Matrices
&
Application of Matrices
Matrices
Matrix (plural matrices) is a rectangular
table of elements (or entries)
These elements are abstract quantities that
can be added and multiplied….
Numbers
Matrices come in all possible rectangular shapes, the following are a
number of examples of matrices
In general, we denote a matrix by
Each aij is called an element of the matrix (or an entry of the matrix);
this denotes the element in row i and column j. The entries of the
matrix are organized in horizontal rows and vertical columns
The size, or dimension, of the matrix is n x m, where,
n is the number of rows of the matrix,
m is the number of column of the matrix.
For example, the following matrices are of dimensions 1x4, 3x1,
2x3, and 4x2 respectively
A special kind of matrix is a square matrix,
i.e. a matrix with the same number of rows and columns.
If a square matrix has n rows and n columns, we say that the matrix has
order n.
The matrix is a square matrix of order 3.
Application of Matrices
Graph theory
The adjacency matrix of a finite graph is a basic notion of graph theory.
Linear combinations of quantum states in Physics
The first model of quantum mechanics by Heisenberg in 1925
represented the theory's operators by infinite-dimensional matrices
acting on quantum states. This is also referred to as matrix mechanics.
Computer graphics
4×4 transformation rotation matrices are commonly used in computer
graphics.
Solving linear equations
Using Row reduction
Cramer's Rule ( Determinants)
Using the inverse matrix
Cryptography.
Application of Matrices
in
Cryptography
Cryptography
Cryptography, is concerned with keeping communications private.
Cryptography mainly consists of Encryption and Decryption
Encryption is the transformation of data into some unreadable form.
Its purpose is to ensure privacy by keeping the information hidden from
anyone for whom it is not intended, even those who can see the
encrypted data.
Decryption is the reverse of encryption
It is the transformation of encrypted data back into some intelligible
form.
Encryption and Decryption require the use of some secret information,
usually referred to as a key.
Depending on the encryption mechanism used, the same key might be used
for both encryption and decryption, while for other mechanisms, the keys
used for encryption and decryption might be different.
Application of matrix to
Cryptography
One type of code, which is extremely difficult to break, makes use of
a large matrix to encode a message.
The receiver of the message decodes it using the inverse of the
matrix.
This first matrix, used by the sender is called the encoding matrix
and its inverse is called the decoding matrix, which is used by the
receiver.
Message to be sent:
PREPARE TO NEGOTIATE
and the encoding matrix be
− 3 − 3 − 4
0 1 1
4 3 4
We assign a number for each letter of the alphabet.
Such that A is 1, B is 2, and so on. Also, we assign the number 27 to
space between two words. Thus the message becomes:
P R E P A R E * T O * N E G O T I A T E
16 18 5 16 1 18 5 27 20 15 27 14 5 7 15 20 9 1 20 5
Encoding
Since we are using a 3 by 3 matrix, we break the enumerated
message above into a sequence of 3 by 1 vectors:
16 16 5 15 5 20 20
18 1 27 27 7 9 5
5 18 20 14 15 1 27
Note that it was necessary to add a space at the end of the
message to complete the last vector.
We encode the message by multiplying each of the above vectors
by the encoding matrix.
We represent above vectors as columns of a matrix and perform its
matrix multiplication with the encoding matrix
− 3 − 3 − 4 16 16 5 15 5 20 20
0 1 1 18 1 27 27 7 9 5
4 3 4 5 18 20 14 15 1 27
We get
− 122 − 123 − 176 − 182 − 96 − 91 − 183
23 19 47 41 22 10 32
138 139 181 197 101 111 203
The columns of this matrix give the encoded message.
Encoding is complete
Transmission
The message is transmitted in a linear form
− 122, 23, 138, − 123, 19, 139, − 176, 47, 181,
− 182, 41, 197, − 96, 22, 101, − 91, 10, 111,
− 183 32 203.
Decoding
To decode the message:
The receiver writes this string as a sequence of 3 by 1 column matrices
and repeats the technique using the inverse of the encoding matrix.
The inverse of this encoding matrix is the decoding matrix.
1 0 1
4 4 3
− 4 − 3 − 3
To decode the message, perform the matrix multiplication
1 0 1 − 122 − 123 − 176 − 182 − 96 − 91 − 183
4 4 3 23 19 47 41 22 10 32
− 4 − 3 − 3 138 139 181 197 101 111 203
Matrix obtained is
16 16 5 15 5 20 20
18 1 27 27 7 9 5
5 18 20 14 15 1 27
Decoded Message
The columns of this matrix, written in linear form, give the original
message
16 18 5 16 1 18 5 27 20 15 27 14 5 7 15 20 9 1 20 5
P R E P A R E * T O * N E G O T I A T E
Message received:
PREPARE TO NEGOTIATE
Thank You !
