TRANSPORTATION AND

HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
LABORATORY
Lab Manual

Student Name

Registration No.
TRANSPORTATION AND HIGHWAY
ENGINEERING LABORATORY

LABORATORY MANUAL

I
 Preface

This manual is written for assisting and guiding the students of University of Central
Punjab, to carry out various laboratory experiments on aggregate and asphalt. These
experiments will help them in assessing the quality of pavement material and attain
values of various properties required for pavement structure design. All procedures
mentioned in this manual follow latest ASTM standards, freely accessible to all
students through HEC Digital Library.

II
 List of Experiments
ASTM
Sr. # Description Pag
Standard
e
Standard Test Method for Flat Particles, Elongated
1 D4791 1
Particles,
or Flat and Elongated Particles in Coarse Aggregate
Standard Test Method for Relative Density (Specific
2 C127 6
Gravity)
and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate
Standard Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of
C131/C131
3 Small-Size / Large-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion 11
M C535
and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine
Standard Test Method for California Bearing Ratio
4 D1883 16
(CBR) of
Laboratory-Compacted Soils
Standard Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous
5 D5/D5M 25
Materials
Standard Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen
6 D36/D36 27
(Ring- M
and-Ball Apparatus)
Standard Test Method for Theoretical Maximum Specific
7 D2041 31
Gravity
and Density of Bituminous Paving Mixtures
Standard Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by
8 D92 34
Cleveland
Open Cup Tester
9 Standard Test Method for Ductility of Bituminous D113 36
Materials
Standard Test Method for Marshall Stability and Flow of D692
10 39
Asphalt Mixtures 6
D692
7
Standard Test Method for Measuring Surface Frictional
11 E303 44
Properties Using the British Pendulum Tester
12 Open-ended Problems 47
Appendix A: Lab Evaluation Criteria 48
Appendix B: Safety Guidelines 49
Appendix C: Standard Sieve Set 50
Appendix D: Scoring Rubrics 51

III
 1. Flat Particles and Elongated Particles

1. Standard Document

ASTM D 4791; Standard Test Method for Flat Particles, Elongated Particles, or Flat
and Elongated Particles in Coarse Aggregate.

2. Definitions

a) Flat Particles: aggregate particles having width to thickness ratio greater than
a specified value.
b) Elongated Particles: aggregate particles having length to width ratio greater
than a specified value.
c) Flat and Elongated Particles: aggregate particles having length to thickness
ratio greater than a specified value.
d) Length: maximum dimension of a particle.
e) Width: Intermediate dimension of a particle.
f) Thickness: Minimum dimension of a particle. Thickness can be less than or
equal to width.

3. Significance and Use

Flat or elongated particles are undesirable for certain construction uses. Therefore,
their acceptable percentage in the aggregate used is fixed. This test method
provides a means for determining the percentage of flat or elongated particles
present in aggregate, hence checking conformation with specifications that limit such
particles.

4. Apparatus

1) Proportional Caliper Device – The device has a base plat with two fixed posts
and a swinging arm positioned between the fixed posts so that the openings
between the arms and posts maintain a certain ratio. Figure 1 illustrates a
device on which ratios of 1:2, 1:3 and 1:5 may be set.
2) Micrometer – To verify whether the ratios are correct or not.
3) Weighing Balance – Should be accurate up to 0.5% of sample mass.
4) Set of sieves

1
Figure 1: Proportional Caliper Device (adopted from ASTM D4791)

2
5. Sampling

 Sample the aggregate according to the guidelines prescribed in standard D75.

 If required, reduce the sample size to reach the approximate quantity required by
conforming to standard C702.
 Minimum mass of test sample to be used is given in Table 1.

Table 1: Minimum mass of test sample (adopted from ASTM D4791)

Nominal
Minimum mass
maximum size, of test sample, lb
in (mm) (kg)
3/8 (9.5) 2 (1)
½ (12.5) 4 (2)
¾ (19.0) 11 (5)
1 (25.0) 22 (10)
1 ½ (37.5) 33 (15)
2 (50.0) 44 (20)
2 ½ (63.0) 77 (35)
3 (75.0) 130 (60)
3 ½ (90.0) 220 (100)
4 (100.0) 330 (150)
4 ½ (112) 440 (200)
5 (125.0) 660 (300)
6 (150.0) 1100 (500)

6. Procedure

 If determination by mass is required, then the material has to be oven dried at a

temperature of 230 ± 9 oF (110 ± 5 oC) to obtain a constant mass. If determination
by particle count is required, then there is no need for drying.
 Sieve the material and ignore the material passing No. 4.
 For each sieve size, if the retained material is less than 10% of the original
sample mass, discard it. If the material retained is equal to or greater than 10% of
the original sample mass, then reduce each sieve fraction until almost 100
particles are obtained for each sieve size.
 Test every particle and place it in one of the following four groups.
o Flat particles
o Elongated particles
o Flat and elongated particles
o Neither flat nor elongated particles
 Particles will be tested as follows

Group Larger opening set equal Smaller opening checked

to against
Flat Maximum width Maximum thickness
Elongate Maximum length Maximum width
d
3
7. Application

The percentage of elongated and flat particles from an aggregate source is used, in
addition to other properties, to accept or reject the stock for the proposed task.

8. Report

Neither
Origin Flat and
Size %age Sampl Flat Elongate flat nor
al elongate
fraction in e particles d elongate
sampl d
, mm origina mass , g (%) particles, d
e particles,
l used, g (%) particles,
mass, g (%)
sampl g g
g e (%)
4.75 –
12.5
12.5 –
19.0
19.0 –
25.0
25.0 –
37.5
37.5 –
50.0
50.0 –
63.0
63.0 –
75.0
75.0 –
90.0
90.0 – 100

4
 NOTES

Evaluation Rubric Total

Attribute
Understandin
Care in
Apparatu Measurement Results g of Safety Lab
Lab handling
s Accuracy and Objectives Measures Performan
equipmen
Performanc Setup Analysis vis-à-vis
t
ce
e Theory

Grammar,
Comment
Data, figures, graphs, spelling,
s and Appearanc Submissio Lab
tables, etc. sentence
Lab Report Conclusio e n Report
structure
ns

Understanding of objective
Overall Understanding Argument Lab Viva
vis- à-vis Theory
Lab Viva

5
 2. Density, Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate

1. Standard Document

ASTM C127; Standard Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and
Absorption of Coarse Aggregate

2. Definitions

a) Absorption: the increase in mass of the aggregate due to water penetrating the
pores of the aggregate by keeping it submerged for a specific time period, but
not including the moisture sticking to the outside surface of the aggregate,
expressed as a percentage of dry mass.
b) Oven Dry (OD): the condition when the aggregate is dried in an oven at a
temperature of 110 ± 5oC for suitable time so that all moisture is removed and
the aggregate attains a constant mass.
c) Saturated-Surface-Dry (SSD): the condition when the permeable pores of
aggregate are completely filled with water by submerging for a prescribed time
but having no free moisture on the surface i.e. surface of aggregate is dry.
d) Density: the mass per unit volume of a material, expressed in Kg/m3.
e) Density (OD): mass of oven dry aggregate per unit volume of aggregate
particles, including permeable and impermeable pores but excluding voids
between particles.
f) Density (SSD): mass of saturated surface dry aggregate per unit volume of
aggregate particles, including impermeable and water filled pores but
excluding voids between particles.
g) Apparent Density: mass per unit volume of impermeable portion of aggregate
particles.
h) Relative Density (Specific Gravity): the ratio of density of the aggregate to the
density of distilled water at specified temperature.
i) Relative Density (Specific Gravity) (OD): the ratio of density (OD) of the
aggregate to the density of distilled water at specified temperature.
j) Relative Density (Specific Gravity) (SSD): the ratio of density (SSD) of the
aggregate to the density of distilled water at specified temperature.
k) Apparent Relative Density (Apparent Specific Gravity): the ratio of apparent
density of the aggregate to the density of distilled water at specified
temperature.

3. Significance and Use

Relative density or Specific gravity is used to calculate volume occupied by

aggregates in various mixtures like bituminous concrete, cement concrete or any
other mixtures where the constituents are proportioned with respect to absolute
volume. If the aggregate to be used is in saturated surface dry condition i.e. it has
absorbed water to its fullest then relative density (SSD) will be used in calculations
whereas if the aggregate is in dry condition, then relative density (OD) will be used.
Apparent relative density takes into account the volume of aggregate, excluding
impermeable pores. Absorption is used to determine the change in mass of the
material due to absorption of water, compared to dry state.

6
4. Apparatus

1) Balance – A device for determining mass of material with an accuracy of

0.05% of sample mass or 0.5 g, whichever is greater. It should be equipped
with suitable apparatus for suspending the sample container in water.
2) Sample Container – A wire basket or bucket with a 3.35 m (No. 6) or finer
mesh, with a suitable capacity e.g. 4 to 7 L for 37.5 mm nominal maximum
size aggregate or smaller.
3) Sieves – a 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve
4) Water tank
5) Oven

5. Sampling

 Sample the aggregate according to the guidelines prescribed in standard D75.

 If required, reduce the sample size to reach the approximate quantity required by
conforming to standard C702.
 Ignore all material passing a 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve by dry sieving and then wash
the material to get rid of any dust present on the surface.
 Minimum mass of test sample to be used is given in Table 1.
 Coarse aggregate can be tested in several size fractions, if required.

Table 1: Minimum mass of test sample (adopted from ASTM C127)

Nominal
Minimum mass
maximum
of test sample,
size,
kg (lb)
mm (in)
12.5 (½) or less 2 (4.4)
19.0 (¾) 3 (6.6)
25.0 (1) 4 (8.8)
37.5 (1 ½) 5 (11)
50.0 (2) 8 (18)
63.0 (2 ½) 12 (26)
75.0 (3) 18 (40)
90.0 (3 ½) 25 (55)
100.0 (4) 40 (88)
125.0 (5) 75 (165)

6. Procedure

 Dry the test sample in oven at a temperature of 110 ± 5 oC to obtain a constant

mass, then let it cool in air at room temperature (for about 1 to 3 h) to reach a
comfortable working temperature (about 50oC).
 Immerse the aggregate in water for 24 ± 4 h, at room temperature.
 Take out the test sample and roll it in a water absorbent cloth till all visible water
is removed. Record the mass of the test sample in saturated surface dry state.

7
 Immediately place the test sample in the sample container and determine the
apparent mass while suspended in water at 23 ± 2 oC.
 Again oven dry the test sample, cool it and record the mass in oven dry state.

7. Calculation

Let

A = Mass of oven-dry test sample in air, g

B = Mass of saturated-surface-dry test sample in
air, g C = Apparent mass of saturated test sample
in water, g

a) In case material is tested in a single fraction

I. Relative Density (Specific Gravity) (OD) = 𝐴/(𝐴 – 𝐴)

I. Relative Density (Specific Gravity) (SSD) = 𝐴/(𝐴 – 𝐴)
I. Apparent Relative Density (Specific Gravity) = 𝐴/(𝐴 – 𝐴)
IV. Absorption, % = [(𝐴 – 𝐴)/𝐴] 𝐴 100

b) In case material is tested in several size fractions

I. Average Relative Density (Specific Gravity) (OD, SSD, apparent)

1
𝐴= 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴𝐴
100𝐴1 + 100𝐴2 + ⋯ + 100𝐴𝐴
I. Average Absorption

𝐴 = (𝐴1𝐴1⁄100) + (𝐴2𝐴2⁄100) + ⋯ + (𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴⁄100)

Where

𝐴 = Number of different size fractions

𝐴 = Average Relative Density (Specific Gravity) (OD, SSD, apparent)
𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , … , 𝐴𝐴 = Relative Density (Specific Gravity) (OD, SSD, apparent) of individual fractions
𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , … , 𝐴𝐴 = Mass percentages of individual fractions in original sample.
𝐴 = Average Absorption, %
𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , … , 𝐴𝐴 = Absorption percentages of individual fractions

8. Application

The specific gravity of aggregate is used to calculate the volumetric requirement of

aggregate in asphaltic concrete or cement concrete.

8
9. Report

Table 1

Origin
Size %age Sampl OD SSD Apparen Specifi Specifi Apparen
al Absorption
fraction, in e mass mass t mass c c t
sampl ,
mm origina mass (A), (B), (C), g Gravit Gravit Specific
e %
l used, g g y (OD) y Gravity
mass,
sampl g (SSD)
g
e
Single
fraction
4.75 –
12.5
12.5 –
19.0
19.0 –
25.0
25.0 –
37.5
37.5 –
50.0
50.0 –
63.0
63.0 –
75.0

9
Table 2

O SS Apparent
D D
Average Specific
Gravity
Average Absorption

9
 NOTES

Evaluation Rubric Total

Attribute
Understandin
Care in
Apparatu Measurement Results g of Safety Lab
Lab handling
s Accuracy and Objectives Measures Performan
equipmen
Performanc Setup Analysis vis-à-vis
t
ce
e Theory

Grammar,
Comment
Data, figures, graphs, spelling,
s and Appearanc Submissio Lab
tables, etc. sentence
Lab Report Conclusio e n Report
structure
ns

Understanding of objective
Overall Understanding Argument Lab Viva
vis- à-vis Theory
Lab Viva

10
 3. Los Angeles Test

1. Standard Documents

ASTM C131/C131M: Standard Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Small-

Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine

ASTM C535: Standard Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Large-Size

Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine

2. Significance and Use

This test indicates the relative quality of aggregate having similar mineral
compositions but extracted from various different sources. Aggregates varying in
composition or structure cannot be compared directly using this test.

3. Apparatus

1) Los Angeles Machine – Various characteristics and dimensions of the

machine are illustrated in Figure 1.
2) Set of sieves
3) Weighing balance – Accurate within 0.1% of test load used
4) Charge – Ball bearings or steel spheres, each having diameter between 46
mm and 48 mm, and having mass between 390 and 445 g. Number of
spheres dependent on the grade of material, and will be discussed in section
5.

4. Sampling

 Sample the aggregate according to the guidelines prescribed in standard D75.

 If required, reduce the sample size to reach the approximate quantity required by
conforming to standard C702.
 Wash the reduced sample and oven dry at 110 ± 5 oC to obtain a constant mass.
 Separate the sample into individual size fractions and recombine to form the
grading as provided in Table 1 for small-sized aggregate or Table 2 for large-
sized aggregate.

5. Procedure

 Determine the number of spheres to be used from Table 3.

 Place the test load and charge in Los Angeles machine and rotate at a rate of 30
to 33 revolutions per minute.
 The number of revolutions are set according to Table 4.
 After completing the revolutions of phase 1, the material is carefully extracted and
sieved using 1.70 mm (No. 12) sieve. The mass of material coarser than the
sieve is determined and the entire sample including dust of fracture is cautiously
returned to the machine.
 After completion of phase 2, the sample is taken out of the machine and sieve the
finer portion on 1.70 mm (No. 12) sieve.
11
Figure 1: Los Angeles Testing Machine (adopted from ASTM C131/C131M)

12
 Table 1: Gradings of Test Samples, small-sized aggregate (adopted from ASTM
C131/C131M)

Sieve Size mm, (in)

Mass of indicated sizes, g
(square
opening)
A B Grading C D
Passing Retained on
37.5 (1 25 (1) 1250 ± - - -
½) 25
25 (1) 19 (¾) 1250 ± - - -
25
19 (¾) 12.5 (½) 1250 ± 2500 ± - -
10 10
12.5 (½) 9.5 (3/8) 1250 ± 2500 ± - -
10 10
9.5 (3/8) 6.3 (¼) - - 2500 ± -
10
6.3 (¼) 4.75 (No. 4) - - 2500 ± -
10
4.75 (No. 4) 2.36 (No. 8) - - - 5000 ±
10
Total 5000 ± 5000 ± 5000 ± 5000 ±
10 10 10 10

Table 2: Gradings of Test Samples, large-sized aggregate (adopted from ASTM C535)

Sieve Size mm, (in)

Mass of indicated sizes, g
(square
opening)
Gradin
Passing Retained on g
1 2 3
75 (3) 63 (2 ½) 2500 ± 50 - -
63 (2 ½) 50 (2) 2500 ± 50 - -
50 (2) 37.5 (1 ½) 5000 ± 50 5000 ± 50 -
37.5 (1 ½) 25 (1) - 5000 ± 25 5000 ± 25
25 (1) 19 (¾) - - 5000 ± 25
Total 10000 ± 10000 ± 10000 ±
100 75 50

Table 3: Description of Charge to be used

Grading Number of Mass of charge,

spheres g
A 12 5000 ± 25
B 11 4580 ± 25
C 8 3330 ± 20
D 6 2500 ± 15

13
 1, 2, 3 12 5000 ± 25

Table 4: Number of Revolutions

Number of
Sample type revolutions
Phase Phase Total
1 2
Small-sized 100 400 500
Large-sized 200 800 1000

14
 Wash the material coarser than the specified sieve and oven dry at 110 ± 5 oC to a
constant mass. Determine the mass of coarser material. Washing after the test
can be skipped.
 Ratio of loss after phase 1 to loss after phase 2 should not greatly exceed 0.2 for
material with uniform hardness.

6. Calculation

(𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 − 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴)

𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴, % = × 100 %
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴

7. Application

This property of is used to compare aggregates of similar mineral composition but

coming from different sources.

8. Report

Material Small-sized aggregate Large-sized aggregate

Grading
Original mass, g
Final mass (after phase
1), g
Final mass (after phase
2), g
Loss (after phase 1), %
Final Loss (after phase
2), %

Remarks

15
 NOTES

Evaluation Rubric Total

Attribute
Understandin
Care in
Apparatu Measurement Results g of Safety Lab
Lab handling
s Accuracy and Objectives Measures Performan
equipmen
Performanc Setup Analysis vis-à-vis
t
ce
e Theory

Grammar,
Comment
Data, figures, graphs, spelling,
s and Appearanc Submissio Lab
tables, etc. sentence
Lab Report Conclusio e n Report
structure
ns

Understanding of objective
Overall Understanding Argument Lab Viva
vis- à-vis Theory
Lab Viva

16
 4. California Bearing Ratio Test

1. Standard Document

ASTM D1883; Standard Test Method for California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of
Laboratory- Compacted Soils

2. Significance and Use

California Bearing Ratio (CBR) determines the strength of base, sub-base and sub-
grade for use in design of roads and airport pavements (runway, taxiway etc.). Many
flexible pavement design methods are centered around CBR values.

3. Apparatus

1) Loading Machine – Equipped with a movable head or base that moves at a

uniform rate of 0.05 in. per minute.
2) Penetration Measuring Device – A mechanical dial indicator or an electronic
displacement transducer, having a least count of 0.001 in.
3) Mold – A rigid metal cylinder having inside diameter of 6.000 ± 0.026 in. and height of
7.000 ± 0.018 in. It should also contain a collar of at least 2 in. height and a
base plate having 1/16 in. diameter holes (Figure 1).
4) Spacer Disc – Circular metal spacer disc of height 2.416 ± 0.005 in. to be
placed inside the mold.
5) Rammer – Suitable rammer depending on the compaction level (Standard
Proctor or Modified Proctor).
6) Expansion Measuring Apparatus – A perforated metal plate having an
adjustable metal stem. A metal tripod supporting a swell measuring device
(usually a mechanical dial indicator) with a least count of 0.001 in (Figure 2).
7) Surcharge Weights – One or two annular metal weights having a total weight of 10 ±
0.05 lbf and slotted metal weights each having a weight of 5 ± 0.05 lbf.
8) Penetration Piston – A metal piston 4 in. long and having a diameter of 1.954
± 0.005 in.
9) Balance – Capable of reading to 1 g.
10) Sieves – ¾ in. and No. 4
11) Drying Oven
12) Filter Paper
13) Straight Edge
14) Soaking Tank

17
 Figure 1: Mold with extension collar and spacer disc (adopted from ASTM 1883)

4. Sampling

 If all material passes ¾ in. sieve, then the entire gradation shall be used for
preparing test samples.
 If some material is retained on ¾ in. sieve, replace it with equal mass of material passing
¾ in. sieve and retaining on No. 4 sieve.
 Prepare test samples according to the procedure outlined in Method C of
standard D698 or D1557, and determine the optimum moisture content and
maximum dry density.
 When CBR is required at optimum moisture content and 100% maximum dry
density, prepare a sample according to standard D698 or D1557, with moisture
content at ± 0.5% of optimum.
 When CBR is required at optimum moisture content and some percentage of
maximum dry density, prepare three samples having moisture content at ± 0.5%
of optimum, subjected to the standard compaction but varying the number of
blows per layer for each

18
 Specimen. For example, for 95% maximum dry density, 56, 25 and 10 number of
blows per layer are acceptable. CBR will be performed for all three specimens.

Figure 2: Extension-measuring apparatus (adopted from ASTM 1883)

5. Procedure

 If the specimen is to be soaked in water, then take a representative sample for

moisture determination. Otherwise, take the representative moisture content
sample after performance of penetration test.
 Place the spacer disc on the base plate with the hole for extraction handle facing
downwards. Clamp the mold with the extension collar on the base plate. Place a
filter paper on the spacer disc and prepare the specimen as mentioned earlier.
 Remove the extension collar and trim the sample to top of the mold with a
straightedge. Fill any holes left with small-sized material.
 Detach the mold from the base plate and spacer disc, and weigh it.
 Place a filter paper on the base plate and reattach the mold in inverted position
so that the sample rests in contact with the filter paper.
 Place surcharge weight of 10 lbf on the perforated plate and carefully lower it on
the compacted soil surface, along with the swell measuring device.

19
 Place the mold in water such that water can freely access the top and bottom of
the specimen. Record the initial dial indicator reading and then again after
soaking the specimen for 96 ± 2 hours.
 Take out the specimen, remove the free water from top surface and allow it to
drain for at least 15 minutes.
 Place an annular weight of 5 lbf on the sample. Seat the penetration piston with a
seating load of 10 lbf and then add 5 lbf surcharge weight.
 Penetration and load dials are set to zero or the initial values are recorded.
 Apply load on the penetration piston so that the rate of penetration is
approximately 0.05 in/min.
 Record the load readings at penetrations of 0.025 in, 0.050 in, 0.075 in, 0.100 in,
0.125 in, 0.150 in, 0.175 in, 0.200 in, 0.300 in, 0.400 in and 0.500 in.
 Take a specimen for moisture content determination.

6. Calculation

Load-Penetration Curve

Divide the measured load readings with the cross-sectional area of piston to get
pressure in psi or MPa. Plot it against the recorded penetration readings and, if
required, correct the graph.

From the graph, we get

 Corrected pressure for 0.100 in. penetration, 𝐴0.1

 Corrected pressure for 0.200 in. penetration,

𝐴0.2 Bearing Ratio

Bearing ratio at 0.100 in. penetration

𝐴0.1
𝐴0.1 = × 100 𝐴ℎ𝐴𝐴 𝐴0.1 𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴
1000
Or
𝐴0.1
𝐴0.1 = × 100 𝐴ℎ𝐴𝐴 𝐴0.1 𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴
6.9
Bearing ratio at 0.200 in. penetration
𝐴0.2
𝐴0.2 = × 100 𝐴ℎ𝐴𝐴 𝐴0.2 𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴
1500
Or
𝐴0.2
𝐴0.2 = × 100 𝐴ℎ𝐴𝐴 𝐴0.2 𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴
10

 Report bearing ratio at 0.100 in. penetration as the bearing ratio of the material.

20
 If bearing ratio at 0.200 in. penetration is greater than at 0.100 in., rerun the test
and in case the result is still the same then report bearing ratio at 0.200 in. as the
bearing ratio of the material.

Dry Unit Weight

𝐴𝐴+𝐴𝐴 − 𝐴𝐴
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴, 𝐴𝐴 =
𝐴𝐴
𝐴𝐴
𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴, 𝐴𝐴 =
(1 + 𝐴)

𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝐴, 𝐴𝐴 = 9.8066 × 𝐴𝐴 , 𝐴𝐴/𝐴 3

Or
𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝐴, 𝐴𝐴 = 62.428 × 𝐴𝐴 , 𝐴𝐴𝐴/𝐴𝐴 3

Where

𝐴𝐴 = Mass of mold, g
𝐴𝐴+𝐴𝐴 = Mass of mold plus compacted wet sample, g
𝐴𝐴 = Volume of mold, cm3
𝐴 = Moisture content of sample determined after oven drying

Swell

𝐴
Swell, 𝐴 = × 100
ℎ
Wher
e

s = swell that occurred during soaking

S = measured swell, final dial reading minus initial dial reading
h = height of specimen before swelling

7. Application

CBR values are utilized in the design of flexible pavements.

21
8. Report

Table 1: Test Characteristics

Sample No. 1 2 3
Maximum dry unit weight
Optimum moisture content
Compaction method
CBR type (Soaked or unsoaked)

Table 2: Moisture Content Determination

Sample No. 1 2 3
Weight of can, g
Weight of can plus moist sample, g
Weight of can plus dry sample, g
Weight of water, g
Moisture content, %

Table 3 : Dry Unit Weight Determination

Sample No. 1 2 3
Mass of mold, g
Mass of mold plus moist sample, g
Mass of moist sample, g
Volume of mold, cm3
Moist density, g/cm3
Moisture content
Dry density, g/cm3
Dry unit weight, lbf/ft3

22
Table 4: Load Readings

Sample No. 1 2 3
Penetration Load Stress Load, Stress Load Stress
, , , lbf , , ,
in. lbf psi psi lbf psi
0.025
0.050
0.075
0.100
0.125
0.150
0.175
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500

Table 5: Bearing Ratio (using figure 3)

Sample No. 1 2 3
Corrected Stress at 0.1 in.
Corrected Stress at 0.2 in.
Bearing Ratio at 0.1 in.
Bearing Ratio at 0.2 in.
California Bearing Ratio of
sample

Table 6: Swell Determination

Sample No. 1 2 3
Initial dial reading
Final dial reading
Swell, %

23
 120
0

100
0

80
0

60
0
Stress
(psi)

40
0

20
0

0
0 0.0 0. 0.1 0. 0.2 0. 0.3 0. 0.4 0.
5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5
Penetration
(inches)
Figure 3: Determination of Corrected Stress

24
 NOTES

Evaluation Rubric Total

Attribute
Understandin
Care in
Apparatu Measurement Results g of Safety Lab
Lab handling
s Accuracy and Objectives Measures Performan
equipmen
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e Theory

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25
 5. Penetration Test for Bitumen

1. Standard Document

ASTM D5/D5M; Standard Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials

2. Significance and Use

Penetration test is performed to determine the consistency of bitumen. Softer

consistency is linked with higher penetration values.

3. Apparatus

1) Penetration Apparatus – A device that has a movable spindle (needle holder)

and can measure depth of penetration to the nearest 0.1 mm.
2) Penetration Needle – Made from fully hardened and tempered stainless steel,
the needle should be 50 mm or 60 mm (long) in length and have a diameter of
1.00 to 1.02 mm.
3) Sample Container – Dimensions vary depending upon the penetration range required.
4) Water Bath – Capable of maintaining temperature of 25 ± 0.1 oC.
5) Transfer Dish
6) Timing Device
7) Liquid-in-glass Thermometer

4. Preparation of Test Specimen

 Heat the bitumen sample to bring it to a sufficient fluid state. Stir it continuously to
avoid local overheating but avoid incorporation of air bubbles.
 Pour the sample in the test container.
 Allow it to cool in air temperature for 45 min to 1.5 hr for small container, 1 to 1.5
hr for medium and 1.5 to 2 hr for larger containers.
 If the test conditions are not mentioned then the temperature, load, and time are
understood to be 25 oC, 100 g and 5 sec respectively.

5. Procedure

 Clean the needle and insert it into the penetrometer. Place 50 g weight above the needle.
 Place the sample container in the water bath. If the test is to be performed
outside the water bath, place the transfer dish, holding the sample container, in
the water bath.
 Using the level indicator, ensure that the apparatus is levelled.
 Bring the penetrometer dial to zero or note the initial reading.
 Bring the needle just in contact with the sample and release it for 5 sec or
otherwise mentioned.
 Record the final reading of the penetrometer dial.
 Make three determinations at points which are at least 10 mm apart and 10 mm
away from the side of the container. Clean the needle before each determination.

26
 6. Application

Penetration test is the base for penetration grading of asphalts. This grading system
is still prevalent in Pakistan.

7. Report

Penetratio
Tes n
t
Point 1 Point 2 Point 3 Average
1
2
3

NOTES

Evaluation Rubric Total

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27
 6. Softening Point of Bitumen

1. Standard Document

ASTM D36/D36M; Standard Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-
and-Ball Apparatus)

2. Significance and Use

Bitumens are viscoelastic materials without having any well-defined melting points.
This means that bitumen tends to become softer with the rise in temperature. In other
words, the viscosity decreases with increased temperature. The temperature at
which the tested bitumen reaches a certain level of softening is mandatory to
determine as it is useful in classification of bitumen. Bitumens with high softening
points are preferred in warmer areas. Softening point should be higher than the
highest temperature expected in the area or else the laid bitumen may become
sufficiently soft and result in bleeding, and formation of rutting.

3. Apparatus

1) Rings – Two square-shouldered brass rings

2) Pouring plate – A flat, smooth brass plate approx. 50 by 75 mm
3) Steel balls – Two steel balls, 9.5 mm in diameter, each having a mass of 3.50 ± 0.05 g
4) Ball-centering guides – Two brass guides for centering the steel balls, one on each ring.
5) Bath – A glass vessel, capable of being heated.
6) Ring holder and assembly – A brass holder designed to support the two rings
in a horizontal position. The distance between the bottom of the shouldered
rings and the upper surface of the bottom plate shall be 25 mm and the
distance between the lower surface of the bottom plate and the bottom of the
bath shall be 16 ± 3 mm.
7) Thermometers – An ASTM Low Softening Point Thermometer, having a range
from -2 to +80oC, and an ASTM High Softening Point Thermometer, having a
range from 30 to 200oC.

(Various dimensions of the apparatus are shown in Figure 1)

4. Reagents and Materials

1) Bath liquids
a. Freshly boiled distilled water, for softening points between 30 and 80oC.
b. USP Glycerin, for softening points between 80 and 157oC.
2) Release agents, to prevent asphalt from sticking to the pouring plate, the
surface of the pouring plate may be thinly coated with silicone oil, grease, talc
or china clay.
3) Cleaning solvents, after conducting the experiment, the apparatus
contaminated with asphalt can be cleaned by using cleaning solvents like
toluene and acetone.

28
 (All dimensions are in millimeters (± 0.3 mm except where noted)
Figure 1 – Shouldered ring, Ball-centering guide, Ring holder, and Assembly of
apparatus (adopted from ASTM D 36)

5. Test Specimens

 The preparation and testing of all asphalt samples should be completed within 6
hours and all coal-tar pitch samples within 4.5 hours.
 Heat the asphalt sample with care, stirring it constantly to avoid local overheating
but avoid incorporation of air bubbles. Heat it until it is sufficiently fluid to pour.
Heating should be done for no more than 2 hours for asphalt sample, and no more
than 30 minutes for coal-tar pitch sample.
 Heat the two brass rings approximately to the same temperature as the sample,
and place them on the treated pouring plate.
 Pour a slight surplus of heated asphalt sample in each ring and allow it to cool at
air temperature for at least 30 minutes.
 When the specimens are sufficiently cooled, cut off the excess material with a
slightly heated knife or spatula in order to flush it with the ring surface.

29
6. Procedure

 Select the appropriate bath liquid and thermometer for the expected softening point.
 Assemble the apparatus with specimen rings, ball-centering guides and
thermometer in place, and fill the bath so that the liquid depth will be 105 ± 3 mm.
the steel balls are placed at the bottom of the bath with the help of forceps so that
all elements can uniformly reach the starting temperature.
 With the apparatus in place, set the bath in ice water or gently heat the bath to
reach the starting temperature and maintain it for 15 minutes. Starting
temperature is 5 ± 1oC for distilled water and 30 ± 1oC for USP glycerin.
 Place each steel ball onto the specimen disk, again using the forceps.
 Increase the temperature at a strict rate of 5oC per minute.
 For each ring and ball, record the temperature at the instant the bitumen, under
the weight of the ball, touches the bottom plate. Test should be repeated, if the
difference between the two recorded temperatures is more than 1oC.

7. Calculation

The softening point determined in water bath is lower than that determined in a glycerin
bath, and vice versa. Consequently, conversions provided in Table 1 are used.

Table 1 – Conversion formulas for Softening Point calculations

Asphalt
Required \ Used Water Glycerin
bath
Water SP SP – 4.2oC
Glycerin SP + SP
4.2oC
Coal
Tar
Required \ Used Water Glycerin
bath
Water SP SP – 1.7oC
Glycerin SP + SP
1.7oC

8. Application

Knowledge of softening point allows the designer to select asphalt most suitable for
the climatic conditions of the project site.

9. Report

Bath Liquid used

Softening Point (1st ball)
Softening point (2nd ball)

30
Mean Softening Point of Asphalt

31
 NOTES

Evaluation Rubric Total

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32
 7. Specific Gravity of Bituminous Paving Mixtures

1. Standard Document

ASTM D2041/D2041M; Standard Test Method for Theoretical Maximum Specific

Gravity and Density of Bituminous Paving Mixtures

2. Significance and Use

Maximum specific gravity allows the calculation of 1) bitumen to be absorbed by the

aggregate, 2) air voids present in the paving mixture and 3) target value for
compaction.

3. Apparatus

1) Vacuum Bowl – Equipped with a transparent cover along with a connection for
the vacuum line and a manometer to determine the pressure applied. The lid
should also have a bleeder valve to adjust the pressure applied, and to slowly
release the pressure.
2) Balance – Capable of reading to 0.1 g.
3) Vacuum Pump
4) Thermometer
5) Water Bath
6) Mechanical Agitation Device
7) Oven

4. Sample

 The mass of sample should be as follows

Nominal maximum aggregate size, mm Minimum sample size, g

(in)
37.5 (1 ½) or greater 5000
19 to 35 (¾ to 1) 2500
12.5 (½) or smaller 1500

5. Procedure

 Immerse the bowl in water (25oC) and put lid on it while underwater. Remove the
bowl filled with water, with lid on it and dry before determining the combined
weight. Repeat this three times and calculate the average value, designated as B.
 Oven dry the aggregate and then add 5% bitumen to it, in the mixer.
 While the sample is comfortably warm, separate the aggregate pieces and fines,
taking care not to fracture them.
 Cool the sample to room temperature.
 Place the sample in the bowl and determine the net weight of the sample designed as A.
 Add sufficient amount of water at 25oC to completely submerge the sample.
 Place the bowl with sample and water on a mechanical agitation device and
secure the lid on top.

33
 Start the agitation and immediately begin to remove air until the residual pressure
manometer reads 3.7 ± 0.3 kPa (27.5 ± 2.5 mm of Hg).
 Continue the vacuum and agitation for 15 ± 2 min.
 Gradually release the vacuum using the bleeder valve.
 Submerge the bowl with the sample in a water bath kept at 25 ± 1oC, for 10 ± 1
min. Place the lid on it while in water.
 Remove the bowl, dry it and determine the combined weight of bowl, lid, sample
and water. Designate it as C.

6. Calculation

𝐴
𝐴𝐴𝐴 =
𝐴+𝐴−𝐴

Where

𝐴𝐴𝐴 = maximum specific gravity of mixture

𝐴 = mass of dry sample in air, g
𝐴 = mass of lid and bowl with water at 25oC, g
𝐴 = mass of lid, bowl, sample and water at 25oC, g

7. Application

The amount of asphalt required for the mix design, as well as the level of compaction
necessary at the site, is determined by knowing the specific gravity of paving
mixtures.

8. Report

Sample No. 1 2
Mass of lid and bowl with water, B (g)
Mass of empty bowl, D (g)
Mass of bowl plus dry sample, E (g)

Mass of dry sample, A = E-D (g)

Mass of lid, bowl, sample and water, C

(g)
Maximum Specific Gravity

34
 NOTES

Evaluation Rubric Total

Attribute
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equipmen
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tables, etc. sentence
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35
 8. Flash Point of Bitumen

1. Standard Document

ASTM D92; Standard Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester

2. Definitions

a) Flash point: the lowest temperature of test specimen, adjusted for

atmospheric pressure, at which the introduction of test flame causes the
vapors of test specimen to ignite.
b) Fire point: the lowest temperature of test specimen, adjusted for atmospheric
pressure, at which the introduction of test flame causes the vapors of test
specimen to ignite and sustain burning for a minimum of 5 sec.

3. Significance and Use

Flash point is one of the properties used to assess the flammability hazard of a
material. In regulations for shipping and safety, flash point in used to define
flammable and combustible materials. Fire point indicates the material’s tendency to
support combustion.

4. Apparatus

1) Cleveland Open Cup apparatus

2) Temperature measuring device
3) Test flame

5. Reagents and Materials

4) Cleaning solvents, after conducting the experiment, the apparatus

contaminated with asphalt can be cleaned by using cleaning solvents like
toluene and acetone.

6. Procedure

 Fill the cup up to the filing mark and place it in the center of hot plate. If test
specimen is present on the outside of the cup, empty, clean and refill it.
 Light the test flame and adjust it to a diameter of 3.2 to 4.8 mm.
 Before heating the test specimen, pass the test flame across the specimen to
check for unexpected volatile material.
 Heat the test specimen so that the temperature rises at a rate of 5oC to 17oC/min
until the temperature rises to 56oC below the expected flash point, after which the
rate of increase in temperature should be kept to 5oC to 6oC/min.
 Apply the test flame at temperature readings that are multiples of 2 oC.
 Record the temperature when the test flame causes a visible flash in the interior
of the cup.

36
 7. Calculation

𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴 + 0.25(101.3 − 𝐴)
or
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴 + 0.033(760 − 𝐴)

Where

𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = corrected flash point, oC

𝐴𝐴 = observed flash point, oC
𝐴= ambient barometric pressure, kPa
𝐴= ambient barometric pressure, mm of Hg

8. Application

For safe working with bitumen, its flash point is a necessary knowledge.

9. Report

Observed Barometric Pressure

Observed Flash Point, oC
Corrected Flash Point, oC

NOTES

Evaluation Rubric Total

Attribute
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equipmen
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37
 9. Ductility of Bitumen

1. Standard Document

ASTM D113 (Standard withdrawn); Standard Test Method for Ductility of

Bituminous Materials

2. Significance and Use

This test gives one measure of the tensile properties of bitumen. The measured
ductility values can be used for specification requirements.

3. Apparatus

1) Mold – A brass mold conforming to the dimensions provided in Figure 1

2) Water bath
3) Testing machine – Capable of pulling the test specimen, immersed in water, at
uniform speed without undue vibrations.
4) Thermometer
5) Trimming tool

4. Reagents and Materials

1) Release agents, to prevent asphalt from sticking to the pouring plate, the
surface of the pouring plate may be thinly coated with silicone oil, grease, talc
or china clay.
2) Cleaning solvents, after conducting the experiment, the apparatus
contaminated with asphalt can be cleaned by using cleaning solvents like
toluene and acetone.

5. Procedure

 Assemble the mold on base plate.

 Coat the base plate and interior edges of sidepieces a and a’ with releasing agent.
 Heat the bitumen sample till it becomes fluid enough to pour.
 Pour bitumen in the mold carefully and allow it to cool at room temperature for 35
± 5 min. then place it in water bath at test temperature for 35 ± 5 min.
 After removing the specimen from water bath, trim the surface to get rid of excess
material.
 Once again place the trimmed specimen in water bath for 90 ± 5 min, after which
carefully remove the base plate and side pieces.
 Attach the specimen in the testing machine and pull the two ends apart until the
specimen ruptures or the length limitation of machine is reached.
 In either case, measure the distance in centimeters.

38
 Figure 1 – Mold for Ductility Test (adopted from ASTM D113)

6. Application

Ductility, along with other properties, determine the usability of different asphalts.

7. Report

Test Temperature:

Group # 1 2 3
Ductility value (cm)

39
 NOTES

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40
 10. Marshall Stability Test

1. Standard Document

ASTM D6926; Standard Practice for Preparation of Asphalt Mixture Specimens Using
Marshall Apparatus

ASTM D6927; Standard Test Method for Marshall Stability and Flow of Asphalt Mixtures

2. Definitions

a) Lab Mix Lab Compacted (LMLC) Asphalt mixture: asphalt mixture samples
prepared in laboratory by mixing the properly weighed constituents and
compacting using laboratory compactor.
b) Plant Mix Lab Compacted (PMLC) Asphalt mixture: asphalt mixture samples
manufactured by plant and after sampling, immediately compacted using
laboratory compactor.
c) Reheated Plant Mix Lab Compacted (RPMLC) Asphalt mixture: asphalt
mixture samples manufactured by plant, sampled and brought to the lab,
where they are reheated and compacted using laboratory compactor.

3. Significance and Use

Various physical tests such as indirect tensile strength, creep, fatigue, stability flow
and modulus are performed on specimens molded using this procedure.

Marshall stability and flow values along with density of asphalt mixture are used in
evaluating the laboratory mix design.

4. Apparatus

For Sample Preparation

1) Specimen Mold Assembly

2) Specimen Extractor
3) Mechanical Compaction Hammer
4) Compaction Pedestal
5) Specimen Mold Holder
6) Oven
7) Hot Plate
8) Mechanical Mixer
9) Thermometer
10) Sieves
11) Weighing Balance
12) Gloves
13) Markers
14) Scoop

41
For Sample Testing

15) Breaking Head

16) Compression Loading Machine
17) Load Measuring Device
18) Flowmeter – consists of a guide sleeve and a guage
19) Water Bath
20) Oven
21) Thermometer

5. Test Specimens

Preparation of Aggregates

 Using an oven, dry the aggregate sample at 110 ± 5oC.

 After cooling, separate the aggregate into following size
fractions 1 to 3/4 in
3/4 to 1/2 in
1/2 to 3/8 in
3/8 to No. 4
No. 4 to No. 8
Passing No. 8

Determination of Mixing and Compaction temperature

 The asphalt binder used in preparation of the specimens should be heated to the
mixing temperature range specified by the manufacturer/supplier.

Specimen Preparation

 Weigh into separate containers the appropriate weights of each size fraction, to
be sufficient for one, two, three or four samples (about 1200, 2400, 3600 and
4800 g respectively).
 Heat the aggregate to a temperature not more than 28oC above the mixing temperature.
 Take out pre-determined weights from each size fraction and dry mix thoroughly.
 Add the heated asphalt binder in pre-determined proportion and mix rapidly for
approximately 60 sec (single specimen) or 120 sec (multiple specimens).
 Place the mixture in a container with lid, on a hot plate and allow it to cure for 2 h ±
5 min at compaction temperature ± 3oC. After 60 ± 5 min, stir the mixture to
ensure uniform conditioning.

Compaction of Specimen

 Clean the mold assembly and hammer head, and heat them to a temperature
between 90oC and 150oC.
 Place a non-absorbent paper at the base of the mold.

42
 Place the mixture into the mold and place another non-absorbent paper on top of
the mixture.
 Place the mold on the compaction pedestal and according to the design traffic
category (light, medium or heavy), apply 35, 50 or 75 blows respectively.
 Apply the same number of blows to the other side of the specimen.
 After compaction, remove the collar and base plate, and allow the specimen to
cool sufficiently before extracting it using an extractor.

6. Procedure

 The specimens are cooled at room temperature while placed on a flat surface.
 Once the specimens are cooled down, determine their weights in air and in water.
 Place the specimens in water bath to achieve the testing temperature of 60 ± 1oC.
 Clean the guide rods and lubricate them. Clean the inner surfaces of the breaking head.
 Take out one sample and dry it using a towel, after which place it in the breaking head.
 Place the flowmeter.
 Apply the load until the dial gauge releases or the load starts to decrease.
 Time elapsed from taking out the specimen from water bath to final load
determination should not be more than 30 sec.
 Draw a plot between deformation and load to determine the stability and flow
values as shown in Figure 1.
 Flow value is recorded in the units of 0.01 in.

Figure 1 – Determination of Stability and Flow Values (adopted from ASTM D6927)

7. Calculation

In case the specimen does not satisfy the thickness requirement of 2.5 ± 0.1 in.
stability reading should be corrected as follows

43
 A=BxC

Where

A = Corrected Stability
(Load) B = Measured
Stability (Load)
C = Correlation ratio from Table 1

Table 1 – Correlation Ratios

Thickness of Correlation Thickness of Correlation

Specimen ratio Specimen ratio
(in) (C) (in) (C)
2 1.47 2.44 1.04
2.06 1.39 2.50 1.00
2.12 1.32 2.56 0.96
2.19 1.25 2.62 0.93
2.25 1.19 2.69 0.89
2.31 1.14 2.75 0.86
2.38 1.09 2.81 0.83

8. Application

Marshall test is used in the design of flexible pavements.

9. Report

Specimen No. 1 2 3

Height (in.)

Uncorrected
Marshall Stability
Value (lbf)
Corrected
Marshall Stability
Value (lbf)
Flow value (0.01 in.)

44
 NOTES

Evaluation Rubric Total

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45
 11. Skid Resistance Test

1. Standard Document

ASTM E303; Standard Test Method for Measuring Surface Frictional Properties
Using the British Pendulum Tester

2. Significance and Use

This test method can be used to determine the frictional properties of surfaces in
field or in laboratory. It can also be used to compare the effects of various polishing
methods on subject materials.

3. Apparatus

1) British Pendulum Tester – Various parts of the tester are shown in Figure 1.
2) Contact path gauge – Thin ruler to be used for marking contact path length
between 124 and 127 mm.
3) Water container
4) Brush

Figure 1 – British Pendulum Skid Resistance Tester (adopted from ASTM E303)

46
4. Procedure

 Test surface, either in field or laboratory, should be clean and free from loose particles.
 With the help of levelling screws, level the instrument over the test surface.
 For zero adjustment, raise the pendulum so that the slider swings freely without
making contact with the test surface. Release the pendulum and note the pointer
reading. If it is not zero, then rotate friction ring and check again. Repeat the
procedure until the pointer reads zero.
 For slide length adjustment, place spacer under the lifting handle and lower the
pendulum such that the edge of the slider just touches the surface. Lock
pendulum and remove the slider. Check the slide length with respect to the length
gauge and make minor adjustments if required.
 Apply sufficient water so that the test surface is properly covered and execute a
swing without noting the pointer reading.
 Without any delay execute four swings, while rewetting the surface before each
swing and record the results.

5. Application

The results allow the engineers to determine whether the road patch or intersection is
safe against skidding.

6. Report

Group No. 1 2 3

Test Location

Pointer Reading No.

1
Pointer Reading No.
2
Pointer Reading No.
3
Pointer Reading No.
4
Mean Skid
Resistance
Value

47
 NOTES

Evaluation Rubric Total

Attribute
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s and Appearanc Submissio Lab
tables, etc. sentence
Lab Report Conclusio e n Report
structure
ns

Understanding of objective
Overall Understanding Argument Lab Viva
vis- à-vis Theory
Lab Viva

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 12. Open-ended Problems

Problem # 1

In Los Angeles Abrasion Test, compare different grading soils based on Loss %.

Problem # 2

Perform Three-point CBR test on provided soil sample and determine the CBR value
at 90% max. dry density and optimum moisture content.

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 Appendix A: Lab Evaluation Criteria

1. Experiment 40 %
a. Performance 50 %
b. Post-experiment viva/quiz 50 %
2. Quizzes (2-4) 40 %
3. Lab Report 20 %

Note
Data will be entered in the tables with blue pen/ball pen. Where required, graphs may
be made using excel and then attached within the manual.

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 Appendix B: Safety Guidelines

 Be alert to unsafe conditions. It is the responsibility of each individual to assure a

safe working environment for themselves and other workers in the laboratories.
 No eating, drinking, gum chewing or cosmetic application in the labs.
 Closed toed shoes must be worn at all times in active laboratory areas. No sandals!
 Long hair and loose clothing shall be confined. Appropriate clothing must be worn
at all times. No shorts, capris, skirts, or sleeveless shirts where chemicals or
machines are present.
 No glassware or utensils that are used for laboratory operations shall be used for
storage, handling, or consumption of food or beverages.
 Work should not be conducted if the researcher is feeling tired or otherwise impaired.
 Do not operate any of the equipment unless you have been trained and
authorized to do so.
 Inform the lab supervisor or the course teacher if there are any problems, or in
case you are not sure if the equipment is operating properly and safely.
 Before using any power tool, inspect it to make sure the cord is not damaged in any way.
 Appropriate eye protection must be worn in the lab at all times when powered
equipment is used.
 Appropriate eye protection must be worn in the lab at all times when working with
asphalt/bitumen or asphalt concrete.
 Keep hands or loose clothing away from machines and powered tools at all times
during operation.
 It is advised to wear work gloves and steel-toed shoes when handling heavy
asphalt specimen.
 Keep machine surfaces clear of material and tools.

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Appendix C: Standard Sieve Set

Alternativ Standard
e
Lid Lid
3 in. 75 mm
2 in. 50 mm
1 1/2 in. 37.5 mm
1 in. 25.0 mm
3/4 in. 19.0 mm
3/8 in.
9.5 mm
No. 4 4.75 mm
No. 10 2.00 mm
No. 20 850 µm
No. 40 425 µm
No. 60 250 µm
No. 100 150 µm
No. 140 106 µm
No. 200 75 µm
Pan Pan

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 Appendix D: Scoring
Rubrics Evaluation of Lab
Performance
Experiment:
Registration # Name:
Rubrics Excellent (9 - 10) Good (7- 8) Average (5 - 6) Below Average (1 - Poor (ZERO) Scor
4) e
Student can properly Student can set up
Student can properly
set up apparatus with apparatus with some
set up the apparatus; Student has difficulty Student cannot set up
Apparatus Setup little supervision; aware help but has limited
fully aware of the setting up the the apparatus at
of factors that could ability to take care of
factors that could alter apparatus all.
alter factors
the results
results affecting results
Student is able to obtain Student obtains correct Student is unable to
Measureme Student is able to obtain
somewhat accurate measurements with obtain accurate Student is unable to
nt accurate measurements
measurements with some errors; exceeds measurements; take readings at
Accuracy in allotted time
minor allotted exceeds all
errors in allotted time time by small amount allotted time
All formulae, All formulae,
Formulae, calculations
Results and calculations and calculations and Formulae, calculations Student is unable to
and conclusions contain
Analysis conclusions are conclusions are and conclusions are perform any calculations
some inaccuracies
accurate accurate but some incorrect.
minor
steps are missing
Student fully Student reasonably Student has some
Understanding understands the link understands the link difficulty in explaining Student cannot identify Student is unable
of Objectives between performed job between performed job link between job and the associated to answer any
vis-à-vis Theory and associated and associated associated theoretical theoretical concepts question relating
theoretical theoretical concepts associated
concepts concepts theoretical concepts
Use apparatus with care
Care in Always use and Inadequate Don’t care in handling the
Use apparatus with but sometimes show
handling handle equipment demonstration of apparatus
care. carelessness.
equipment with care. equipment care.
Practice all safety Practice most of the
Minor flaws in Fails to adopt safety
Safety Measures guidelines, can work procedure safely Fails to adopt
Safety .Requires guidelines despite
independently by conforms to the lab safety
constant repeated
adopting all safety regulations with minimal guidelines.
supervision. instructions.
precautions. supervision.
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Signature:

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 Evaluation of Lab Report

Experiment:
Registration # Name:
Rubrics Excellent (9 - 10) Good (7- 8) Average (5 - 6) Below Average (1 - Poor (ZERO) Scor
4) e
All figures, graphs, All figures, graphs, Most figures, Figures, graphs,
Data, figures, tables properly drawn, tables properly drawn graphs, tables okay tables poorly Figures, graphs,
graphs, numbered and but still have minor but still missing constructed, missing tables missing or
tables, etc. captioned problems and can be some required titles, units, captions copied
improved features etc.
All-important data Data comparisons
Data comparisons Incomplete or
comparisons are need only minor Conclusion and/or
Comments almost accurate; incorrect
correctly interpreted; improvement; comments missing
and some conclusions interpretation of data;
conclusions have conclusions could be or copied
Conclusion are misstated conclusions missing
been clearly made better stated
s important points
Some rough spots in Rough or immature
Very well-written; no
Grammar, Readable but still room writing; occasional writing style; frequent Writing style not
spelling or
spelling, for improvement spelling or spelling or making any sense at
grammatical errors
sentence grammatical errors grammatical errors all
structure
All sections in order
Appearance is rough
Appearanc All sections in but still room for Sloppy appearance Very poor
but readable
e order improvement appearance

Properly covered; Covered; submitted Submitted just at Submitted after the

Submissio No submission
submitted well in at the eleventh the deadline deadline
n
time hour

Signature:
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 Evaluation of Lab Viva

Experiment:
Registration # Name:

Rubrics Excellent (9-10) Good (7-8) Average (5-6) Below Average (1- Poor (ZERO) Scor
4) e
Show in depth
Shows good Shows limited Shows superficial Shows no
Overall understanding with
understanding but understanding of the understanding of the understanding of
Understanding well-constructed
explanation is not experiment with experiment but the experiment
arguments and
complete some explanation unable to explain conducted
backed by evidence

Study fully Students Student has some

Student is unable
Understanding understand the link reasonably difficulty in Student cannot
to answer any
of objective vis- between performed understands the explaining link identify the
question relating
à-vis Theory job and associated link between between job and associated
associated
theoretical concepts performed job and associated theoretical concepts
theoretical
associated theoretical concepts
concepts
theoretical
concepts
Puts forward a clear
Puts forward a clear Puts forward an Unable to put
and correct Puts forward a wrong
Argumen and correct incomplete forward any
argument, but argument
t argument, and and/or confused argument
unable to explain it,
explain it well, argument

Signature:

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 Evaluation of Open-Ended
Lab

Experiment:
Registration # Name:

Total
Criteria Details Excellent (9-10) Good (7-8) Average (5-6) Below Average (3-4) Poor (0-2)
weightage

Topic Complete Good understanding Fair understanding Minimum understanding Poor understanding
10%
understanding understanding of topic of topic of topic of topic
of topic
Slightly logical
Description of Excellent logical Logical approach, Misleading logical
approach, partially Barely logical approach,
research approach, well laid adequately laid out approach, no laid out
laid out design, no laid out design,
approach, tools out design, complete design, mostly logical design, no logical tools,
mostly logical tools, unclear logical tools, 30%
and procedures, logical tools, tools, complete no complete procedure,
partly complete partly complete
compliance to complete procedure, procedure, almost noncompliance to any
procedure, loosely procedure, barely comply
standard strictly comply to a comply to a standard standard
comply to a to a standard
standard
standard
Comprehensive result Sufficient result Result presentation,
Explanation and Result presentation, No result presentation,
presentation, presentation, somehow informative
presentation of less informative tables no informative tables
informative tables informative tables and tables and figures,
results, and figures, no and figures, no 50%
and figures, figures, limitations few limitations
reasoning limitations mentioned, limitations mentioned,
limitations mentioned, mentioned, adequate mentioned, adequate
discussion, adequate view and minimum view and
critical view view and view and
critical view reasoning reasoning
and reasoning reasoning
reasoning
Acceptable
Perfect grammar, Acceptable grammar,
grammar, some Acceptable grammar, According to standard,
Grammar, variance in variance in sentence
variance in limited variance in limited errors in
sentence sentence structure structure and word 10%
sentence structure sentence structure and grammar, no variance
structure and and word choice, choice, submitted at the
and word choice , word choice, submitted in sentence, no
submission submitted in time eleventh hour
submitted just at after deadline submission
the deadline

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Signature:

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