Experiment No.

ULTRASONIC DIFFRACTION EXPERIMENT

Mudit Jangid (16110096)

Kshitij Sendre (16110082)
Krishan Kumar (16110081)

OBJECTIVE-
1. Determination of the velocity of ultrasonic wave in liquid using the
ultrasonic diffraction apparatus.
2. Measurement of the bulk modulus of the given liquid
3. Estimation of the compressibility of the liquid

APPARATUS-
1. Kinematic Laser Mount 6. Crystal with Mount

2. Diode Laser 7. RF Oscillator

3. Power Supply for Laser 8. Optical Rail (1500 mm)

4. Glass Tank with Liquid 9. Cell mount with linear translation

stage and Pinhole detector

5. Glass Tank Holder 10.Output measurement unit

Theory-

​Ultrasonic waves are the sound waves and they have frequency above
20,000 Hz. These waves are generated by transducer and they travel through
medium(water),gets reflected by the flat glass plate of the cell. The incident and
reflected wave interfer each other and they form standing waves.The velocity of the
ultrasonic sound can be calculated by using this formula.
V=ⅴ Λ
Where ⅴ is the frequency of the crystal oscillator and Λ is the wavelength of sound.
And

Λ =n λ/sinθ
Where n is the order of diffraction, λ is the wavelength of laser and θ is the diffraction
angle.
We can find the angle of diffraction by using this formula.
θ = tan −1 (D/L)
D is the order length and L is the distance measured from the crystal oscillator to the
Detector.Here we have fixed L on optical rail track.

After completing the experiment we will find this result

We can also find the bulk modulus of a this liquid

β=ρV 2
Where ρ is the density of the liquid and V is the velocity of the ultrasonic wave.
We can also calculate the adiabatic compressibility of this liquid.
K=1/ β
Where β is the bulk modulus of that liquid.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND PROCEDURE-

1. First set the laser mount on optical rail and make sure that laser is placed on
mount properly.
2. After it now place the glass tank holder on the optical rail and then fill it with
water.
 3. Next immerse the crystal fully into water and fix it on the mount.Connect it to the
RF oscillator.
4. Fix cell mount with linear translation stage on the rail.Insert the pinhole detector
into the cell mount and connect the output probe to the measurement unit.
5. Next switch on the laser and the output measurement unit and try to align the
laser parallel to the face of the crystal. Adjust the kinematic setup provided on the
laser mount to get the beam in the field of standing wave generated.
6. As the laser is maintained falling on the detector stage, adjust the frequency of
the oscillator in order to get a good fringe pattern on both sides of the central
bright spot.
7. Scan the pattern at close intervals. Each time note the micrometer reading and
corresponding output of the detector.
8. Next Plot the graph between output current and the distance.

Results and Calculations

1. Wavelength of the Laser = 650 nm

2. Least count of the micrometer = 0.01mm
3. Distance between the crystal and the detector = 682mm
4. Frequency of the crystal = 3.0 MHz
5. Density of liquid used: ​𝝆=0.79 g/mL

Observations

When the micrometer is rotated in the anti-clockwise direction

D(mm) I(mA) D(mm) I(mA) D(mm) I(mA)

25.4(central 53.9 24.45 2.7 23.50 0.45

maxima)

25.35 53.6 24.40 2.3 23.45 0.45

25.30 53.2 24.35 1.7 23.40 0.4

25.25 53 24.30 1.3 23.35 0.4

25.20 52.3 24.25 0.9 23.30 0.4

25.15 51.1 24.20 0.7 23.25 0.4

25.10 49.1 24.15 0.6 23.20 0.35

25.05 46.3 24.10 0.5 23.15 0.35

25.00 40.7 24.05 0.5 23.10 0.35

24.95 25.2 24.00 0.7 23.05 0.2

24.90 16.4 23.95 0.8 23.00 0.190

24.85 13.6 23.90 0.9 22.95 0.186

24.80 12.1 23.85 0.85 22.90 0.146

24.75 10.9 23.80 0.85 22.85 0.131

24.70 8.1 23.75 0.7 22.80 0.106

24.65 7.3 23.70 0.65 22.75 0.115

24.60 5.4 23.65 0.65 22.70 0.121

24.55 4.4 23.60 0.5 22.65 0.126

24.50 3.6 23.55 0.5 22.60 0.132

When the micrometer is rotated in the clockwise direction

D(mm) I(mA) D(mm) I(mA) D(mm) I(mA)

25.4(Central 53.9 26.35 2.7 27.30 0.5

Maxima)

25.45 53.6 26.40 2.3 27.35 0.5

25.50 53.4 26.45 1.8 27.40 0.4

25.55 53.1 26.50 1.2 27.45 0.4

25.60 52.2 26.55 0.9 27.50 0.4

25.65 50.9 26.60 0.8 27.55 0.3

25.70 48.7 26.65 0.7 27.60 0.3

25.75 46.8 26.70 0.7 27.65 0.3

25.80 42.7 26.75 0.7 27.70 0.2

25.85 37.5 26.80 0.8 27.75 0.2

25.90 23.1 26.85 0.9 27.80 0.195

25.95 14.3 26.90 1.0 27.85 0.177

26.00 11.2 26.95 0.8 27.90 0.145

26.05 9.9 27.00 0.8 27.95 0.130

26.10 8.4 27.05 0.7 28.00 0.116

26.15 7.1 27.10 0.65 28.05 0.105

26.20 6.0 27.15 0.6 28.10 0.116

26.25 4.8 27.20 0.5 28.15 0.127

26.30 3.6 27.25 0.5 28.20 0.132

Calculations and error analysis

Causes of error​-
● While taking readings inside the darkroom we have to switch on the flashlight to
read the micrometer, which may have fallen on the sensor.
● The liquid inside the glass was very vibration sensitive and the vibrations were
produced due to the ceiling fan and table.
● The laser beam must be parallel to the opposite face but it is not possible to
make it exact parallel as this was done manually.

Least count of micrometer = 0.01 mm

Least count of optical rail = 1 mm

Least count of output measurement unit = 0.1 mA

Least count of RF oscillator = 1 kHz

Since we took the readings at intervals of 0.05 mm thus maxima in ​I​ can be anywhere
within the range x​n​±0.05

∴ Absolute error in x​n =

​ 0.05 mm
∴ Absolute error in ​D​ (x​central maxima​ - x​n​) = 0.05​×​2 = 0.1​ mm

Order (n) Distance Angle of

from the ultrasonic ƛ=nƛ’/sin(𝛉) V=ƛν (V​mean​-Vn)​2
central spot diffraction
to nth order 𝛉=arctan(D/L) (m) (m/s)
spot D (mm) (degrees)

1 -1.45 0.122 .000305264 915.792 120.116

1 1.50 0.126 .000295573 886.719 328.081

2 -2.95 0.248 .000300341 901.023 14.508

2 2.90 0.244 .000305265 915.795 120.187

Mean Velocity:​ V​mean​= 904.832

Standard deviation in ​V: ΔV​sd​ = 12.071

∴ ​V = 904.832 ± 12.071 m/s

Bulk Modulus: 𝛃​=𝝆V​2 ​= 646.789 ​MPa

The Compressibility:​ K=1/(​𝝆V​2​) = 1.546 x 10​-9​ Pa​-1

Results and Discussion:

1. The beam of laser should be parallel to the piezoelectric material.

2. Distance of crystal from the wall of the container should be such that these walls
sure as nodal planes.
3. The waves from the piezoelectric material got reflected from the glass container
and the reflected and direct waves superimpose to form standing waves.
 4. The velocity of ultrasonic waves in given medium is ​904.832 ± 12.071 m/s, ​with
bulk modulus and compressibility​ 646.789 ​MPa ​and 1.546 x 10​-9​ Pa​-1
respectively.

References:

● PH102 lab report

● http://www.niser.ac.in/sps/sites/default/files/basic_page/Diffraction%20by%20ultr
asonic%20waves%20in%20liquid.pdf
● https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/sound-speed-liquids-d_715.html