Sustainable
Development Principles
Settlement Level Planning
15 February 2020
Rural Settlements Pattern
• Villages and rural settlements are uniquely adopted to a region and
adapted to its region Micro ecology and culture
• Villages have learned from their own experience
Along River
Srivaikundam
Along Water Body
Abiramam
Along Highway
Kakkalsakyanpatti
Along Railway Line
Puduppatti
Characteristics
• Accelerated delivery of housing opportunities
• Optimal use of resources
• Inculcating a sense of ownership
• Fair allocation of housing opportunities
• Coordinated approach to human settlement development
Sustainable Urban Settlement
A sustainable settlement, or eco-city (also "ecocity") is a city designed with
consideration of environmental impact, inhabited by people
dedicated towards minimization of required inputs of energy, water and food, and
waste output of heat, air pollution - CO2, methane, and water pollution.
"There is a sense of great opportunity and hope that a new world can be built, in
which economic development, social development and environmental protection
as interdependent and mutually reinforcing components of sustainable
development can be realized through solidarity and cooperation within and
between countries and through effective partnerships at all levels.“
Sustainable settlement refers to the settlement made such that the
persons that are settled are able to sustain themselves.
COPENHAGEN DENMARK THE
SUSTAINABLE CITY
Copenhagen is truly a green city surrounded by water and parks, with
climate-friendly citizens to match.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pUbHGI-kHsU
Key Features
Resources and services in the city are accessible to all
Public transport is seen as a viable alternative to cars
Public transport is safe and reliable
Walking and cycling is safe
Areas of open space are safe, accessible and enjoyable Wherever possible, renewable resources
used instead of non-renewable resources
Waste is seen as a resource and is recycled wherever possible
New homes are energy efficient
There is access to affordable housing
Community links are strong and communities work together to deal with issues such as crime and
security
Cultural and social amenities are accessible to all
Inward investment is made to the SDG
Integrated approach
In order to improve sustainability, equitability and affordability in
communities, an integrated approach will maximize the impact of land,
mixed land uses, mixed-use of housing options, sufficient services and
infrastructure, open areas and recreational facilities, proper access to
social and economic amenities. A place for employment should be
integrated with housing. The involvement of a variety of role players
and resources is needed
https://cccmcluster.org/sites/default/files/2018-08/Sustainable%20Settlements.pdf
Sustainable cities and communities
• More than half of us live in cities. By 2050, two-thirds of all humanity—6.5 billion
people—will be urban. Sustainable development cannot be achieved without
significantly transforming the way we build and manage our urban spaces.
• The rapid growth of cities—a result of rising populations and increasing migration—has
led to a boom in mega-cities, especially in the developing world, and slums are
becoming a more significant feature of urban life.
• Making cities sustainable means creating career and business opportunities, safe and
affordable housing, and building resilient societies and economies. It involves
investment in public transport, creating green public spaces, and improving urban
planning and management in participatory and inclusive ways.
Top urban innovations
http://www3.weforum.org/docs/Top_10_Emerging_Urban_Innovations_report_2010_20.10.pdf
Top urban innovations
• (Digitally) Re-Programmable Space
Example: A multi-story car park in Miami Beach also plays host to parties, yoga classes and weddings. The concrete building with
floor slabs supported on wedge-shaped columns was completed in 2010 to offer naturally lit parking levels that can also be used
for other activities above a row of shops and restaurants.
• Waternet: An Internet of Pipes
Example: A team of MIT researchers, led by professors Carlo Ratti, Director of the Senseable City Lab in the Department of Urban
Studies and Planning, and Eric Alm, Director of a laboratory in the Department of Biological Engineering, have developed a system
to collect and analyse biochemical information from sewage water, what could be thought of as a “smart sewage platform”. The
project, called Underworlds, is being tested in Cambridge, MA.
• Adopt a Tree through Your Social Network
Example: Melbourne has developed a new website, Urban Forest Visual, which details the location, genus and lifespan of the city’s
urban forest by precinct. The interactive tree map allows users to explore Melbourne’s tree data, learn more about the life
expectancy and diversity of trees in the city, and submit questions.
• Augmented Humans: The Next Generation of Mobility
Example: The Copenhagen Wheel transforms your bicycle into a smart electric hybrid. The Wheel contains a motor, batteries,
multiple sensors, wireless connectivity and an embedded control system. The Wheel learns how you pedal and integrates
seamlessly with your motion, multiplying your pedal power.
• Co-Co-Co: Co-generating, Co-heating, Co-cooling
Example: Sydney’s Trigeneration Masterplan. The project will contribute to Sustainable Sydney 2030 by reducing the city’s annual
carbon emissions by 3% and reducing energy bills for Town Hall and Town Hall House by an average of 320,000 USD per year over
the life of the project.
http://www3.weforum.org/docs/Top_10_Emerging_Urban_Innovations_report_2010_20.10.pdf
Top urban innovations
• The Sharing City: Unleashing Spare Capacity
Example: The internet makes it much cheaper for individuals to offer traditional goods and services to a larger market. As websites
such as Airbnb show, making it possible to connect with customers anywhere in the world cuts transaction costs and shrinks the
advantage of scale that larger chains hold.
• Mobility-on-Demand
A recent initiative by the MIT SENSEable City Lab in partnership with Audi and GE, HubCab analyses taxi trips to explore the
benefits and impacts of vehicle sharing in New York City. The data was derived from the records of over 150 million trips made by
13,586 registered taxis in Manhattan during 2011 (HubCab, 2014). The GPS-enabled taxis reported on the geographic coordinates
(longitude and latitude) and time of each trip’s origin and destination, creating a map of pick-up and drop-off points.
• Medellin Revisited: Infrastructure for Social Integration
Example: Medellín’s Metrocable was designed to improve transport and quality of life in informal settlements located on the
mountainside, home to some of the city’s most disadvantaged communities.
• Smart Array: Intelligent Street Poles as a Platform for Urban Sensing
Example: The Array of Things (AoT) is an urban sensing project, a network of interactive, modular sensor boxes that will be
installed around Chicago to collect real-time data on the city’s environment, infrastructure, and activity for research and public
use. AoT will essentially serve as a “fitness tracker” for the city, measuring factors that impact liveability in Chicago such as climate,
air quality and noise.
• Urban Farming: Vertical Vegetables Contributors
Example: Freight farming allows practically anyone to grow fresh produce inside of a standard 40’x8’x9.5’ shipping container. Brad
McNamara and Jon Friedman proposed the idea after realizing that the world needed a more efficient way to grow and receive
food. The idea was originally to create farms on rooftop greenhouses; however, after running into several logistic issues, the two
decided to change the scene of farming to shipping containers.
http://www3.weforum.org/docs/Top_10_Emerging_Urban_Innovations_report_2010_20.10.pdf
THE TARGETS - UN
Sustainable cities and communities
SAFE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSING
• By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic
services and upgrade slums.
AFFORDABLE AND SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
• By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems
for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special
attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with
disabilities and older persons.
INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE URBANIZATION
• By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory,
integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries.
Sustainable cities and communities
PROTECT THE WORLD’S CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE
• Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural
heritage.
REDUCE THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS
• By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people
affected and substantially decrease the direct economic losses relative to global
gross domestic product caused by disasters, including water-related disasters,
with a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations.
REDUCE THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF CITIES
• By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including
by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste
management.
Sustainable cities and communities
PROVIDE ACCESS TO SAFE AND INCLUSIVE GREEN AND PUBLIC SPACES
• By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for women and children,
older persons and persons with disabilities.
STRONG NATIONAL AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
• Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri-urban and rural areas by strengthening national
and regional development planning.
IMPLEMENT POLICIES FOR INCLUSION, RESOURCE EFFICIENCY AND DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
• By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and
plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, and develop and
implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, holistic disaster risk management at all
levels.
SUPPORT LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES IN SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT BUILDING
• Support least developed countries, including through financial and technical assistance, in building sustainable and resilient
buildings utilizing local materials.
Sustainable Techniques
Materials & Resources
40% of the carbon dioxide that contributes to climate change actually
comes from buildings
Some of that is a secondary effect of operational needs such as
electricity, A/C, and heating.
Many GHGs arise from resource extraction, manufacturing, and
production of the building materials themselves.
Objectives
Low impact : minimize impact on natural environment
Energy efficient: reduced energy usage and water usage
Healthy: protect occupant's health and increase productivity
Minimize waste: designed and constructed in a manner that minimizes
waste, pollution and environmental degradation.
Goals
There are a number of motives for building green, including
environment, economic, and social benefits.
It often emphasizes taking advantage of Renewable resources:
• Using sunlight as passive solar, active solar and photovoltaic
equipment
• Using plants and tress through green roofs, rain gardens etc.
• Reduction of rain-water run-off.
Principles
STRUCTURAL EFFECIENCY: to minimize the environment impact
associated with all life-cycles.
ENERGY EFFECIENCY : t o reduce the operating energy use.
WATER EFFECIENCY: reducing water consumption and protecting
water quality.
MATERIAL EFFECIENCY: materials should be renewable, recyclable and
environment-friendly.
What is a sustainable material?
• A sustainable material is any material that can be put to effective
use in the present without compromising its availability for use by
latter generations.
• These are mainly renewable materials or the materials which can
be recycled and reused.
Source
Renewable Re use
Source from waste
Types of sustainable materials
MATERIALS FROM RENEWABLE REUE FROM WASSTE PRODUCTS AS
SOURCES RAW MATERIALS
• Materials significantly of plant • They are typically the products
origin. of recycled matter.
• Can be obtained from renewable • Materials that can be dismantled
sources like solar energy, wind and reused again.
energy, bio-gas etc. • E.g.: old plumbing, doors,
• E.g.: wood, natural fibers, crushed glass, wood chips etc.
polymers etc.
Wool Bricks
• Obtained by adding wool a
natural polymer found in
seaweed , to the clay o f the
brick.
• 37 % more strength than ,th
burn t bricks
• Resistant of cold and wet climate
• They are dry hard and don’t
need to be fired like other
bricks.
Solar Tiles
• They spend a large portion of the
day absorbing energy from the
sun.
• Not fixed on the top of the
existing roofing like other solar
units.
• Instead they are fully integrated
into the building.
• Protects from weather
• As well as generates energy for
the inhabitants.
Paper Insulation
• Made from recycled newspapers
and cardboard
• Superior alternative to chemical
foams
• Insect resistant and fire retardant
because of borax, boric acid and
calcium carbonate( all natural
materials)
• Can be blown into cavity walls
thus filling every cracks and
creating an almost draft free
space.
Triple Glazed Windows
• Three layered glass windows
• Fully insulated window frames-
Do a better job of stopping heat
from entering/ leaving the
building
• Krypton is used as an insulator
between the layers
• Low emissivity coatings to glass
prevents heat from entering/
escaping
Sustainable materials
Merits De Merits
• Efficient technologies • Initial cost is high
• Easier maintenance • Availability of materials
• Improved indoor air quality • Need more time for time for
• Energy and water efficient construction
• Improved health • Need more skilled labors
• Water conservation
Indoor Environment Quality
Improving indoor environmental
quality and supporting health and
wellbeing with indoor plants, green
roofs and green walls
Outline
Vegetation pathways to
Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ):
• air quality (including aroma)
• hygrothermal conditions/
comfort (temperature+
moisture)
• acoustics
• aesthetics
Health and Wellbeing research
Vegetation and Indoor
Air Quality (IAQ):
Processes
Source and sink of air constituents:
• Gases
• Particulate matter, including bio
aerosol
Vegetation and Indoor
Air Quality (IAQ)
e.g. NASA Research: Wolverton et al
(1989) 'A study of interior landscape
plants for indoor air pollution
abatement'
Vegetation and Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
• e.g. Niri et al (State University NY
Oswego), chamber experiments
[America! Chemical Society,
2016]: tested 5 common house
plants (Jade, Spider, Bromeliad,
Caribbean tree cactus,
Dracaena)
• 8 common VOCs
• All removed acetone, Dracaena
94%
Vegetation and Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
• e.g. Junglefly Breathing wall
(Sydney Uni. Tech): Tarpy et al.,
2016 'Green wall technology for
the phytoremediation of indoor
air: a system for the reduction
of high CO2 concentrations'
Other benefits include
• Hygrothermal conditions / comfort
• Noise abatement
• Aesthetics
• Psychological / Mental health
• Physical health
Inference
• Indoor plants, green roofs and green walls,
can make a significant contribution to
improving the health and wellbeing
performance of sustainable architecture
through enhancing IEQ
Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
1. What are the Primary Goals of
Sustainability
I. The end of poverty and III. To achieve gender equality
hunger
IV. Sustainable economic growth
II. Better standards of education while promoting jobs and
and healthcare - particularly stronger economies
as it pertains to water quality
and better sanitation
A. I, II & III I. I & III
B. I, III & IV II. I, II, III & IV
2. Numbers of Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs) by United Nations are
A. 15
B. 16
C. 17
D. 18
3. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable
Development (UNCSD) is also known as
A. Rio 2010
B. Rio 2011
C. Rio 2012
D. Rio 2013
4. Modern concept of sustainable
development focuses more on
A. economic development
B. social development
C. environmental protection
D. all of the above
5. When was the term ‘Sustainable
Development’ came into existence?
A. 1987
B. 1980
C. 1978
D. 1992
Questions
Answer in Short (2 Marks)
1. How many sustainable development goals are there?
2. To which countries are the sustainable development
goals designed to apply?
3. When did the 2030 Agenda come into force?
4. Importance of Building Materials in Sustainability
and GHG
5. Example on Sustainable City and Communities
6. Give 2 Pros and Cons on using Sustainable Building
Materials
7. Name 4 Plants to improve Indoor Air Quality
8. Sketch section of a triple glazed glass windows
9. Features in a sustainable city
10. Name a Indian Sustainable Settlement lost over
time
Questions
Answer in Brief (10 Marks)
1. Name the 17 Goals on Global Sustainability.
2. Explain different sustainable patterns and its
characteristics
3. With an International case study explain Sustainable
settlements
4. Short notes on Target UN with examples
5. Short Note on different Sustainable Materials with
its properties and application
6. Explain Improving indoor environmental quality and
supporting health and wellbeing with indoor plants,
green roofs and green walls
Answers
1 D 1 B
2 C 2 C
3 C 3 D
4 D 4 A
5 B 5 A
Answers
11 A
12 B
13 C
14 A
15 C
