Designation: D7064/D7064M − 08 (Reapproved 2013)

Standard Practice for

Open-Graded Friction Course (OGFC) Mix Design1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7064/D7064M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope C1252 Test Methods for Uncompacted Void Content of Fine

1.1 This practice covers the mix design of open-graded Aggregate (as Influenced by Particle Shape, Surface
friction course (OGFC) using the superpave gyratory compac- Texture, and Grading)
tor (SGC) or other suitable forms of compaction. The OGFC D946 Specification for Penetration-Graded Asphalt Cement
mix design is based on the volumetric properties of the mix in for Use in Pavement Construction
terms of air voids, and the presence of stone-on-stone contact. D2041 Test Method for Theoretical Maximum Specific
Information found in Guide D6932 should be reviewed before Gravity and Density of Bituminous Paving Mixtures
starting the mix design. Where applicable, Specification D3666 D2419 Test Method for Sand Equivalent Value of Soils and
should be applied as a minimum for agencies testing and Fine Aggregate
inspecting road and paving materials. D3203 Test Method for Percent Air Voids in Compacted
Dense and Open Bituminous Paving Mixtures
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units D3381 Specification for Viscosity-Graded Asphalt Cement
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in for Use in Pavement Construction
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each D3666 Specification for Minimum Requirements for Agen-
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining cies Testing and Inspecting Road and Paving Materials
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance D4791 Test Method for Flat Particles, Elongated Particles,
with the standard. or Flat and Elongated Particles in Coarse Aggregate
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the D5821 Test Method for Determining the Percentage of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the Fractured Particles in Coarse Aggregate
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- D6114 Specification for Asphalt-Rubber Binder
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- D6373 Specification for Performance Graded Asphalt
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Binder
D6390 Test Method for Determination of Draindown Char-
2. Referenced Documents acteristics in Uncompacted Asphalt Mixtures
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 D6752 Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Density
C29/C29M Test Method for Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”) of Compacted Bituminous Mixtures Using Automatic
and Voids in Aggregate Vacuum Sealing Method
C127 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific D6857 Test Method for Maximum Specific Gravity and
Gravity), and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate Density of Bituminous Paving Mixtures Using Automatic
C131 Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Small- Vacuum Sealing Method
Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los D6925 Test Method for Preparation and Determination of
Angeles Machine the Relative Density of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Speci-
C136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse mens by Means of the Superpave Gyratory Compactor
Aggregates D6926 Practice for Preparation of Bituminous Specimens
Using Marshall Apparatus
D6932 Guide for Materials and Construction of Open-
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road and Graded Friction Course Plant Mixtures
Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.23 on 2.2 AASHTO Standards:3
Plant-Mixed Bituminous Surfaces and Bases. R 30 Mixture Conditioning of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA)
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2013. Published February 2014. Originally
approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D7064/ T 283 Resistance of Compacted Bituminous Mixture to
D7064M – 08ε1. DOI: 10.1520/D7064_D7064M-08R13.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,
the ASTM website. http://www.transportation.org.

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 D7064/D7064M − 08 (2013)
Moisture-Induced Damage3 4.3 Design Asphalt Content Selection—Replicate specimens
2.3 Other References: are compacted using 50 gyrations of a SGC or other suitable
TRB Synthesis 284 compactor at three asphalt contents. The design asphalt content
NCAT Report No. 2001-01 Design, Construction, and Per- is selected on the basis of satisfactory conformance with the
formance of New-Generation Open-Graded Friction requirements of Section 12.
Courses 4.4 Evaluating Moisture Susceptibility—The moisture sus-
ceptibility of the designed mixture shall be evaluated using the
3. Terminology AASHTO T 283 test method. If the mixture fails the selected
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: moisture susceptibility requirement, it is suggested that appro-
3.1.1 open-graded friction course (OGFC), n—special type priate modifiers such as liquid anti-strip, or hydrated lime, or
of hot mix asphalt surface mixture used for reducing hydro- both are evaluated to meet the requirement.
planing and potential for skidding, where the function of the
5. Significance and Use
mixture is to provide a free-draining layer that permits surface
water to migrate laterally through the mixture to the edge of the 5.1 The procedure described in this practice is used to
pavement. design OGFC mixtures that will provide good performance in
terms of permeability (tending to reduce hydroplaning and
3.1.2 air voids (Va), n—the total volume of the small
potential for skidding), and durability when subjected to high
pockets of air between the coated aggregate particles through-
volumes of traffic.
out a compacted paving mixture, expressed as a percent of the
total volume of the compacted specimen. 6. Material Selection
3.1.3 voids in coarse aggregate (VCA), n—the volume in
6.1 The first step in the mix design process is to select
between the coarse aggregate particles, where this volume
materials suitable for the OGFC. Materials include aggregates,
includes filler, fine aggregate, air voids, asphalt, and fiber, if
asphalt, and additives.
used.
6.1.1 Selection of Coarse Aggregate—Coarse aggregate
3.1.4 nominal maximum size of aggregate, n—in specifica- should have abrasion values of less than 30 % in accordance
tions for, or descriptions of aggregate, the smallest sieve with Test Method C131. Crushed gravel (if used) must have at
opening through which the entire amount of aggregate is least 90 % particles with two faces and 95 % particles with one
permitted to pass. face resulting from crushing in accordance with Test Method
3.1.4.1 Discussion—Specifications on aggregates usually D5821. The percentage of flat and elongated particles should
stipulate a sieve opening through which all of the aggregate not exceed 10 %, with a ratio of 5:1 in maximum to minimum
may, but need not, pass so that a stated maximum proportion of dimension, respectively in accordance with Test Method
the aggregate may be retained on that sieve. A sieve opening so D4791.
designated is the nominal maximum aggregate size. 6.1.2 Selection of Fine Aggregate—The fine aggregate
3.1.5 maximum aggregate size, n—in specifications for, or should have an uncompacted voids content of least 40 % when
descriptions of aggregate, the smallest sieve opening through tested in accordance with Test Methods C1252, Method C. It is
which the entire amount of aggregate is required to pass. important that the aggregate be clean. The sand equivalent
value of the fine aggregate passing the 2.36 mm [No. 8] sieve,
3.1.6 stabilizing additive, n—polymer, crumb rubber, or
according to Test Method D2419, should be at least 45 % or
fibers, or both, used to minimize draindown of the asphalt
greater. It is recommended that the material to be tested be
during transport and placement of the OGFC.
separated on the 2.36 mm [No. 8] sieve because of the coarse
grading of the aggregate. It is also very important to remove
4. Summary of Practice any coatings or fines adhering to the coarse material.
4.1 Materials Selection—Aggregates, asphalt, and additives 6.1.3 Asphalt Grade Selection—The asphalt grade selection
that meet specification are selected. is based on environment, traffic, and expected functional
4.2 Select Optimum Grading—At least three trial aggregate performance of the OGFC. The preferred specified asphalt
gradings from the selected aggregate stockpiles are blended. grade should meet Specification D6373, however other grades
Gradings for OGFC are based on volume. The dry-rodded unit of asphalt, such as viscosity-graded Specification D3381 or
weight for the coarse aggregate for each trial grading is penetration graded Specification D946 may be suitable. A
determined in accordance with Test Method C29/C29M. For PG-grade, one or two grades stiffer (at high temperature) than
each trial grading, an initial trial asphalt content between 6.0 normally used at the location of the pavement, has been shown
and 6.5 % (generally higher for asphalt-rubber Specification to perform successfully. Mixes with modified asphalt cements
D6114) is selected and at least two specimens are compacted have shown significant improvement in performance. The use
using 50 gyrations of the Superpave Gyratory Compactor of modified asphalt cements is permitted provided that the
(SGC) (Test Method D6925) or other suitable compactor. An selected asphalt grade has a PG temperature range exceeding
optimum grading is selected to ensure stone-on-stone contact. 95. This is determined by subtracting the low from the high
NOTE 1—If a standard aggregate grading and asphalt content has been specification temperature grade (for example, PG 70 – 28 = 70
successfully used, three trial gradings may not be necessary. Examples of – (–28) = 98). A value less than 95 may be used if satisfactory
commonly used gradings and asphalt contents are shown in Appendix X1. performance has been noted with the selected PG grade.

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 D7064/D7064M − 08 (2013)
6.1.4 Selection of Additives—Either a cellulose fiber or a stabilizing additive should be dry-mixed thoroughly with the
mineral fiber may be used to minimize draindown. Typically a heated aggregate. This procedure is needed to ensure an even
dosage rate of 0.3 % by mixture mass (or weight of total mix) distribution of the stabilizing additive during the laboratory
is used but the draindown target of 0.3 % maximum should be mixing process. Slightly longer mixing times may be required
the acceptance guideline for the dosage rate of the fiber due to the increased surface area added by the fiber, compared
stabilized additive. The dosage rate of fiber stabilizer additive to mixes without fibers. The supplier recommended mixing
used should be in the range listed in 12.8. temperature should compensate for this stiffening.
NOTE 2—For some mixes which use polymer-modified asphalt or NOTE 4—For polymer modified asphalt and asphalt-rubber, the addi-
asphalt rubber, fiber additives may not be required or necessary to obtain tives should be incorporated into the liquid asphalt and thoroughly
good performance or control draindown. interacted according to the procedure recommended by the manufacturer
or supplier of the additives before the asphalt is mixed with the aggregate.
7. Test Specimens 7.4.4 Form a crater in the dry blended aggregate and to this
7.1 Numbers of Samples—Twelve samples are initially re- add stabilizing fiber additive if used, and then add the weighed
quired: four samples at each of the three trial gradings. Each preheated required amount of asphalt into the crater formed in
sample is mixed with the trial asphalt content (typically the aggregate blend. Exercise care to prevent loss of the mix
between 6.0 and 6.5 % for neat liquid asphalts), and three of during subsequent handling. At this point, the temperature of
the four samples for each trial grading are compacted. The the aggregate and asphalt shall be within the limits of the
remaining sample of each trial grading is then used to mixing temperature established in 7.3. Mix the aggregate and
determine the theoretical maximum density according to Test asphalt rapidly until thoroughly coated.
Method D2041 or Test Method D6857. 7.5 Size and Shape of Compacted Specimens—Specimen
NOTE 3—For some polymer modified asphalt and asphalt-rubber, the
typical asphalt content may be higher; see Appendix X1. diameter shall be 100 mm [4 in.] and nominal height shall be
63.5 mm [2.5 in.].
7.2 Preparation of Aggregates—Dry aggregates to a con-
stant mass at 105 to 110°C [220 to 230°F] and separate the 7.6 Compaction of Specimens—The compaction tempera-
aggregates by dry-sieving into the desired size fractions (Test ture is determined in accordance with 7.3. Laboratory samples
Method C136). of OGFC are short-term aged in accordance with AASHTO R
30 and then compacted using 50 gyrations of the SGC or other
7.3 Determination of Mixing and Compaction Tempera- compactor providing equivalent compacted density.
tures:
7.3.1 The temperature to which an asphalt must be heated to 8. Selection of Trial Gradings
produce a viscosity of 0.00017 6 0.00002 m2/s [170 6 20 cSt]
shall be the mixing temperature. 8.1 Three trial gradings should be selected to be within the
7.3.2 The temperature to which the asphalt must be heated recommended master range of grading shown in Table 1, or a
to produce a viscosity 0.00028 6 0.00003 m2/s [280 6 30 cSt] grading shown in Appendix X1 or a grading that has demon-
shall be the compaction temperature. strated good performance. The three trial gradings should
7.3.3 However, while the temperatures shown in 7.3.1 and generally fall along the coarse and fine limits of the grading
7.3.2 will work for most unmodified asphalt, the selected range, along with one falling in the middle. These trial gradings
temperatures may need to be changed for polymer modified are obtained by adjusting the amount of fine and coarse
asphalt or asphalt-rubber. For polymer modified asphalt and aggregate in each blend.
NOTE 5—If a satisfactory grading has been successfully used on
asphalt-rubber, the manufacturer or supplier guidelines for previous projects or a grading shown in Appendix X1 is selected by the
mixing and compaction temperatures should be followed. designer, Sections 8 through 11 may be disregarded.
7.4 Preparation of Mixtures:
7.4.1 A mechanical mixing apparatus shall be used. 9. Selection of Trial Asphalt Content
7.4.2 An initial batch shall be mixed for the purpose of 9.1 For each trial aggregate grading, an asphalt content
coating (buttering) the mixture bowl and stirrers. This batch between 6.0 and 6.5 % should be initially selected based on the
shall be wasted after mixing and the sides of the bowl and aggregates’ bulk specific gravity. Higher asphalt contents
stirrers shall be cleaned of mixture residue by scraping with a should be selected for polymer modified asphalt or asphalt-
small limber spatula. The bowl shall not be wiped with cloth or rubber, as noted in Appendix X1.
washed clean with solvent, except when a change is to be made
in the asphalt or at the end of a design.
7.4.3 For each test specimen, weigh into separate pans the
TABLE 1 Example Trial Grading Band for OGFC
amount of each size fraction required to produce a batch of (Percent Passing by Mass)
aggregate that will result in a compacted specimen of the
Sieve Percent Passing
correct size. Mix the aggregate in each pan; place in an oven
19.0 mm [3⁄4 in.] 100
set to a temperature not exceeding the mixing temperature 12.5 mm [1⁄2 in.] 85 – 100
established in 7.3 by more than approximately 28°C [80°F]. 9.5 mm [3⁄8 in.] 35 – 60
Heat the asphalt to the established mixing temperature. The 4.75 mm [No. 4] 10 – 25
2.36 mm [No. 8] 5 – 10
stabilizing additive or fiber (if used), should be added to the 0.075 mm [No. 200] 2–4
heated aggregate prior to the introduction of the asphalt. The

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 D7064/D7064M − 08 (2013)
10. Determination of VCA in the Coarse Aggregate 12. Selection of Optimum Asphalt Cement/Binder
Fraction Content
10.1 For best performance, the OGFC mixture must have a 12.1 Once the optimum grading of the mixture has been
coarse aggregate skeleton with stone-on-stone contact. The selected in Section 11, it is necessary to evaluate various
stone skeleton is that portion of the total aggregate blend asphalt contents to obtain the optimum percentage of asphalt in
retained on the 4.75 mm [No. 4] sieve. The condition of the mixture. In this case, additional samples are prepared using
stone-on-stone contact within an OGFC mixture is defined as the selected grading with at least three asphalt contents in
the point at which the percent voids of the compacted mixture increments of 0.5 %.
is less than the VCA of the coarse aggregate in the dry-rodded
test in accordance with Test Method C29/C29M. 12.2 The number of samples needed for this portion of the
procedure is 24. This will provide for six compacted (abrasion
10.2 The VCA of the coarse aggregate only fraction loss on three unaged and three aged) and two uncompacted
(VCADRC) is determined by compacting the stone with the specimens (one used to determine the theoretical maximum
dry-rodded technique according to Test Method C29/C29M. density and one for the draindown test) at each of the three
When the dry-rodded density of the coarse fraction has been
asphalt contents. The optimum asphalt content is selected
determined, the VCADRC can be calculated using the following
based on the test results of air voids, and draindown test results,
equation from Test Method C29/C29M:
with consideration of optional abrasion loss on unaged and
G CAγ w 2 γ s aged specimens if necessary (see 12.7).
VCADRC 5 3 100 (1)
G CAγ w
12.3 The draindown test is conducted on a loose mixture at
where: a temperature 15°C [60°F] higher than the anticipated produc-
GCA = bulk specific gravity of the coarse aggregate (Test tion temperature using Test Method D6390.
Method C127),
γs = bulk density of the coarse aggregate fraction in the 12.4 The air voids are calculated using the procedure given
dry-rodded condition (kg/m3) (Test Method C29/ in 11.1 after measuring the bulk specific gravity of compacted
C29M), and specimens.
γw = density of water 998 kg/m3 [62.3 lb/ft3].
12.5 At the discretion of the designer, the OGFC mixture
11. Selection of Desired Grading may be tested by the Cantabro abrasion test to ensure adequate
durability (see Note 6).
11.1 After the trial samples have been compacted and NOTE 6—The Cantabro abrasion test has been used in Europe for many
allowed to cool, they are removed from the molds and tested to years; however it has seen very little use in the USA. Thus considerable
determine their bulk specific gravity using geometric measure- engineering judgement and caution should be exercised in analyzing the
ments of diameter and height (Test Method D3203 or Test results of the test. Conduct the Cantabro abrasion test on the gyratory
Method D6752). The uncompacted samples are used to deter- compacted or other suitably compacted unaged specimens (see Appendix
mine the theoretical maximum density in accordance with Test X2). This test measures resistance of compacted OGFC specimens to
abrasion and is carried out in the abrasion machine (Test Method C131).
Method D2041 or Test Method D6857. Using the bulk specific The mass of the specimen is determined to the nearest 0.1 g [0.0002 lb],
gravity and the theoretical maximum density, the percent air and is recorded as P1. The test specimen is then placed in the abrasion
voids (Va), and VCA of the compacted mixture (VCAMIX) can machine without the charge of steel balls. The operating temperature
be calculated using the following equations: should be 25 6 5ºC [77 6 10ºF]. The machine is operated for 300
revolutions at a speed of 30 to 33 revolutions per min. The test specimen
S
V a 5 100 3 1 2
G mb
G mm D (2) is then removed and its mass is determined to the nearest 0.1 g (P2). The
percentage abrasion loss (P) is calculated according to the following
formula:
VCAMIX 5 100 2 S G mb
G CA
3 P CA D P5
P1 2 P2
3 100 (3)
P1
where: Aged compacted OGFC should also be subjected to the Cantabro
PCA = percent coarse aggregate in the total mixture, abrasion test to evaluate the effect of accelerated laboratory aging on the
Gmb = bulk specific gravity of the compacted mixture, resistance to abrasion. Aging is accomplished by placing three suitably
Gmm = theoretical maximum density of the mixture, and compacted specimens in a forced draft oven set at 60°C [140°F ] for 168
GCA = bulk specific gravity of the coarse aggregate fraction. h (7 days). The specimens are then cooled to 25°C [77°F] and stored for
4 h prior to conducting the Cantabro test.
11.2 Of the three trial gradings evaluated, the one with the
highest air voids (minimum acceptable is generally 18 % by 12.6 Laboratory Permeability Testing (optional)—The labo-
Test Method D3203 or Test Method D6857) and a VCAMIX ratory permeability or porosity testing of compacted specimens
equal to or less than that determined by the dry-rodded using an approved method is optional. Laboratory
technique (VCADRC) is considered optimum and is selected as permeability/porosity values greater than 100 m/day [300
the desired grading. feet/day] are recommended.

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 D7064/D7064M − 08 (2013)
12.7 It is suggested that the selected OGFC mixture have cycles in lieu of one cycle. The AASHTO T 283 test shall also
properties that meet the air voids and draindown (12.7.1 and be modified as follows:
12.7.2) criteria. The Cantabro abrasion (12.7.3 and 12.7.4) 13.1.1 Compact the OGFC specimens with 50 gyrations.
criteria are optional and judgement should be exercised in 13.1.2 Apply a vacuum of 87.8 kPa (660 mm [26 in.] of
applying them. mercury) for 10 min to saturate the compacted specimens to
12.7.1 Air Voids—A minimum of 18 % (according to Test whatever saturation level is achieved.
Method D3203 or Test Method D6752) is generally acceptable, 13.1.3 Submerge the specimens in water during freeze
although higher void contents are desirable. cycles to maintain saturation.
12.7.2 Draindown—The maximum permissible draindown 13.2 If the mixture fails to meet the moisture susceptibility
should not exceed 0.3 % by total mixture mass. requirements, hydrated lime, or liquid anti-strip, or both,
12.7.3 Optional—Abrasion Loss on Unaged Specimens— additives can be used. If these measures prove ineffective, the
The average abrasion loss from the Cantabro test should not aggregate source, or asphalt, or both, source can be changed to
exceed 20%. obtain better aggregate/asphalt compatibility.
12.7.4 Optional—Abrasion Loss on Aged Specimens—The NOTE 7—The results of the AASHTO T 283 test should be carefully
abrasion loss from the Cantabro abrasion test should not weighed against actual field performance of the aggregate source being
exceed 30 % on average while the loss for any individual evaluated. If past experience indicates the need for the use of anti-strip or
specimen should not exceed 50 %. hydrated lime, then such modifiers should be used notwithstanding the test
results.
12.8 Adjusting Mixture to Meet Properties—If none of the
asphalt contents meet the appropriate criteria, 12.7.1 – 12.7.4, 14. Report
the mix may need to be further evaluated. The following are
14.1 The report should include the following information:
suggested mix changes that may be helpful in making a mix
that meets the mix criteria. Air voids within an OGFC mixture 14.1.1 Identification of the project and the project number,
are controlled by the asphalt content. If the air voids are too 14.1.2 Aggregate source, asphalt source and grade, type and
low, the asphalt content should be reduced. If the abrasion loss amount of stabilizing additive, and material quality
on unaged specimens is greater than 20 %, more asphalt is characteristics,
needed. Either increasing the asphalt content or changing the 14.1.3 Results of the grading optimization (results of trial
type of additive will generally remedy abrasion loss values of gradings) or selected grading from experience,
aged specimens in excess of 30 %. If draindown values are in 14.1.4 Selected optimum grading and optimum asphalt
excess of 0.3 %, the amount of asphalt and/or type or amount content,
of stabilizer can be adjusted. Fiber stabilizers are typically 14.1.5 Volumetric properties, abrasion loss on unaged and
incorporated into the mix at a rate of 0.2 to 0.5 % of the total aged specimens, and draindown for each trial blend and at the
mix mass. optimum asphalt content,
14.1.6 Moisture susceptibility recommendations, and
13. Evaluation of Moisture Susceptibility 14.1.7 Recommended job-mix formula for the OGFC.
13.1 Moisture susceptibility of the selected mixture shall be
determined using the AASHTO T 283 test method. The re- 15. Keywords
tained tensile strength (TSR) should be at least 80 %. The 15.1 bituminous paving mixtures; mix design; open-graded
AASHTO T 283 test shall be conducted with five freeze/thaw friction course; surface treatments

APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1.

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TABLE X1.1 Summary of 9.5 mm [" in.] Open-Graded Friction Course Mixture Designs
Arizona Arizona
California Florida Nevada Wyoming Georgia
Unmodified AC Asphalt Rubber
Grading Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max
12.5 mm [½ in.] 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
9.5 mm [" in.] 100 100 90 100 85 100 95 100 97 100 85 100
4.75 mm [No. 4] 35 55 30 45 29 36 10 40 40 65 25 45 20 40
2.36 mm [No. 8] 9 14 4 8 7 18 — — — — 10 25 5 10
2.00 mm [No. 10] — — — — — — 4 12 — — — — — —
1.18 mm [No. 16] — — — — — — — — 12 22 — — — —
0.075 mm [No. 200] 0 2.5 0 2.5 0 0 2 5 0 4 2 7 2 4
AR 4000
PG 64-16 plus AC 30 plus AC 20P or PG 64-22 or
Asphalt PG 64-16 AR 8000 PG 67-22
20 % rubber 12 % rubber AC 30 PG 70-28
or PBA-6
Content 6.0 % 8.5 to 10 % 6.5 to 8.0 % 5.5 to 7.0 % 6.5 % typical 6.3 to 6.8 % 6.0 to 7.3 %

X2. THE CANTABRO ABRASION TEST

X2.1 Scope X2.2.6 General Material—Trays, pots, spatulas, asbestos

X2.1.1 This test method describes the procedure to be gloves, grease pencils, curved scoops, filter paper rings, and so
followed to determine the abrasion loss value of bituminous forth.
mixes using the Los Angeles abrasion machine. The procedure
can be used for both laboratory mix designs and quality control X2.3 Procedure
of mixes during construction. X2.3.1 Sample Preparation:
X2.1.2 The procedure is applied to open-graded bituminous X2.3.1.1 Number of Samples—At least 4 samples must be
mixes with a maximum grading size of less than 25 mm [1 in.]. prepared for each binder percentage.
X2.1.3 This test is used to indirectly assess the cohesion, X2.3.1.2 Aggregate Preparation—The different aggregate
bonding, and effects of traffic abrasion and suction. fractions that make up the mix are dried in an oven at 105 to
110°C [220 to 230°F] until a constant weight is reached.
X2.2 Apparatus and Materials
X2.3.1.3 Temperature of the Mix and Compactness—For the
X2.2.1 Compaction should be conducted in accordance with mixing and compacting of the samples, the liquid asphalt
Practice D6926. binder is heated to a temperature (viscosity) that allows a good
X2.2.2 Los Angeles Abrasion Machine—Test procedure covering of the aggregate particles without the asphalt running.
shall be conducted in accordance with Test Method C131. X2.3.1.4 Preparation of the Mixes—The quantities for each
X2.2.3 Thermometers, to measure the temperatures of the fraction of aggregate necessary to make the sample shall be
aggregate, binder, and bituminous mix, metal thermometers weighed successively so that the total quantity of aggregate is
with a scale up to 200°C [390°F] and an accuracy of 6 3°C [6 approximately 1 kg [2.2 lb].
5°F] or better shall be used. To measure the test temperature, a X2.3.1.5 Size and Shape of Compacted Specimens—
thermometer with a scale from 0°C [32°F] to 50°C [122°F ] Specimen diameter shall be 100 mm [4 in.] and nominal height
and an accuracy of 6 0.5°C [6 1.0°F ] shall be used. shall be 63.5 mm (2.5 in.).
X2.2.4 Balance, with a capacity of 2 kg [5 lb] and an X2.3.1.6 Compaction of the Mix—The energy of compac-
accuracy of 6 0.1 g [6 0.0002 lb] for weighing the samples tion shall be 50 blows per side.
shall be used. X2.3.1.7 Density and Voids—The relative density of the
X2.2.5 Balance, with a capacity of 5 kg [11 lb] and an samples can be determined as soon as they have cooled to
accuracy of 6 1 g [6 0.002 lb] or better for preparing the ambient temperature. The procedure to determine the density
mixes shall be used. and void percentage shall be based on geometric procedures.

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 D7064/D7064M − 08 (2013)
X2.3.2 Execution of Test: X2.4 Results
X2.3.2.1 The compacted sample shall be weighed to within X2.4.1 The result of the test is determined using the
6 0.1 g [6 0.0002 lb] and the value recorded as P1. Before following equation:
testing the samples, they shall be kept at the test temperature
P 5 @ ~ P1 2 P2 ! /P1 # 3 100 (X2.1)
for at least 6 h.
X2.3.2.2 After the sample has been kept at the test tempera- where:
ture for the required period of time, it is placed into the Los P = Cantabro abrasion loss,
Angeles abrasion machine without the abrasion load (balls), P1 = initial weight of the sample, and
and the drum shall be turned at 30 to 33 revolutions per minute. P2 = final weight of the sample.
The number of revolutions during the test shall be fixed at 300. X2.4.2 The values obtained from the test are reported
X2.3.2.3 In accord with the local climatic zone, the test together with the test temperature.
temperature may be either 18 6 1°C [50 6 2°F] or 25 6 1°C NOTE X2.2—The Cantabro test method is derived from the original
[77 6 2°F], or other (see Note X2.1). version developed in Spain in 1986, entitled “Cantabrian Test of Abrasion
Loss.” The original Spanish test was based on a 50 blow Marshall
NOTE X2.1—The 18°C [50°F] and 25°C [77°F] test temperatures are compaction effort. If the user is unfamiliar with the Cantabro test, the
representative of two climate zones in Spain; these can be adjusted to an results should be evaluated with considerable engineering judgment until
average temperature better suited for the climate where the mix is intended some experience related to actual performance has been developed.
to be placed. Additional information about the test is available4.
X2.3.2.4 After 300 revolutions, the sample is removed and
weighed to within 6 0.1 g [6 0.0002 lb] and this value is 4
Contact: Dr. F. E. Perez Jimenez, University of Catalunya, Department of
recorded as P2. Infrastructure, Jordi Girona 1-3, Modul B1, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.

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