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International Journal Of Engineering And Computer Science ISSN:2319-7242
Volume 6 Issue 3 March 2017, Page No. 20651-20657
Index Copernicus value (2015): 58.10 DOI: 10.18535/ijecs/v6i3.47
Vehicle Communication System Using Li-Fi Technology
G. Vidhya Krishnan1, R.Nagarajan2, T. Durka3, M.Kalaiselvi4, M.Pushpa5, S. Shanmuga priya6,
1
Asst. Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Gnanamani College of Technology,
Namakkal, India.
2
Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Gnanamani College of Technology,
Namakkal, India.
3-6
U.G. Students, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Gnanamani College of Technology,
Namakkal, India.
[email protected]Abstract— In this paper, presents the designs of a small-scale prototype of a vehicle to vehicle
communication system using light fidelity (Li-Fi) technology. The new technology that was developed in
the last few years, which still needs more investigations on its sustainability for outdoor vehicular
networks. The vehicle to vehicle communication is the most effective solution that has been used in order
to reduce vehicles’ accidents. The proposed use of Li-Fi technology comprises mainly light-emitting diode
(LED) bulbs as means of connectivity by sending data through light spectrum as an optical wireless
medium for signal propagation. In fact, the usage of LED eliminates the need of complex wireless
networks and protocols. In this work, several case studies are, presents to mimicking the vehicle to vehicle
communication. The numerical simulations are done by using proteous package and the experimental
results are also presented. The proposed system gives better results in both simulation and hardware
Keywords—Light Emitting Diode, Vehicle to Vehicle Communication, Visible Light Communication,
Sensor, and LCD Display.
I. INTRODUCTION
The oman is one of the most countries in the world that has an alarming record in number of
deaths/disabilities due to the tremendous number of accidents. In fact, such statistics have made the public
and academia in Oman to the tremendous number of accidents. In fact, such statistics have made the
public and academia in Oman to propose and initiate cost effective solutions in order to mitigate the
consequences of accidents [1]-[3]. Vehicle to vehicle communications, for instance, is one of the previous
trends, which is one of the most effective Mechanisms that are implemented in automobiles to provide
safety and a protocol of communication [4].
(A) 5.9 GHz DSRC Wireless
Dictated short range (1000 meters) communication (DSRC) for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) has
opened the door to hundreds of projects and applications of vehicle to vehicle communication around the
world. In 1999 the US federal communication commission reserved licensed
bandwidth of 75 MHz spectrum around 5.9 GHz that allows information to be exchanged among vehicles
regardless of their brand [5]. This spectrum will provide very high data rates with low latency and high
security in matter of supporting this wireless communication between vehicles, set of wireless link for V2V
communications and IEEE P1609.x/D5.8 protocols for information exchange across the wireless link.
(B) Wireless Ad Hoc Networks
G. Vidhya Krishnan, IJECS Volume 6 Issue 3 March, 2017 Page No. 20651-20657 Page 20651
DOI: 10.18535/ijecs/v6i3.47
Vehicular Ad-hoc network (VANET) technology was introduced in 2000 as a specified application of
mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). This network uses vehicles in the road as a router or node in order to
communicate at a distance of 100-300 m using several protocols. The networks basically rely on Wi-Fi, WI-
Max and DSRC technologies in addition to 3G networks [5], [6].
(C) Without Wi-Fi or GPS
It have proposed vehicle to vehicle communication system that does not require a tracking global
positioning System or even a Wi-Fi or 3G wireless connectivity. It was proposed to use Programmable
Interface Controller (PIC) sonar which sends 40 KHz short pulse of sound that is undetectable by human ear.
The echo of the signal will be detected by microcontroller. The distance is calculated by the time required
for echo signal to be transmitted and received. This technology is demonstrated in the figure below. Several
research works have been in literature for vehicle to vehicle communication Attempted using an advantage
of light. As light frequency spectrum is huge, it is beneficial to be adopted in a short-range wireless
communication. In this work, we aim to develop a cost effective yet inexpensive mechanism for vehicle to
vehicle communication through the use of an optical wireless communication medium, which is light. The
Figure 1 shows the communication between vehicles using sonar pulse.
Figure 1: communication between vehicles using sonar pulse
II. SYSTEM DESIGN
The proposed system requires a transmitter and a receiver in each vehicle in both rear and front sides of the
vehicle. Standards were needed to ensure that vehicles understand each other, for example, IEEE 802.11p-
2010 standard [7].
A. Software
AVR OSP 2
The Atmel AVR Open Source Programmer (AVROSP) is an AVR programmer application equivalent to the
AVR Program tool included in the AVR Studio. It is a command-line tool, using the same syntax as the
other command-line tools in the AVR Studio. The open source code and its modular design make it easy to
port the application to other platforms and to add support for other programmer types and communication
channels. Currently, AVROSP supports the programmers described in the Atmel AVR109 and AVR910
application notes, through the standard PC serial port. The application note describes how to add more
support. AVROSP reads and writes Intel HEX files and can use Most of the top-level work is encapsulated
in the Job Info class. It uses objects of class XML File, HEX File and AVR Device to read and write XML
and HEX files and to extract device information from the Part Description Files. The two helper classes
Utility and Error Message are used throughout the application. The part of Job Info that communicates with
the programmer does not need to know what kind of communication channel to use. It decodes the
command line and creates an instance of the required derived class, e.g. the Serial Port class. The rest of the
code just works through the generalized Communication Channel parent class. Currently, only a class for the
PC COM port is implemented, but to use e.g. USB or TCP/IP communication, you could derive a
specialized class from the Communication Channel base class, and add a check for this channel type in the
command line. The same method is used for the programmer type. The code that operates on the
programmer does not need to know which type of programmer is attached. The Job Info class retrieves the
programmer ID string and creates an appropriate object for the specific programmer existing AVR Studio
G. Vidhya Krishnan, IJECS Volume 6 Issue 3 March, 2017 Page No. 20651-20657 Page 20652
DOI: 10.18535/ijecs/v6i3.47
installation to get required device parameters. This means that AVROSP automatically supports all devices
supported by AVR Studio. No update is required for future AVR devices other than keeping your AVR
Studio installation up to date.
B. Implementation:
This section assumes that the reader has some knowledge of object.
AVROSP Class diagram
The functionality of the building blocks of the system is described next. The data source e.g. (speed sensor)
reads the speed of the vehicle. The speed data from the sensor is peak to peak AC voltage so it will be
converted to DC voltage to be readable by the microcontroller.by microcontroller (e.g. to compare between
the current and previous speed). New processed data will then be transmitted to the LED driver. LED driver
will make the current constant to protect LED. Then, data will transmit by the LED Light as carrier. Upon
data transmission wirelessly
Through the light, the photodiode will detect the transmitted light in form of current. The table 1 shows the
AVR OSP classes.
Table 1 AVR OSP classes
Trans-impedance amplifier function is used to convert the received current into voltage. Finally voltage will
be processed through microcontroller to be readable by the LCD more scenarios will be applicable. For the
time being, only two scenarios will be studied in this paper.
(A) First Scenario
In Figure 2 shows the first scenario of vehicle to vehicle communication system using Li-Fi, when vehicle 1
is braking, the speed meter in the vehicle will be sensing that the current speed is lower than the previous
speed. Thus, a message will be sent through the transmitter which is placed in the rear lights to vehicle 2.
The message will be received by vehicle 2 using the photodiode which is placed at the front of vehicle 2. A
notice of (Slow DOWN) will be displayed in vehicle 2 using an LCD [8]-[9].
Figure 2: First scenario of vehicle to vehicle communication using Li-Fi
(B) Second Scenario
G. Vidhya Krishnan, IJECS Volume 6 Issue 3 March, 2017 Page No. 20651-20657 Page 20653
DOI: 10.18535/ijecs/v6i3.47
In Figure 3 shows the second scenario of vehicle to vehicle communication system using Li-Fi, when
vehicle 1 is in T- junction, it will keep sending its speed-information to vehicle 2 using the LED at the
headlights. The speed-information will be received by the photodiode in vehicle 2 and compared to vehicle 2
speeds. If vehicle 2 is about to cross the junction while vehicle 1 is moving with a high speed [10].
Figure 3: Second scenario of vehicle to vehicle communication using Li-Fi
III. SYSTEM DIAGRAM
The block diagram of the system is shown in figure 4. The functionality of the building blocks of the system
is described next. The data source e.g. (speed sensor) reads the speed of the vehicle. The speed data from the
sensor is peak to peak AC voltage so it will be converted to DC voltage to be readable by the
microcontroller. Then the data will be processed by microcontroller (e.g. to compare between the current
and previous speed). New processed data will then be transmitted to the LED driver. LED driver will make
the current constant to protect LED.
Then, data will transmit by the LED light as carrier. Upon data transmission wirelessly through light, the
photodiode will detect the transmitted light in form of current. Trans-impedance amplifier function is used to
convert the received current into voltage. Finally voltage will be processed through microcontroller to be
readable by the LCD. T junction, it will keep sending its speed-information to vehicle 2 using the LED at the
headlights. The speed-information will be received by the photodiode in vehicle 2 and compared to vehicle
2. The Figure 4 and Figure 5 show the block diagram of transmitter and receiver.
Figure 4: Block diagram of transmitter
G. Vidhya Krishnan, IJECS Volume 6 Issue 3 March, 2017 Page No. 20651-20657 Page 20654
DOI: 10.18535/ijecs/v6i3.47
Power
Supply
Li-Fi MAX232 LCD
Receiver
PIC
Microcontroller
Figure 5: Block diagram of receiver
Receiver:
Initially, a basic receiving and transmitting circuits were implemented and simulated. The purpose of
implementing the circuits is to understand the main and basic concepts of optical wireless communication
using LED as transmitter and a photodiode as receiver. The voltage, representative of data from the source,
is changing between 0 V and 5 V. When voltage is low, there will be no current passing through the LED.
Thus, the LED should be off. Similarly, when the voltage is high, the current will pass through the LED.
Consequently, the LED is on. Note that the LED driver is used here in order to improve the illumination of
LED so that the transmitting distance would be longer [11]-[13].
Besides that, LED driver will regulate the current. The simulated to compare the output of the implemented
system and the simulated system, as the photodiode was replaced by a current source and a capacitor. The
photodiode output current is a linear function of light intensity which is usually small.
Based on the numerical results, the target of regulating the current was achieved, as evident from figure 8.
The current was around 300 mA as it designed for. The voltage was changing between low and high C
below. The output had high and low levels which can be detected as zeros and ones. Thus, the major
requirement of the system was achieved. However they obtained output is not clear enough to be used as
input to a digital system. This problem would be solved by the filters and high precision TIA which were
already implemented in the chosen TIA chip.
System Implementation
Since the transmitting and receiving systems cannot be tested as whole via simulation, experimental testing
in the lab was done. The basic circuits were tested to prove the functionality of the chosen LED and
photodiode. The blinking of the LED was detectible at frequencies lower than 1 kHz unlike frequencies
above 1 kHz which made the LED seems like constantly on. Thus frequencies higher than 1 kHz must be
used in the proposed system [14]-[16].
Figure 6: Hardware circuit diagram of Li-Fi
G. Vidhya Krishnan, IJECS Volume 6 Issue 3 March, 2017 Page No. 20651-20657 Page 20655
DOI: 10.18535/ijecs/v6i3.47
This project consists of power circuit, IR sensor, Ultrasonic sensor, Temperature sensor, LCD Display. In
power supply circuit initially give in 230v ac supply. It is converting to the step down transformer used to
12v ac supply. Then diode bridge rectifier is used to convert ac supply into dc supply. The IC regulator is
used to 12v supply to 5v dc supply. The 5v dc supply given to the Atmega328 microcontroller. The output
voltage of the receiving circuit was about 5 V when the LED was close to the receiver while it decreased as
the transmitting distance increased [17], [18]. The output of the system was quite good in terms detecting
levels of data as being ON or OFF, although it decreased with the increment of distance but it was still good
enough to be used in processing and applications. The output of the system had some noise since there were
no filters used yet in this phase of the project. The Figure 6 shows the hardware circuit diagram of Li-Fi.
The system will be improved further to provide better quality of output. A complete prototype will also be
implemented and tested in a small-scale vehicle to vehicle communication to investigate effectiveness of the
system in the mentioned scenarios, a new technology that was developed in the last few years, which still
needs more investigations on its sustainability for outdoor vehicular networks that has been used in order to
reduce vehicles’ accidents.
IV. CONCLUSION
In this work, the concept of Li-Fi had been introduced along with existing techniques and classical trends
used for vehicle to vehicle communications. The proposed system has a cost effective solution to reduce
accidents. The design guidelines and details of system components were thoroughly explained in this paper.
The proof of concept has been illustrated in this paper by sending data through Li-Fi small-scale prototype
model. Finally the result has been measured between the vehicles to vehicle.
V. REFERENCES
[1] W.-L. Jin, “SPIVC: A Smartphone-based inter-vehicle communication system,” Proceedings of
Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, 2012.
[2] A. Boukerche et al., “Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: a new challenge for localization-based systems,”
Computer Communications, ScienceDirect, pp. 1-12, 2008.
[3] N. M. Husain Fidvi, “Car to Car Communication System,” source: car communication system,
[AvailableOnline:http://www.engineersgarage.com/contribution/car-to-car-communication-
system?page=1]
[4].FCC,[AvailableOnline:http:/www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/EngineeringTechnology/News_Releases/1999/nret900
6.html], October, 1999.
[5] T. H. M. A. Y. K. K. K. Isamu Takai, “Optical Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication System Using LED
Transmitter and Camera Receiver,” IEEE Photonics Journal, Vol. 6, No. 5, pp. 7902513-7902513; October
2014.
[6] H. Elgala, R. Mesleh, and H. Haas, “Indoor Broadcasting via White LEDs and OFDM,” IEEETrans. On
Consumer Electronics, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 1127-1134, Aug. 2009.
[7] W. Jia-yuan, Z. Nian-yu, W. Dong, I. Kentaro, I. Zensei and N. Yoshinori, “Experimental study on visible
light Communication based on LED,” The Journal of China Universities of Posts and
Telecommunications, Vol.19, No. 2, pp. 197-200, October 2012.
[8] H. Elgala, R. Mesleh, H. Haas and B. Pricope, “OFDM Visible Light Wireless Communication Based on
White LEDs,” In the Vehiclar Technology Conference Proceeding, pp. 2185-2189, 22-25, April, 2007.
[9] N. Lourenco et. al, “Visible Light Communication System for Outdoor Applications,” In the 8th
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[10] W.-L. Jin, “SPIVC: A Smartphone-based inter-vehicle communication system,” Proceedings of
Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, 2012.
[11] A. Boukerche et al., “Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: a new challenge for localization-based systems,”
Computer Communications, Science Direct, pp. 1-12, 2008.
[12] N. M. Husain Fidvi, “Car to Car Communication System,” source: car communication system,
AvailableOnlinehttp://www.engineersgarage.com/c Contribution/car-to-car-communication-system?
Page=]
G. Vidhya Krishnan, IJECS Volume 6 Issue 3 March, 2017 Page No. 20651-20657 Page 20656
DOI: 10.18535/ijecs/v6i3.47
[13] FCC,[Available Online: http://www.fcc.gov/Bure aus/EngineeringTechnology/News Releases/
1999/nret9006.html], October, 1999.
[14] T. H. M. A. Y. K. K. K. Isamu Takai, “Optical Vehicle-to- Vehicle Communication System Using LED
Transmitter and Camera Receiver,” IEEE Photonics Journal, Vol. 6, No. 5, pp. 7902513-7902513, October
2014.
[15] H. Elgala, R. Mesleh, and H. Haas, “Indoor Broadcasting via White LEDs and OFDM,” IEEE Trans. on
Consumer Electronics, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 1127-1134, Aug. 2009.
[16] W. Jia-yuan, Z. Nian-yu, W. Dong, I. Kentaro, I. Zensei and N.Yoshinori, “Experimental study on
visible light communication based on LED,” The Journal of China Universities of Posts and
Telecommunications, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 197-200, October 2012.
[17]. R.Nagarajan and M,Saravanan. “Performance Analysis of a Novel Reduced Switch Cascaded Multilevel
Inverter,” Journal of Power Electronics, Vol.14, No.1, pp. 48-60. 2014.
[18].R.Nagarajan and M,Saravanan “Staircase Multicarrier SPWM Technique for Nine Level Cascaded
Inverter,” Proceedings of the International Conference on Power, Energy and Control, IEEE Press, pp-
668-675. 2013
G.Vidhya Krishnan received her B.E. in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anna University Coimbatore, India, in 2011. She received
her M.E. in Power Electronics and Drives from Anna University, Chennai, India, in 2014. She is currently working as a Assistant Professor of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering at Gnanamani College of Technology, Namakkal, Tamilnadu, India. Her area of interest includes Power
System and Control System.
R. Nagarajan received his B.E. in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Madurai Kamarajar University, Madurai, India, in 1997. He
received his M.E. in Power Electronics and Drives from Anna University, Chennai, India, in 2008. He received his Ph.D in Electrical
Engineering from Anna University, Chennai, India, in 2014. He has worked in the industry as an Electrical Engineer. He is currently working as
Professor of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at Gnanamani College of Technology, Namakkal, Tamilnadu, India. His current research
interest includes Power Electronics, Power System, Soft Computing Techniques and Renewable Energy Sources
G. Vidhya Krishnan, IJECS Volume 6 Issue 3 March, 2017 Page No. 20651-20657 Page 20657
