f 'c b w d

20
Find the shear strength to be resisted by steel reinforcement:

ϕ V s=V u−ϕV c

Assume the required stirrup area for the section by assuming its leg number, (for
one stirrup, legs number = 2).

ϕVc
If ≤V u ≤ ϕ V c then apply S = smallest of:
2

Smax =600 mm

d
Smax =
2

Av f y
Smax =
0.34 b w

If V u >ϕ V c then apply apply Sreq:

ϕ Av f y d
S=
V u−ϕV c

Design of a Simply Supported Beam Case:

Design of Beam S:

21
 1. Loads:
W own weigh t =24∗0.5∗0.32=3.84 kN /m

The ultimate loads on the beam:

WU = 1.2 (3.84) + 15.512*3.2 = 54.25 kN/m

2. Design for Flexural Moments:

Wu∗L2 54.25∗4.52
Mu= = = 137.3 kN.m
8 8

Mu∗(106 ) 137.3∗10 6
Rn = = 2 = 4
Ø ( b ) ( d 2 ) 0.9∗500∗275

0.85∗25 2.36∗R n
ρ=
420 ( √
1− 1− '
fc 420)
= 0.85∗25 1− 1− 2.36∗4 = 0.01
25( √ )
As = ρ.b.d = 0.01 * 500 * 275 = 1375 mm2
Use 6 Ф18

3. Design for Shear:

All beams will be designed with Φ10mm Stirrups and fy = 420 MPa.
Wu∗L 54.25∗4.5
Vu = = = 122 kN
2 2

ØV c = Ø (0.17√ f 'cbwd)

Φ Vc = 0.75 * 0.17 * √ 25 * 500 * 275 * 10−3 = 87.6 kN

ϕ V s=V u−ϕV c

ϕ V s=122−87.6=34.4 kN

( ∅ Av fy d ) ( 0.75× 158× 420 ×275 )

Srequired = = =398 mm
∅ Vs 34400

22
Select No. 10 stirrup:

Smax = 600 mm or

Smax = d/2 = 275/2 mm = 137.5 mm

A v∗F yt 158 × 420
Smax = = = 1626 mm
0.34∗bw 0.34 × 120

so, S = 137.5 mm

Use 1 ø 10 @ 140 mm

Design of a Continuous Beam Case:

Design of Beam S:

23
1. Loads:
W own weigh t =24∗0.5∗0.32=3.84 kN /m

The ultimate loads on the beam:

WU = 1.2 (3.84) + 15.512*2.125 = 37.57 kN/m

2. Design for Flexural Moments:

Maximum Positive Moment:

Mu = 100.7 kN.m

Mu∗(106 ) 100.7∗106
Rn= = = 2.95
Ø ( b) (d2) 0.9∗500∗2752

0.85∗25 2.36∗R n
ρ=
420 ( √
1− 1− '
fc )
= 0.85∗25 1− 1− 2.36∗2.95 = 0.0076
420 ( √ 25 )
As = ρ . b . d = 0.0076 * 500 * 275 = 1045 mm2

Use 5 ф 18

Maximum Negative Moment:

Mu = 114.6 kN.m

Mu∗(106 ) 114.6∗106
Rn= = = 3.36
Ø ( b) (d2) 0.9∗500∗2752

24
 0.85∗25 2.36∗R n
ρ=
420 ( √
1− 1− '
fc 420)
= 0.85∗25 1− 1− 2.36∗3.36 = 0.0088
( √
25 )
As = ρ . b . d = 0.0088 * 500 * 275 = 1210 mm2

Use 5 ф 18

3. Design for Shear:

Vu = 126.4 kN
ØV c = Ø (0.17√ f 'cbwd)
Φ Vc = 0.75 * 0.17 * √ 25 * 500 * 275 * 10−3 = 87.6 kN
ϕ V s=V u−ϕV c
ϕ V s=126.4−87.6=38.8 kN

( ∅ Av fy d ) ( 0.75× 158× 420 ×275 )

Srequired = = =352.75mm
∅ Vs 38800

Select No. 10 stirrup:

Smax = 600 mm or

Smax = d/2 = 275/2 mm = 137.5 mm

A v∗F yt 158 × 420
Smax = = = 1626 mm
0.34∗bw 0.34 × 120

so, S = 137.5 mm

Use 1 ø 10 @ 140 mm

25
5
ANALYSIS AND
DESIGN OF
COLUMNS

This chapter explains and discusses the analysis and design of columns,
which is the vertical members that support load transferred from upper members
such as beams, arches, trusses, or other columns.

Columns are defined as members that carry loads in compression. Usually

columns carry bending moment as well, about one or both axis of the cross-
section. Columns are generally referred to as compression members, because the
compression forces dominate their behavior.

Sometimes the behavior is dominated by moment and the section will be designed
to carry the axial and the bending moment, this case occurs in frames and when we
want to develop a rigid joint between columns and beams or girders.

Three types of reinforced concrete compression members are in use:

1- Members reinforced with longitudinal bars and lateral ties.

2- Members reinforced with longitudinal bars and contain spiral ties.
3- Composite compression members reinforced longitudinally with structural
steel shapes, pipes or tubing, with or without longitudinal bars, and various
types of lateral reinforcement.

The ACI 318-05 code divides columns into two categories:

1- Short Columns
2- Slender Columns

26
Short columns will be designed as follows:

Columns that are included in the skeleton (beams – columns) system:

These columns are designed mainly to carry the axial loads, these columns don’t
have eccentricity theoretically but actually there is no pure axial load; since the
field work is not 100% perfect.

The eccentricities for these columns can be neglected and the design will be based
on the ACI 318-08 equation (10-2) that accounts and allow for accidental
eccentricities by strength reduction factor that reduces the strength of the column.

∅ Pn ,max =0.8 ∅ [0.85 f 'c ( A g− A st ) +f y A st ]

These columns are also checked for slenderness to account the slenderness effect.

The spacing between ties is also determined by selecting minimum of as below:

Smax =16 d b

Smax =48 dt

Smax =least dimension of t h e column

Procedure for Columns Design:

1- The ultimate loads acting on each will be calculated.

2- Columns will be checked for slenderness.

3- Proper reinforcement will be found and number of bars and diameters will
be determined.

4- Spacing between ties is determined.

27
Design of Columns:

Design of Column CT:

Column section to be designed is 600 mm×200 mm

Pu=185+185+ 185+o . w

o . w=9.59 x 24 x .0 .2 x 0.6=27.62

Pu=185+185+ 185+27.6=582.6 kN

Check the slenderness ratio:

r =0.3 h=0.3 × 600=180 mm

Take K = 1
K l u 1× 2650
= =14.72
r 180

So we can neglect the side sway effect since:

K lu M1
≤ 34−12
r M2

Column is short.

Using interaction diagram,

emin = 15 + 0.03 * h = 15 + 0.03*600 = 33 mm

Mu = Pu * e = 582.6 * 33 = 19.2258 kN.m

From interaction diagram:

ρ=0.01

A st =ρb h=0.01× 600 ×200=1200 mm ²

Use 6Φ16

28
 Ties Spacing:

The maximum spacing is the smallest of the following:

- Least dimension = 200 mm.
- 16 time the main steel diameter = 16*16= 256 mm
- 48 times the diameter of the stirrup = 48*10 = 480 mm.
Use spacing of 200mm.

29
6
ANALYSIS
AND
DESIGN OF STAIRS
This chapter includes the analysis and design of stairs which is
supported longitudinally as a beam and designed for flexure.

Stairs must be provided in almost all buildings, either low-rise or high-rise, even if
adequate number of elevators are provided. Stairs of rises, runs and landings, the
total steps and landings are called staircase.

There are many types of stairs such as:

1- Single flight stairs.

2- Double flight stairs (dog leg).
3- Three or more flight stairs.
4- Cantilever stairs.
5- Precast flight stairs.
6- Free – standing staircase.
7- Run – Riser stairs.

In this project, the type of stairs is a double flight stairs. The main purpose of stairs
is to assure easy, fast and safe movement from one floor to another.

Design Procedure for Stairs:

30
 1- The loads acting on the flight will be calculated.
2- Shear and moment diagram can be constructed manually or by using any
software program.
3- The assumed thickness is then checked for shear resistance.
4- Appropriate reinforcement for stairs can be found by using the design
equation.

Design of Stairs:

The following numbers will be used in the design:

Goes Length = 300 mm
Rise Height = 150 mm
Flight Width = 1.10 m

a) Design of the Flight:

1. Load Calculations and Structural System:

Minimum stairs thickness required to satisfy deflection requirements is given by:

3240
hmin = = 162 mm
20

Take it 200 mm (Simply Supported Solid Slab)

d = 200 - 20 - 6 = 172 mm

a. Dead Load:

Own weight of step = 0.5 * 0.15 * 0.3 * 24 = 0.54 kN/m

Own weight of slab = 0.34 * 0.2 * 24 = 1.63 kN/m

Weight of marble finish = 0.03 * 0.3 * 26 = 0.234 kN/m

Weight of plaster finish = 0.02 * (0.34 + 0.15) * 22 = 0.22 kN/m

D.L. = 2.624 kN/m

b. Live Load:

Live Load = 0.3 * 4 = 1.2 kN/m

31
c. Factored Load:

WU = 1.2(2.2624) + 1.6(1.2) = 5.06 kN/m

Wl
VU = = (5.06 x 3.24)/2 = 8.2 kN
2

W l2
MU = = (5.06 x 3.24 2)/8 = 6.63 kN.m
8

2. Design for Flexural Moments at Critical Section:

Mu = 6.63 kN.m

R = 0.226 ρ = 0.00054

ASt = 0.0033 x 1100 x 172 = 624.36 mm2

Use 5 ∅ 14 ASt,prov. = 769.7 mm2

In Transverse direction use minimum of shrinkage and temperature reinforcement

Ash = 0.0018 x 1000 x 200 = 360mm2

Use 5 ∅ 10 /m ASt,prov. = 393mm2

3. Check for Shear:

VU = 26.9 kN

0.75 x 0.17 x √ 25 x 1100 x 172

ϕ Vc=ϕ 0.17 √ fc ' b w d = =120.6 kN
1000

1
VU < ϕ Vc
2

Slab thickness is adequate for resisting shear forces without reinforcement.

32
b) Design of Landing:

1. Load Calculations and Structural System:

Minimum landing thickness required to satisfy deflection requirements is given

by:
2800
hmin = = 140 mm (Simply Supported Solid Slab)
20

Let slab waist equal to 200 mm

d = 200 - 20 - 8 = 172 mm

a. Dead Load:

Own weight of slab =0.2 x 24 = 4.8 kN/m2

Tile = 0.025 x 24 = 0.6 kN/m2

Weight of plaster finish = 0.02 x 22 = 0.44 kN/m 2

Mortar = 0.02 x 22 = 0.44 kN/m 2

D.L. = 6.28 kN/m2

b. Live Load:

Live Load = 4 kN/m2

c. Factored Load:

WU = 1.2(6.28) + 1.6(4) = 14 kN/m2

Landing Width = 2 m

33
WU = 14(2) = 28 kN/m

Load from stair = 19.21 kN/m

WU = 19.21 + 14 = 33.21 kN/m

Wl
VU = = (33.21 x 2.8)/2 = 46.5 kN
2

W l2
MU = = (33.21 x 2.82)/8 = 32.54 kN.m
8

2. Design for Flexural Moments at Critical Section:

MU = 32.54 kN.m

R = 0.612 ρ = 0.0033

ASt = 0.0033 x 2000 x 172 = 1135.2 mm2

Use 6 ∅ 16

In Transverse direction use minimum of shrinkage and temperature reinforcement

Ash = 0.0018 x 1000 x 200 = 360mm2

Use 4 ∅ 12 /m

3. Check for Shear:

VU = 46.5 kN

0.75 x 0.17 x √ 28 x 2000 x 172

ϕ Vc=ϕ 0.17 √ fc ' b w d = =232.09 kN
1000

VU < ϕ Vc

Slab thickness is adequate for resisting shear force without reinforcement.

34
7
AND
DESIGN OF WALLS
ANALYSIS

In this chapter; wall will be discussed, analyzed, designed, and checked to

satisfy the ACI318-08 limitations and requirements which can be designed as
bearing wall when it’s considered as supporting element to vertical loads.

Bearing Walls:

Retaining walls are structural members used to provide stability for soil or other
materials and to prevent from assuming their natural slope. In this sense, the
retaining walls maintain unequal levels of earth on its two faces.

The retained material on the higher levels exerts a force on the retaining wall that
may cause its overturning or failure. Retaining walls are used in bridges as
abutments, in buildings as basement walls, and embankments. They are also used
to retain liquids, as in water tanks and sewage – treatments tanks.

Retaining walls may be classified as follows:

35
 1. Gravity Walls: usually consists of plain concrete or masonry and depend
entirely on their own weight to provide stability against the thrust of the
retained material. These walls are proportioned so that the tensile stresses
don’t develop in the concrete or masonry due to the exerted forces on the
wall. The practical height of a gravity wall does not exceed 10 ft = 3.3 m.
2. Semi-gravity Retaining Walls: gravity walls that have a wider base to
improve the stability of the wall and to prevent the development of tensile
stresses in the base. Light reinforcement is sometimes used in the base or
stem to reduce the large section of wall.
3. Cantilever Retaining Walls: reinforced concrete wall that is generally used
for heights from 8 to 20 ft. it is the most common type of retaining
structures because of economy and simplicity of construction.

4. Counter–fort Retaining Walls: This type may be economical when the wall
height is in excess of 25 ft. the counter fort are spaced at intervals and act as
tension members to support the stem. The stem is then designed as a
continuous member spanning horizontally between the counter forts.
5. Buttressed Retaining Wall: is similar to the counter–fort wall, but in this
case the transverse walls are located on the opposite, visible side of the
stem and act in compression.
6. Bridge Abutments: are retaining walls that are supported at the top by the
bridge deck. The wall may be assumed fixed at the base and simply
supported at the top.

Design Procedure:

First the thickness of the wall must be assumed according to the load, which
carries, and this thickness should not be less than 15 cm for any concrete
reinforced wall, and not less than 20 cm for basement wall.
According to ACI318-08 code, section 14.3.4 walls with thickness more than
25cm shall have reinforcement for each direction placed in two layers parallel with
faces of the wall.

In accordance to ACI318-05 code section 14.5.2, the axial strength can be

calculated as follows:

36
 2
k lc
[ ( )]
ϕ Pn , max=0.55 ϕ f 'c A g 1−
32h

Where:

φ = 0.65
k: According ACI318-08 code, section 14.5.2.b for unrestrained walls
against rotation at both ends = 1.0

PU ≤ϕP n ,max
Where: PU is the max factor load subjected to the wall.
If the equation above is verified, then the wall will be designed for minimum steel
reinforcement in vertical and horizontal direction as follow:

1- For horizontal steel, according to ACI318-08 code, section 14.3.3.b, the

minimum ratio of horizontal reinforcement area to gross concrete area shall be
0.002.
2- For vertical steel, according to ACI318-08 code, section 14.3.2.b, the
minimum ratio of vertical reinforcement area to gross concrete area shall be:
0.0012
3- For basement wall moment of soil back filled must be taken in moment
calculations.

37
Design of Wall:

1- Loads (Carry only vertical load):

Take 1 m strip
Own weig ht =1.2 ×24 ×0.2 ×11.95=68.83 kN

Load from slab =15.512 KN

Load from solid slab :

Long direction from structural wall = 57.95 KN

Total factored load =142.3 KN .
2- Design and check the axial strength of the wall:
Wall thickness = 200 mm. and L for this wall is = 6.2 m.
Using equation to estimate the axial strength of the assumed section as follow:
2
k lc
[ ( )]
ϕ Pnw =0.55 ϕ f 'c A g 1−
32 h

2
1 x 6000
ϕ Pnw =0.55∗0.65∗28∗ (1000∗200 ) 1− [ ( 32∗200 ) ]= 242.4 KN
Pu ≤ϕP nw
142.3<242.4

38
So the equation is verified and the minimum steel reinforcement will be used as
follow:
A s h orizontal=0.002∗1000∗200=525 mm2

A s vertical =0.0012∗1000∗200=315mm 2

Thus use:

4 Φ12mm/m ……………….. , For horizontal reinforcement.

4 Φ10mm/m ……………….. , For vertical reinforcement.

8 ANALYSIS AND

FOOTINGS
DESIGN OF

Reinforced concrete footings are structural members used to support

columns and walls and to transmit and distribute their loads to the soil. The design
is based on the assumption that the footing is rigid, so that the variation of the soil
pressure under the footing is linear. Uniform soil pressure is achieved when the
column load coincides with the centroid of the footing. Although this assumption
becomes less accurate as the soil becomes relatively more flexible.

The proper design of footings requires that:

a) The load bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded.
b) Excessive settlement, differential settlement, or rotations are avoided.
c) Adequate safety against sliding and overturning is maintained.

Types of Footings:

1. Isolated or single footings, are used to support single columns, they may be
square, rectangular, or circular. The footing may be of uniform thickness, stepped

39
or have a sloped top. This type is one of the most economical types of footings and
it’s used when columns are spaced at relatively long distances.

2. Combined footings usually support two or three columns, the shape of the
footing in plan may be rectangular or trapezoidal, depending on column loads.
Combined footings are used when two columns are so close that single footings
cannot be used or when one column is located near the property line.

3. Wall footings; are used to support structural walls that carry loads from floors or
to support nonstructural walls. They have limited width and a continuous length
under the wall. Wall footing commonly may have one thickness or stepped or
sloped top.

4. Cantilever or strap footings; consists of two single footings connected with a

beam or a strap and support two single columns. They are used when one footing
supports an eccentric column and the nearest adjacent footing lies at quit a
distance from it. This type replaces a combined footing and is sometimes more
economical.
5. Continuous footings: support a row of three columns or more, they have a
limited width and continue under columns.

6. Raft or Mat foundations consists of one footing, usually placed under the entire
building area, and support the columns of the building; they are used when the soil
bearing capacity is low, column loads are heavy, single footings cannot be used,
piles are not used, differential settlement must be reduced through the entire
footing system.

7. Piles caps are thick slabs used to tie a group of piles together and to support and
transmit column loads to the piles.

Design Considerations:

Footings must be designed to carry the column loads and transmit them to the soil
safely. The design procedure must take the following strength requirements into
considerations:

1. The area of footing based on the allowable bearing capacity.

2. One way shear.
3. Two way or punching shear.
4. Bending moment and steel reinforcement required.
5. Bearing capacity of columns at their base and dowel requirements.
6. Development length of bars.

40
 7. Differential settlement.

Wall Footings:

Wall footings are commonly required to support direct concentric load. A wall
footing may be of either plain or reinforced concrete. Since it has bending in only
one direction, it is generally designed in much the same manner as only one
direction; it is generally designed as is a one-way slab, by considering a typical 1m
width strip along the length of wall. Footings carrying relatively light loads on
well-drained cohesion-less soil are often made of plain concrete.

Design Procedure for Single Footings:

Determine the area of footing:

This is the first step in the design of footings after assuming the depth of footing;
this is done by dividing the service load carried by the column supported by the
footing on the effective soil pressure, and as the following equation:
P
A=
qeff
Where:
q eff : is the effective soil pressure.

q eff = q a- Wc - Ws

Calculate the net upward pressure

ultimate load
q n=
area of footing
Check the assumed effective depth of footing:

In order to check the effective depth of the footing we must account two types of
shear that act on the footing:

a) Wide Beam Shear:

41
The critical section for this type of shear is at distance d from the face of the
supported column in the long side of footing, the rest length of the long side
footing will generate a shear force at this section, which must resist this force
safely without failure.
The ultimate load at this critical section is calculated from the following equation:

V u=qn b ( L2 − c2−d)
Vu
d= '
.17 Φ √ f c b
Φ=.75
For safe design
d ≤ d assumed

b) Punching Shear:

The critical section for this type of shear is at distance d/2 from the face of the
supported column around it (at long side and short side of a footing). This area of
the footing will generate a shear force at this section, which must resist this force
safely without failure.
The strength of the concrete in this case is the minimum of:
1) Φ V c =.33 Φ √ f 'c b ° d
Where:
b °=4 ( c +d ) … . for Square columns
b °=2 ( c 1+ d ) +2 ( c 2+ d ) … . for Rectangular columns

2) Φ V c =Φ 0.17 ¿
Where: β is the ratio between the long to the short side of the column

3) Φ V c =Φ 0.083 ¿

42
Where α s is:
40 for interior columns
30 for edge columns
20 for corner columns

Determine Vu for two way shear:

V u=Pu −q n(c+ d)2 … . for Square column

V u=Pu −q n ( c1 +d ) ( c 2 +d ) … . for Rectangular column

Let Vu= ΦVc

Vu
d=
.33 Φ √ f 'c b°

Flexural strength and footing reinforcement:

For footing design the bending moment in each direction is calculated then the
appropriate reinforcement in each direction is obtained as follows:

 Moment parallel to long direction of the column and the footing:

2
q ∗L B C
M s h ort = n ∗ −
2 (
2 2 )

 Moment parallel to short direction of the column and the footing:

2
q ∗B L C
M long= u ∗ −
2 2 2 ( )

Check for Bearing:

43
When a column rests on a footing it transfers its load to only a part of the total
area of the supporting member. So this area must be checked if it can support the
load or not.

The design bearing strength is:

A1
Φ Pn 1 = 0.85*Φ* f 'c*A1*
√ A2

Φ Pn 2= 0.85*Φ* f 'c*A1* 2

Where: Φ=0.65

A1 :the loaded area ( area of the column)

A2 = the supporting area at the base of the footing

In order to calculate A2 we need to determine the dimensions for it which can be

determined from the figure shown below

Then we have to check the following:

Φ Pu < min (Φ Pn 1 ,Φ P n2 ¿

If OK → Use Amin for Dowel bars

Amin = 0.005 A1

Design Procedure for Wall Footings:

1. Determine the load on the wall.

2. Take one meter long of the wall to determine B.
3. Determine the area of footing by dividing the un-factored load on the
bearing capacity of the soil, this area will be divided by 1 meter so we will get B.
4. The ultimate soil pressure under footing can now be calculated by dividing
the factored load on the actual area of footing.
5. The thickness of the continuous footing will be determined using the wide
beam shear only, but first the maximum shear must be calculated.

44
 6. Determine th
7. Determine th
8. Final step is
equation.

Design of Single Footings:

CT = 600 x 200 mm

Pu = 582.6 kN.

Punfactored = 582.6/1.4 = 416 kN

fc' = 28 MPa

fy = 420 MPa

Bearing Capacity of soil = 2.5 kg/cm2 = 245.25 kN/m2

Cover = 75 mm

Base of footing is 1.5 m below final grade

γ soil =16 kN /m 3

Assume h = 500 mm

Wc=γ c×h=24×0.5= 12 Kn/ m²

45
Ws=γ s×ds=16× (1.5-0.5)= 16 Kn/ m²

The soil effective pressure is:

qeff = qs - Wc - Ws =245.25-12-16 = 217.25 kn/m2

The size of footing required:

Area= service load / qeff

Area=416/217.25= 1.91 m2

Assume long side LL= 1.5 m

So the short side = LS = 1.5 m

The net upward pressure:

qu=Pu/Af= 582.6/1.5*1.5 = 259 Kn/m2

deff=h-cover-1.0db = 500-75-(1×20)=405mm

Check for punching shear:

calculate perimeter for two way shear and punch out shear

bo=2(c1+d) +2(c2+d)=2(200+405)+ 2(600+405)= 3220mm

Vu= Pu - qu× (c1+d) × (c2+d)= 582.6 – 259 × (0.2+0.405)×(0.6+0.405))

= 425 KN

Vu 425 ×1000
d= = =89 mm< d assumed O. K
φ∗0.33 √ fc ∗bo 0.85 × 0.33 √ 28∗3220

Check for wide beam shear:

for long side:

l−c
wide shear −d = (1.5 - 0.6)/2 - 0.405 = 0.045 mm
2

46
 V u =qu B ( l−c2 −d)
Vu=259×1.5×0.045 = 17.48 kN

Vu 17.48× 1000
d= = =7.85 mm< d O . K
φ∗0.33 √ fc ∗b 0.85∗.33 √ 28∗1500

The reinforcement of the footing:

L = (1.5-0.6)/2 = 0.45 m

l−c 2
M u=
qu b ( )
2
=
259 ( 0 . 45 )2
×1 .5
2 2

Mu= 39 kN.m/m

Mu
R u=
B∗d 2

39
R u=
¿¿

0.85∗f 'c
ρ=
fy [ √[
∗ 1− 1−
2.61∗R
'
fc ]]
ρ=
0.85∗28
420 [ √[
∗ 1− 1−
2.61∗0.16
28
=0.0003 ]]
ρ< ρ min , Use ρmin =0.0033
As (req)=ρbd = 0.0033×1500×405 = 1822.5mm2 → control

47
Min. for shrinkage
As = 0.0018 × b × h = 0.0018 × 2300× 500 = 2070 mm2

Use 14 14

S=( L−2∗cover)/(n−1)=(1500-150)/13 = 104 mm ok < 450

Check bearing stress:

The bearing strength N1,at the base of the column

A1=0.6 × 0.2 = 0.12 m2

A2= 1.5 × 1.5 = 2.25 m2

N1= ø(.85fc'A1) = 0.65×0.85×28×0.120*10002/1000 = 1856.4 KN

The bearing strength N2 at the top of the footing

N 2 =N 1 √ A 2 / A1 ≤2 N 1

√ A 2 / A1 =4.33 > 2

So N2=2 N1= 3712.8 kN> Pu ok

Minimum area of dowels needed =0.005 A1= 600 mm2

Use 4 16 at the four corners of the column.

Development length for column steel:

The development length of the steel of the compression

ACI Code 12.3.2

48
 .24 f y ×d b
ld=
√ f 'c =305 mm

or
0.044
f y d b = 296 mm

take the larger value

ld= 305 mm

Design of Wall Footing:

Total factored load on the wall = 142.3 kN/m

P 1.1∗142.3/1.4
A= = =0.45 m2
qa 250

Use: L=1 m B = 0.5 m

Pu 142.3 2
q u= = =284.6 kN /m
B∗L 1∗0.5

Find the thickness:

The depth of the wall footings is determined using the wide beam shear:

d=
( B−w
2 )
=
( 500−200
2 ) =45.12mm
1 1
1+ ϕ √ f 'c 1+ ∗0.75∗√ 28
6 qu 6∗0.2846

Use h = 500 mm.

d=500−75=425 mm

Design for flexure:

49
 B w 2
M u=q u
( −
2 2 )=3.2 kN . m
2

ρ fy
(
M u=Φ f y b d 2 ρ 1−0.59
f 'c )
ρ = 0.0001

ρ<ρ min

A s=ρbd=0.0033∗1000∗325=1072.5 mm2

Use 7Φ14mm /m (As = 1078mm2)

For other direction use 5Φ12m /m

APPENDIX

The following tables were used in the project:

50
51
52
53
54
55
 REFERENCES

References:

1- Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI318-08)

2- Design of Concrete Structures (Fourteenth Edition) – Arthur H. Nilson,
David Darwin, Charles W. Dolan
3- Design of Reinforced Concrete (Eighth Edition) – Jack C. McCormac,
Russell H. Brown
4- Dr. Anis Shatnawi Reinforced Concrete Slide Presentations

56