Assignment No.: Roll No.
Name of Assignment: Shaper Machine
1. Explain principal parts of shaper with diagram.
The different parts of a shaper machine have been described below:
A. Base: The base is the necessary bed or support required for all machine tools. The base may
be rigidly bolted to the floor of the shop or on the bench according to the size of the machine. It
is so designed that it can take up the entire load of the machine and the forces set up by the
cutting tool over the work. It is made up of cast iron to resist vibration and take up high
compressive load.
B. Column: The column is a box like casting mounted upon the base. It encloses the ram driving
mechanism. Two accurately machine guideways are provided on the top of the column on
which the ram reciprocates. The front vertical face of the column which serves as the
guideways for the crossrail is also accurately machined. The lid on the left side of the column
may be open for inspection and oiling of the internal mechanism with the column. The other
side of the column contains levers, handles, etc. for operating the machine.
C. Crossrail: the crossrail is mounted on the front vertical guideway of the column. It has two
parallel guideways on its top in the vertical plane which is perpendicular to the ram axis. The
table may be raised or lowered to accommodate different sizes of job by rotating an elevating
screw which causes the cross rail to slide up and down on the vertical face of the column. A
horizontal cross feed screw which is fitted within the crossrail and parallel to the top guide
ways of the cross rail actuates the table to move in a cross wise direction.
D. Saddle: The saddle is mounted on the crossrail which hold the table firmly on its top.
Crosswise movement of the saddle by rotating the cross feed screw by hand or power causes
the table to move sideways.
E. Table: The table which is bolted to
saddle receives crosswise and vertical
movement from the saddle and
crossrail. It is a box like casting having
T-slots both on the top and side for
clamping the work. In a universal
shaper the table may be swiveled on
the horizontal axis and the upper part
of table may be tilted up or down. In a
heavier type shaper, the front base of
the table is clamped with table
support to make it more rigid.
F. Ram: The ram is the reciprocating member of the shaper. This is semi-cylindrical in form and
heavily ribbed inside to make it more rigid. It slide on the accurately machined dovetail
guideways on the top of column and is connected to the reciprocating mechanism contain
within the column. It houses a screwed shaft for altering the position of the ram with respect to
the work and hold the tool had at the extreme forward end.
G. Toolhead: The toolhead of the shaper hold the tool rigidly, provide vertical and angular feed
movement of the tool and allow the tool to have an automatic relief during its return stroke.
The vertical side of the toolhead has a swiveled base which is held on the circular seat on the
ram. The swiveled base is graduated in degree so the vertical slide may be set perpendicular to
the work surface or at any desired angle.
2. Explain crank and slotted lever mechanism with neat diagram.
1. The principle of quick return motion is illustrated in figure.
2. The motion or power is transmitted to the bull gear 14 through a pinion 1 which receives its
motion from an individual motor or overhead line shaft through speed control mechanism.
3. Speed of the bull gear may be changed by different combination of 304gearing or by simply
shifting the belt on the step cone pulley.
4. Bull gear 14 a large gear mounted within the column. Bolted to the center of the bull gear is a
radial slide 16 which carries a sliding block 70 into which the Tank pin 11 is fitted.
5. Rotation of the bull gear will cause the crank pin 11 to revolve at a uniform speed. Sliding
block 12 which is mounted upon the crank pin l is fitted within the slotted link 9.
6. The slotted link 9 which is also known as the rocker arm is pivoted at 15 at its bottom end
attached to the frame of the column.
7. The upper end of the rocker arm is forked and connected to the ram block S by' a pin. As the
bull gear rotates causing the crank pin to rotate, the sliding block 12 fastened to the crank pin
11 will rotate on the
crank pin circle, and
at the same time will
move up and down
the slot in the
slotted link 9 giving
it a rocking
movement which is
communicated to
the ram.
8. Thus the rotary
motion of the bull
gear is converted to
reciprocating
movement of the
ram.
3. State the advantages of using hydraulic shaper.
The advantages of using hydraulic shaper are as follows:
1. The cutting and return speeds are practically constant throughout the stroke. This permits
the cutting tool to work uniformly during cutting stroke.
2. The reversal of the ram is obtained quickly without any shock as the oil on the other end of
the cylinder provides cushioning effect.
3. Infinite number of cutting speeds may be obtained from zero to the maximum value and the
control is easier.
4. With a high rate of return speed, a greater number of cutting strokes may be available within
the range of cutting speed.
5 The relief valve ensures safety to the tool and the machine when the machine is overloaded.
4. List various types of work holding devices used in shaper.
The various types of work holding devices used in shaper are as follows:
a. Shaper vises
b. Parallels
c. Hold downs
d. Clamping work on the table
e. T-bolts and clamps
f. Stop pins and toe dogs
g. Strip and stop pins
h. Angle plate
i. V-block
j. Shaper centers
5. Explain how to shape irregular curved surfaces on shaper.
1. A shaper can also produce a contoured surface, i.e. a convex or concave surface or a
combination of any of the above surfaces.
2. To produce a small contoured surface a forming tool is used. If the curve is sufficiently large,
power-crossfeed in conjunction with manual down feed is so adjusted that the tool will trace
the required contour.
3. If the contour has too many ups and downs both the feeds are operated by hand. A round
nose tool is selected for machining irregular surfaces.
4. For a shallow cut the apron may be set
vertical but if the curve is quite sharp, the apron
is swiveled towards right or left away from the
surface to be cut.
5. The figure below shows machining of a
concave surface using a round nose tool.
6. Draw and explain neat circuit to operate hydraulic shaper.
1. A simple mechanism of hydraulic shaper is shown in the figure.
2. A constant speed motor drives hydraulic pump which delivers oil at a constant pressure to
the line.
3. A regulating valve actuated by the machine and timed to the stroke, admits oil under
pressure to each end of piston alternately at the same time allowing oil from the opposite end
of the piston to return to the reservoir.
4. As the piston moves, it carries the ram and the cutting tool along with it.
5. Since it is a constant pressure system, therefore, the tool moves at slightly different velocities
under varying the load conditions.
6. One end of the piston is having large area and the other end has less area due to piston rod.
7. Therefore, in one stroke it moves at low speed and in opposite stroke it moves at high speed.
8. The velocity can also be controlled by a simple handle, which regulates the quantity of oil.
