EG 232 Assignment 2

Instrument transformers
1. Write a few notes describing instruments transformers.
2. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of instrument transformers.
3. With an illustration, show how a current transformer (CT) can have its primary side
connected to the power line and the secondary side to and ammeter.
4. State the reasons for having one or just a few number of turns on the primary side of a
current transformer.
5. A name plate of a CT reads: 1000/5 A, 10 VA and 5P20. State the meaning of this
information.
6. Draw the equivalent circuit and phasor diagram of a CT and define all the parameter in
them.
7. Derive the expressions of the primary winding current, transformation ratio and phase
angle of CT
8. What are the common errors associated with CT? explain their mitigation method.
Derive the expression of the errors.
9. Write a few note on the different types of CT
10. A current transformer has single-turn primary and a 120 turn secondary winding. The
secondary winding of purely resistive burden of 2 W draws a current of 5 A. The
magnetising ampere-turns is 50 A.Supply frequency is 50 Hz and core cross-sectional
area is 500 mm2.Calculate the ratio and phase angle of the CT. Also find the flux density
in the core. Neglect flux leakage, iron losses and copper losses.
11. A ring core type CT has a ratio of 1000/10 A. When operating at rated primary current
with a secondary burden of non-inductive resistance value of 1.5 Ω, takes a no-load
current of 2 A at power factor of 0.5. Calculate (i) the phase angle difference between
primary and secondary currents, and (ii) the ratio error at full load.
12. A 1000/10 A, 50 Hz single-turn primary type CT has a secondary burden comprising of a
pure resistance of 1.5 Ω. Calculate flux in the core, ratio error and phase-angle error at
full load. Neglect leakage reactance and assume the iron loss in the core to be 3 W at full
load. The magnetising ampere-turns is 100.
13. With an illustration, show how a potential (voltage) transformer (PT) can have its
primary side connected to the power line and the secondary side to and voltmeter.
14. What are the main differences between a power transformer and PT?
15. Draw the equivalent circuit and phasor diagram of a PT and define all the parameter in
them.
Resistance measurements
16. What is the difference among the low, medium and high resistance classes, form a
measurement point of view? Separately List at least for equipment from our daily lives
that have internal resistance which can be classified as low, medium and high
resistance.
17. Separately List methods that can be used to measure low, medium and high resistance.
18. With an illustrations, describe how low resistance can be measured using the voltmeter-
ammeter method in two cases. in case 1: when the voltmeter is connected near the
load; case 2: when the ammeter is connected near the load. Also derive the expressions
for the actual (true) resistance for the two cases.
19. The ammeter-voltmeter method is used to measure resistance. With the voltmeter
connected across the resistance, the reading on the ammeter and voltmeter are 0.3 A
and 2.4 V respectively. The resistance of the voltmeter is 450 Ω.
Calculate:
(a) True value of resistance
(b) Percentage error in the value of resistance, if the voltmeter current is
ignored.
20. Why is the voltmeter ammeter method more popular for low resistance measurements
21. Why is the ohmmeter method id more popular for medium resistance measurements?
22. The series ohmmeter in Figure 3-21(a) is made up of a 3V battery and a resistance R1 which
makes (R1 + Rm) = 15 kΩ.
23. (a) Determine the instrument indication when Rx =0.
24. (b) Determine how the resistance scale should be marked at 0.5 FSD. 0.25 FSD, and 0.75 FSD.

25. What are the advantages of using an ohmmeter with zero adjustment over a series
ohmmeter?
26. The ohmmeter circuit in Figure 3-22 has Eb = 3 V, R1 = 15 kΩ, Rm = 50 Ω, R2 = 50 Ω. and
meter FSD = 50 μA. Determine the ohmmeter scale reading at 0.5 FSD, and determine the new
resistance value that R2 must be adjusted to when Eb falls to l.3 V. Also. recalculate the value of
R2 at 0.5 FSD when Eb = 2 V.
27. With an illustration explain the operation principle of an analogue Megga when
measuring high resistance, part particular attention to the folioing two scenarios:
(1) When the generator is cracked but no load connected between the measuring
terminal
(2) When the generator is cranked and the connecting leads of the terminals are
shorted
(3) When in between the connecting lead is connect a material of high resistance

How are Meggas protected from over voltages due to over cranking of the generator?

Power measurements

28. With an illustrations, describe how DC power can be measured in a DC 2 wire circuit
using the voltmeter-ammeter method in two cases. in case 1: when the voltmeter is
connected near the load; case 2: when the ammeter is connected near the load. Also
derive the expressions for the actual (true) resistance for the two cases.
29.
30. Two incandescent lamps with 80 Ω and 120Ω resistances are connected in series with a
200 V dc source. Find the errors in measurement of power in the 80 Ω lamp using a
voltmeter with internal resistance of 100 kΩ and an ammeter with internal resistance of
0.1 mΩ, when (a) the voltmeter is connected nearer to the lamp than the ammeter, and
(b) when the ammeter is connected nearer to the lamp than the voltmeter
31. Derive the expression for the average power consumed by a load connected in a single
phase ac circuit. Plot the the waveform for instantaneous values of p(t), v(t) and i(t),
when the load is resistive , inductive and capacitive.
32. With the aid of an illustration and phasor diagram, derive the expression for
determining power and power factor in three voltmeter method of power measurement
in single phase AC circuits.
33. With the aid of an illustration and phasor diagram, derive the expression for
determining power and power factor in three ammeter method of power measurement
in single phase AC circuits.
34. With the aid of an illustration show how the wattmeter coils are connected in single
phase circuit. Derive the expression for determining power in wattmeter method of
power measurement in single phase AC circuits.
35. With the aid of an illustration show how the instruments transformers can be used to
measure power, voltage and current in high voltage single phase AC circuit.
36. The following readings were obtained from three voltmeters used for single phase AC
power measurement: V2=170 V across non-inductive resistor; V3=210 V across an
inductive load; V1= 350 V across the two voltmeters in series, calculate the power
factor. If the non-inductive resistor R= 150 Ω, determine the power consumed by the
load.
37. An inductive load takes a current of 2.8 A, a non-inductive resistor connected in parallel
take 2.5 A, when connected across 230 V supply. The total current taken from the
supply is 4.3 A, calculate power consumed by the load, load impedance and power
factor.
38. Make sketches of circuit diagrams showing how single, double and triple wattmeter
methods can be used in the measurements of three phase power. Write down the
expression for determining of the sum of readings from the all the wattmeters involved in
each scenarios.
39. With the aid of an illustration, clearly explain the operation principles of a CRO and its
main applications.
40. Two wattmeters are used to measure power consumption in 3 phase system indicate:
W1=2000 W and W2=500W. Determine the power factor (a) if both readings are positive
and, (b) if the reading of W2 is negative.
41. In a balanced 3 phase circuit, power is measured by two wattmeters. If the ratio of the
two wattmeter readings is 3:1, determine the power factor of the system.
42. A 3 phase 15 kVA load has a PF of 0.34. The power was measured by two wattmeter
method. Find the reading of each wattmeter (i) when the PF is leading, (ii) when PF is
lagging.
43. Derive the formula for determining (a) the PF of a 3 phase delta connected and leading
load, (b) the PF of 3 phase star connected and leading load.