ULTRASONIC DIFFRACTION (HOLMARC)
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
PRODUCT FEATURES
Ultrasonic diffraction apparatus is used to study the diffraction of light by ultrasonic
waves. The apparatus consists of a graduated long rail and rail carriages
appropriately fitted with laser head and detector with translation stage. The
ultrasonic diffraction setup uses laser as light source. We can perform the following
experiments using this apparatus.
1. Determination of velocity of ultrasonic wave in liquid.
2. To find bulk modulus of the given liquid.
3. To find compressibility of the liquid.
SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS
1. Laser radiation predominantly causes injury via thermal effects; avoid looking
directly into the laser beam.
2. Care should be taken while handling by crystal oscillator and other
component.
3. Remove the crystal from the liquid as soon as the experiment is completed.
Otherwise the crystal may get damaged.
FUNDAMENTALS
AIM:
1. To find the velocity of ultrasonic wave in a liquid.
2. To find the bulk modulus of the given liquid.
3. To find the compressibility of the liquid.
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THEORY
The ultrasonic waves generated by the transducer travels down the medium (liquid),
gets reflected at the bottom (flat glass plate) of the cell. The incident and reflected
waves interfere and stationery/ standing waves pattern is formed. The velocity of
ultrasonic waves in a liquid is calculated using the formula:
V = ʋɅ
Where ʋ is the frequency of the crystal oscillator and Ʌ is the wavelength of sound.
We have Ʌ = nλ / Sin θ
Where n is the order of diffraction, λ is the wavelength of the laser used and θ is the
angle of diffraction.
We can find angle of diffraction by the equation
θ = tan-1 (D/L)
D is the order length and L is the distance measurement from the crystal oscillator
to the detector.
The bulk modulus of the liquid
Β = ρV2
Where ρ is the density of the liquid and V is the velocity of the ultrasonic wave.
The adiabatic compressibility of a liquid can also be calculated using the relation.
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K = 1 / ρV2
EXPEERIMENTAL SET-UP
1. Fix the laser mount on optical rail.
2. Place laser on the mount properly.
3. Place the glass tank holder on rail. Fill the glass tank with liquid and keep it
on the tank holder.
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4. Fix the crystal on the mount and keep it immersed fully in the liquid. Connect
it to the RF oscillator.
5. Fix cell mount with linear translation stage on the rail. Insert the pinhole
detector into the cell mount and connect the output probe to measurement unit.
6. Switch on the laser and Output measurement unit. Align the crystal and laser
so that laser beam is parallel to the face of the crystal. Adjust the kinematic
setup provided on the laser mount to get the beam in the field of standing wave
generated.
7. Keep the laser spot falling on detector stage and adjust the frequency of the
oscillator until you get a very good fringe pattern on both sides of the central
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bright spot. Using the micrometer driven stage move the detector to extreme
end of the diffraction pattern.
8. Scan the pattern at close intervals. Each time note the micrometer reading and
corresponding output of the detector.
9. Plot a graph (Distance Vs detector current). From the graph we can note down
the D, the distance from the central bright spot to the nth order spot.
MEASUREMENTS
Wave length of the laser λ = 650nm
Least count of the micrometer = 0.01mm
Distance between the crystal and the detector, L = ……………..m
Frequency of the crystal ʋ = ………….MHz
OBSERVATIONS:
Micrometer reading (mm) Detector Output (µA)
From Graph
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Order n Distance from Angle of Ʌ = nλ/Sin θ V = ʋɅ (m/s)
the central ultrasonic (m)
spot to nth diffraction θ =
order spot D tan-1 (D/L)
(m)
Mean velocity = ………..m/s
The Bulk modulus β = ρV2 = …………Pa
The Compressibility K = 1 /ρV2 = …………Pa-1
ITEMS AND SPECIFICATIONS
1. Diode laser with Power Supply
Input ……………230V AC/50Hz
Output power……………3Mw
Wavelength …………………650nm
2. Output measurement unit
Input …………….230V AC/50Hz
Range…………….1 - 199µA, 0 – 199 Ma
3. Pinhole photo detector
Detector Type ………….Photo transistor
Pinhole Diamete…………0.7mm
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4. Optical Rail
Length …………..1500mm
Material ………..Anodized Aluminum
5. Cell Mount with linear translation stage
Total travel…………….25mm
Least count…………….0.01mm
6. Glass tank
Material : Float glass
Dimension : 50mm x 35mm x35mm
7. Glass tank holder
8. Piezo Electric Ceramic Disc Transducer
Dimension : 20mm diameter x 0.7mm thickness
Resonant frequency fr : 3MHz + 50KHz
Resonant impedance Zm : ≤ 6 Ω
Static capacitance Cs : 3800pF + 20% @ 60Hz/1V
9. RF Oscillator
Frequency Range ………..2MHz – 6MHz
Input…………….230V/50Hz
MAINTENANCE NOTES
1. Always keep the equipment in a moisture and dust free atmosphere.
2. ‘Switch on’ all the electronic devices used in this experiment at least once a
weak.
