University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
3. Design of Reinforced Concrete
Structures to BS 8110
Our duty to humanity is to make structures safe and do it to
the highest standard at our disposal
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
An introduction and overview of Eurocodes
Eurocodes are the European standards for
structural design, it comprises the following
standards :
EN1990 Eurocode 0: Basis of structural design
EN1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures
EN1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures
EN1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures
EN1994 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel
and concrete structures
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
An introduction to Eurocodes
EN1995 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures
EN1996 Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures
EN1997 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design
EN1998 Eurocode 8: Design of structures for
earthquake resistance
EN1999 Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Introduction to BS 8110
BS 8110 applies to structural use of concrete.
BS 8110 is based on limit state principles and
comes in several parts as follows:
Part 1:1997: Code of practice for design and
construction
Part 2:1985: Code of practice for special
circumstances
Part 3:1985: Design charts for singly
reinforced beams, doubly
reinforced beams and
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rectangular columns
University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Part 1:1997: Code of practice for design and
construction
Part 1 of BS 8110, gives a general basis for the
design of buildings and civil engineering works
in Reinforced and Prestressed concrete made
with normal weight aggregates.
The purpose of this part of the course is to
describe the contents of BS 8110-1-1997 and to
design simple concrete structural elements, such
as beams, columns, slabs and foundations
following guidance contained in this code of
practice.
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Material properties of concrete
Characteristic strength of concrete (clause
2.4.2, BS 8110-1-1997):
The design rules in BS 8110 are based on the
characteristic 28-day compressive strength of
concrete cubes, f cu
Strength class C25 refers to cube strengths of
25 N/mm2
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Material properties of reinforcing steel
Characteristic strength of reinforcing steel
(clause 3.1.7.4, BS 8110-1-1997):
The code specifies 250N/mm2 and 460N/mm2
respectively for hot rolled mild steel and high
tensile steel.
BS 4449-2005 can be then used for detailed
specification of reinforcing steel.
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Material properties of prestressing steel
Prestressing steel should comply with EN 10138.
The properties of prestressing are given in
EN 10138, Part 2 to 4.
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Design strengths (clause 2.4.4.1, BS 8110-1-
1997)
Xk
Xd
M
Where
X d is the design strength of material
X k is the characteristic strength of material
M is partial safety factor of material
c 1.5 for concrete
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s 1.05 for steel reinforcem ent
University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Stress-strain curves of concrete
(clause 2.6.2, BS 8110-1-1997)
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Stress-strain curves of reinforcing steel
(clause 2.6.2, BS 8110-1-1997)
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Stress-strain curves of prestressing steel
(clause 2.6.2, BS 8110-1-1997)
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Loads (clause 2.4.1, BS 8110-1-1997)
Characteristic Loads:
The characteristic values of Loads (Fk), are
specified in:
BS 8110-1-1997(see clause 2.4.1.1)
Other relevant loading codes, such as BS
648, BS 6399, CP3.
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Design Loads:
The design loads (Fd), are obtained by:
Fd F Fk
Where,
F is partial safety factor for loads
G 1.4 for dead loads
Q 1 .6 for live loads
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Fire resistance
Clause 3.3.6 of BS 8110-1-1997 deals with provisions
for cover for structural fire design of concrete structure.
The fire resistance of a reinforced concrete member is
achieved by ensuring the provision of minimum
dimensions and nominal cover for the member.
The tabulated data of the nominal cover and minimum
dimensions of RC members for fire resistance can be
seen in the tables overleaf.
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Nominal cover for fire resistance (Table 3.4, BS
8110 Part 1)
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Minimum dimensions of
RC members for fire
resistance (Fig. 3.2, BS
8110 Part 1)
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Durability (Clause 3.1.5.2, BS 8110-1-1997)
The durability of concrete structures is related to:
Environmental conditions
Cover to reinforcement
Concrete quality
Maximum crack width
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Maximum crack width
BS 8110 recommend that the maximum design crack
width should not generally exceed 0.3 mm
The limiting crack width is achieved in practice by:
(a) Providing a minimum amount of reinforcement
(b) Limiting the maximum bar spacing or bar size.
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Design of normal reinforced concrete beams
Reinforced concrete beam should be designed to
adequately resist the ultimate bending moments, shear
forces and torsional moments
At the same time serviceability requirements must be
considered to ensure that the member will behave
satisfactorily under working loads
The design procedure may be condensed into three
basic stages:
1) preliminary analysis and member sizing
2) detailed analysis and design of reinforcement
3) serviceability calculations.
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Analysis of the section
To determine cross-section’s ultimate moment of
resistance, the following assumptions can be made:
Plane sections remain plane
The strain in bonded reinforcement, whether in tension
or compression, is the same as that in the surrounding
concrete
The tensile strength of the concrete is ignored
The compressive stresses in the concrete may
be derived from the design curve (Fig. 2.1, BS
8110-1-1997)
The stresses in the reinforcement may be
derived from Fig. 2.2, BS 8110-1997.
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Singly reinforced beams with rectangular
section
Singly reinforced concrete section with rectangular stress
block: (a) section; (b) strain; (c) stress block (BS 8110)
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Simplified rectangular stress block
In BS 8110 the maximum concrete compressive
stress is taken as 0.67 f cu / 1.5
The stress block has a depth s 0 .9 x
The centroid of the stress block being from
the top edge of the section s / 2 0.4 5 x
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Singly reinforced beams with rectangular section
The ultimate moment of resistance of the section
M u Fc z
where,
(0.67 f cu ) 0.9 x b
Fc
1. 5
z d 0 .4 5 x
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
At the ultimate limit state it is important that member
sections in flexure should be ductile.
Sections’ failure should occur with the gradual yielding of
the tension steel and not by a sudden catastrophic
compression failure of the concrete.
In order to provide a ductile type condition, BS 8110
limits the depth of the neutral axis (x) to:
x=0.5d for all concrete grades
and where redistribution of moments does not exceed 10%.
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
x 0 .5 d
Replacing for x into the lever arm equation and
resolving the moment equation gives,
2
M u 0.156 f cu b d
If design moment M Mu
The beam can be designed as singly reinforced beam
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
The area of tension reinforcement As1 can be
calculated as following:
M Fs z
f y As1
Fs
1.05
M
As1
0.95 f y z
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
The lever arm z can be determined as following:
0.67 f
M Fc z cu 0.9 b x z z d 0 .4 5 x
1.5
0.9 f cu b d z z
Solving for z gives
z d 0.5 0.25 K ' / 0.9
M z
K 2 0.95
f cu b d d
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Doubly reinforced beams with rectangular section
Doubly reinforced section: (a) section, (b) strain,
(c) stress block.
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
If M M u then compression reinforcement is required
In order to ensure a tension failure with a ductile section:
The depth to the
neutral axis is
limited to: x 0.5d
Therefore
z d s / 2 d 0 .9 x / 2
d 0.9 0.5 d / 2 0.775 d
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
For equilibrium of the section
Fs1 Fc Fs 2
with the reinforcement at yield
0.67 f cu
0.95 f y As1 b s 0.95 f y As 2
1 .5
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
or with
s 0.9 0.5 d 0.45d
0.95 f y As1 0.201 f cu b d 0.95 f y As 2
Taking moments about the
centroid of the tension steel, As1
M Fc z Fs 2 d d '
0.201 f cu b d 0.775 d 0.95 f y As 2 d d '
0.156 f cu b d 0.95 f y As 2 d d '
2
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Hence the areas of compression steel, we simply make As2
the subject of the previous equation and obtain:
2
M 0.156 f cu b d M Mu
As 2
0.95 f y d d ' 0.95 f y d d '
Thus tension reinforcement can then
be calculated as shown below
2
0.156 f cu b d Mu
As1 As 2 As 2
0.95 f y z 0.95 f y z
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
' 2
Using K 0.156 and K M / b d f cu
As 2
K K f '
cu bd 2
0.95 f y d d '
' 2
K f cu b d
As1 As 2
0.95 f y z
sc 0.0035
x d' x
d' sc
1
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x 0.0035
University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
At yield with f y 460 N / mm2, the steel strain
sc y 0.00219
Therefore for yielding of the compression steel
d' 0.00219
1 0.37
x 0.0035
or with x 0 .5 d
d'
0 . 185
d
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
If d ' / d 0.185 , then it is necessary to calculate
strain sc
The stress of compressive steel can be determined as:
f sc Es sc
200000 sc
2
0.156 f cu b d f sc
As1 As 2
0.95 f y z 0.95 f y
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
The effective breadth b of the flanged beams is given by:
T beams – web width b l z or actual flange width
w
if less. 10
L beams – web width l z or actual flange width
bw
if less. 5
lz is the distance between points of zero moments (for
continuous beams it may be taken as 0.7 times the
effective span)
To ensure a gradual tension type failure with yielding of
the tension reinforcement, that is
x 0.5 d
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
The table 3.25 below shows the minimum recommended
reinforcement areas for beams(Clause 3.12.5.3, BS 8110-1)
The maximum either tension or compression reinforcement
areas shall not exceed 4% of cross-sectional area of
38 concrete (Clause 3.12.6.1, BS 8110-1)
University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
K ' 0.156
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Worked example 2 : (Sizing of a concrete beam)
Consider a simply supported reinforced concrete beam of 7.5m span. The
beam is carrying characteristic dead (gk) and live (qk) loads of 12.5 KN/m
and 10KN/m respectively. Determine suitable dimensions of effective
depth and width of the beam.
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Worked Example 3 :
Consider a simply supported reinforced
concrete beam of 7.5 m span. The beam
dimensions are breadth, b, 275 mm and
effective depth, d, 450 mm; Assuming
the following:
characteristic compressive strength
of concrete f cu 30 N / mm 2;
characteristic strength of reinforcing
steel f y 460 N / mm2 ;
permanent loading is g k 15kN / m ;
variable loading is
k q 8kN / m
;
According to BS 8110 calculate required
bending reinforcement for the beam.
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
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University of Zambia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Worked example 4 :
Consider a simply supported reinforced
concrete beam of 9 m span. The beam
dimensions are breadth, b, 230 mm and
height, h, 370 mm; Assuming the
following:
characteristic compressive strength
of concrete f cu 30 N / mm 2 ;
characteristic strength of reinforcing
steel f y 460 N / mm2 ;
permanent loading is g k 6kN / m ;
variable loading is qk 5kN / m ;
According to BS 8110 calculate required
bending reinforcement for the beam.
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