GUIDANCE ON CALCULATING GREENHOUSE

GAS (GHG) EMISSIONS

March 2013

Guide to Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Calculation 0

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION 4

1.1 Scope and update of the Guidance 4

1.2 Conceptual framework 6
1.3 GHG emission categories in organisations 7
1.4 Emissions covered by the Emissions Trading System (ETS)
10
Directive and non-ETS emissions

2 ENERGY 11

2.1 Electricity consumption 11

2.2 Fossil fuel consumption 13
2.3 Biomass 16
2.4 Renewable energy 17
2.4.1 Renewable energy for self-consumption 17
2.4.2 Renewable energy connected to the grid 18
....

3 TRANSPORT 19
....
3.1 Cars 19
3.1.1 Passenger transport 19
3.1.2 Goods transport 23
3.2 Lorries, pickups and minivans 24
3.2.1 Passenger transport 24
3.2.2 Goods transport 27
3.3 Mopeds and motorbikes 28
3.3.1 Passenger transport 28
3.3.2 Goods transport 30

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

3.4 Buses and coaches 31
3.5 Sea transport 34
3.6 Air transport 35
3.7 Rail transport 38
3.7.1 Passenger transport 38
3.7.2 Goods transport 39
3.8 Agriculture 40

4 FUGITIVE EMISSIONS 41

4.1 Fluorinated gases 41

5 WASTE 43

5.1 Emissions from municipal waste management 43

ANNEXES

1. Estimate of emissions associated with events 48

2. Calculation of emissions in public authorities 50
3. Emission factors 56
4. List of carbon-neutral biomass 64
5. Average motor fuel prices 66
6. Rail distances 67
7. Electricity mix calculation method 80

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

1
Introduction
1.1 Scope and update of the Guidance
The Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions (hereinafter, the
Guidance) is designed to help estimate GHG emissions. This Guidance is intended
as a tool to help organisations and the general public estimate the emissions
associated with their activities, or the reduction to be expected once mitigation
measures have been implemented.

This Guidance also presents the framework of organisations' inventories or carbon

footprints, and, based on internationally recognised protocols, explains the different
types of emissions categories to be encountered. Likewise, it introduces the carbon
footprint of events.

The term ‘greenhouse gases’ (GHG) refers to CO2 equivalent (CO2-eq), which
includes the six greenhouse gases included in the Kyoto Protocol: carbon dioxide
(CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFC),
perfluorocarbons (PFC), and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6).

The Guidance in and of itself does not allow the possible total GHG emissions of an
organisation or activity to be calculated. What the Guidance does enable you to
calculate are emissions associated with energy consumption, in both stationary
facilities and transport, fugitive fluorinated gas emissions, and emissions from
municipal waste management.

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

As a complement to this Guidance, a greenhouse gas emissions calculator has been
drawn up as an aid to organisations and the general public (available via the
calculator link). With this calculator, and following the recommendations in the
Guidance, we can calculate CO2 emissions directly. Finally, the Guidance can also
serve as a useful tool for organisations who are preparing a GHG emissions
inventory under the Programme of Voluntary Agreements for Greenhouse Gas
Emissions Reduction initiated by the Government of Catalonia.

This Guidance will be reviewed by the Catalan Office for Climate Change (OCCC) at
least once a year. As part of the review, emission factors will be updated with the
latest available data, and, wherever possible, the scope of the categories included in
the calculation of GHG emissions will be extended.

New features of the Guidance 2013

Some of the new features of this new edition of the Guidance are:
• Update of the emission factors of fossil fuels according to the latest available
data.
• Update of the electricity mix using the latest available data in accordance with
the OCCC's electricity mix calculation method.
• Incorporation of the emission factor for agricultural gas oil (kg CO2/litre).
• Incorporation of the emission factor of LPG (kg CO2/litre and g CO2/km).
• Update of average motor fuel prices.
• Update of the emission factors of motorised transport (g CO2/km) as per the
update (May 2012) of the Corinair 2009 method and according to speed per
type of vehicle of the Ministry of Territory and Sustainability. 1
• Update of rail transport modes and their emission factors according to the
latest available data.
• Incorporation of the emission factor for gas oil for sea transport (kg CO2/l gas
oil).

1
Data from SIMCAT (Information and Modelling System for Territorial Policy Assessment in Catalonia).
4

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

 • Incorporation of the calculation method for emissions from municipal waste
management.

1.2 Conceptual framework

In general, when dealing with the concept of an organisation’s ‘carbon footprint’, we
are describing the total impact of an organisation on the climate due to GHG
emissions into the atmosphere. The term ‘organisation’ includes companies,
institutions, government agencies, non-profit organisations and associations,
amongst others. In order to quantify this ‘footprint’, it is imperative that an estimation
protocol and GHG emissions accounting be applied.

One of the methodologies used to quantify GHG emissions is ISO 14064 standard
part 1 2 , and ISO 14069, which serves as a guide to applying ISO 14064, part 1. This
standard was developed in accordance with the Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG
Protocol) 3 . When it comes to understanding, quantifying and managing GHG
emissions, this GHG Protocol, of the World Resources Institute and the World
Business Council for Sustainable Development, is one of the most widely used at
international level. These two documents are the major references on the subject.

The carbon footprint of certain activities, such as an event, can also be determined
as a way of estimating their impact in terms of greenhouse gas emissions.

The term carbon footprint is also applied to products, in which case the estimation
methodologies are based on life-cycle analysis.

2
Standard UNE-ISO 14064-1. Greenhouse gases. Part 1: Specification with guidance at the organization level for quantification
and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions and removals.
3
See:www.ghgprotocol.org.
5

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

1.3 GHG emission categories in organisations

GHG emissions associated with an organisation's activity can be classified according

to whether they are direct or indirect.
• Direct emissions are emissions from sources owned or controlled by the
organisation.
• Indirect emissions are emissions that are a consequence of the organisation’s
activity, but that arise from sources owned or controlled by another
organisation.

Specifically, these emissions can be defined under three scopes:

Scope 1: Direct emissions

It includes direct emissions from sources owned or controlled by the organisation.
For example, this group includes emissions from combustion sources such as boilers
and organisation-owned or organisation-leased vehicles.

Scope 2: Indirect emissions from electricity, heat, steam or cold generation

It includes emissions derived from the consumption of electricity, heating or cooling
or steam generated off-site but purchased by the organisation. The facilities
producing the emissions are different from the organisation estimating emissions.

Scope 3: Other indirect emissions

It includes all other indirect emissions. Scope 3 emissions are the result of the
organisation’s activities, but are from sources not owned or controlled by the
organisation. Examples of Scope 3 activities are business trips, goods, material or
passenger transport by another organisation, waste management by an organisation
other than the generator and the production of purchased raw materials.

Figure 1 shows a diagram with a breakdown of which emissions are included in the
three scopes of GHG emissions, and which emissions can be calculated using this
Guidance.

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

 SCOPE 1: DIRECT SCOPE 3: OTHER INDIRECT

Fuel combustion Acquired materials and fuels

(e.g. heaters or (e.g. extraction, treatment and
SCOPE 2: ENERGY
turbines) production)
INDIRECT
Consumption of Own-fleet transport
electricity, heat and Transport-related activities
(e.g. cars, lorries, (e.g. travelling to work,
cooling and steam plane or train)
purchased and business trips, distribution)
generated off-site
Process emissions Waste treatment
(e.g. cement,
aluminium, waste
treatment) Leasing of assets, franchises
and outsourced purchases

Fugitive emissions Sale of goods and services

(e.g. air conditioning (e.g. use of goods and
leaks, CH4 leaks services)
from pipes)

GUIDANCE

Fugitive
Electricity Fuel
emissions of Transport Waste
consumption consumption
fluorinated gases

Figure 1. Classification of GHG emissions and emissions calculated using the Guidance

− Scope 1 emissions include emissions derived from fuel combustion, own-fleet

transport and other emissions such as process emissions 4 (e.g. CO2 emissions
produced in decarbonation of calcium carbonate to produce clinker in a cement
factory) and fugitive emissions 5 (e.g. fluorinated gas emissions from possible
leaks from refrigeration equipment). Emissions from own-fleet transport are, as
the name suggests, those generated by the fleet owned by the organisation
calculating them. However, it is advisable to include emissions from third-party
fleets when the organisation has the operational control, as it is therefore in a
position to help reduce such emissions.

− Scope 2 emissions include emissions generated from the consumption of

purchased electricity, heating and cooling and steam produced off-site.

4
Process emissions: GHG emissions different from combustion emissions, produced as a result of intentional and unintentional
reactions between substances or their processing, including chemical and electrolytic reduction of metals, chemical
decomposition and formation of substances for use as products or raw materials in processes. CO2 emissions from biomass-
based physical or chemical processes have been excluded (e.g.: grape fermentation, aerobic waste treatment, other).
5
Direct fugitive emissions: in accordance with ISO 14069, leaks from equipment and storage and transport systems, and leaks
from reservoirs and injection wells.
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Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

− Scope 3 emissions include other indirect emissions, such as those generated
from the purchase of materials and fuel, waste treatment, outsourced purchases,
the sale of goods and services and transport-related activities. Here the concept
of transport covers emissions from work-related travel off the company premises,
such as business travel, distribution operations and commuting 6 . These are
‘external’ trips because they are undertaken on a fleet not owned by the
organisation. Emissions from transport on a non-owned fleet managed by the
organisation should be excluded, as these are considered Scope 1 emissions.

6
Journeys from home to work and vice versa.
8

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

1.4 Emissions covered by the Emissions Trading System
(ETS) Directive and non-ETS emissions

Directive 2009/29/EC amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend

the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community aims to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 20% by the year 2020 compared to
1990 levels. This means that, in 2020, the emissions allowances assigned to facilities
as part of the Community trading scheme must be below 21% in comparison to
reported 2005 levels.

In this respect, GHG emissions can be classed as emissions covered by the ETS
Directive and emissions not covered by ETS Directive (known as non-ETS
emissions). When dealing with mitigation, any tonne reduced is necessary and
useful, but the distinction between ETS emissions and non-ETS emissions may be
useful in subsequent analyses.

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

2
1.

1.

Energy

2.1 Electricity consumption

Emission factors
− To calculate the associated emissions, it is important to apply a CO2 emission
factor that can be attributed to electricity supply - also called the electricity mix (g
CO2/kWh) - to represent emissions associated with electricity generation.

− In Catalonia, any electricity consumed and not generated here, comes from the
Spanish electricity grid, and there is no way of determining at which power station
it was produced. Therefore, the data used in calculating the electricity mix
concern the Spanish national grid. Furthermore, and according to the GHG
Protocol 7 and ISO 14069 8 , indirect emissions from electricity generation include
only those emissions generated by all power stations in the network. For this
reason, the OCCC recommends using the mix that reflects the emissions of the
Spanish electricity grid associated with gross electricity generation. Annex 7
explains the electricity mix calculation method in detail.

− The gross electricity generation mix recommended by the OCCC for 2012 is
300 g CO2/kWh.

7
GHG Protocol: Corporate Value Chain (Scope 3) Accounting and Reporting Standard.
8
Greenhouse gases - Quantification and reporting of GHG emissions for organizations - Guidance for the application of ISO
14064-1.
10

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

 EXAMPLE OF ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION

An elderly care home with an annual electricity consumption of 38,000 kWh implements
measures to save electricity, such as energy-efficient lighting and energy-saving air
conditioning and appliances, which reduce electricity consumption by 8%. What is the
resulting reduction in emissions?

INITIAL FINAL

Energy consumption = 38,000 Energy consumption = 38,000 - (38,000

kWh/year x 0.08) = 34,960 kWh/year
CO2 emissions = (38,000 kWh/year CO2 emissions = (34,960 kWh/year x
x 300 g CO2/kWh) = 11,400,000 g 300 g CO2/kWh) = 10,488,000 g
CO2/year CO2/year

Therefore the saving in emissions is:

11,400,000 g CO2 - 10,488,000 g CO2 = 912,000 g CO2/year (0.912 tCO2/year)

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Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

 2.2 Fossil fuel consumption

Emission factors
− Units vary according to type of fuel:
• Natural gas (m)3
• Butane gas (kg or number of cylinders)
• Butane gas (kg or number of cylinders)
• Gas oil (litres)
• Fuel oil (kg)
• Generic LPG (kg)
• National and imported coal (kg)
• Petroleum coke (kg)

− Conversion factors to change mass or volume units into energy units, according
to fuel type, representing the calorific value of fuels are as follows:
FUEL CONVERSION FACTOR 9

Natural gas (m)3) 10.70 kWh/Nm3of natural gas 10

Butane gas (kg) 12.44 kWh/kg of butane gas
Propane gas (kg) 12.83 kWh/kg of propane gas
Gas oil (kg) 11.78 kWh/kg of gas oil
Fuel oil (kg) 11.16 kWh/kg of fuel oil
Generic LPG (kg) 12.64 kWh/kg of generic LPG
National coal (kg) 6.42 kWh/kg of national coal
Imported coal (kg) 7.09 kWh/kg of imported coal
Petroleum coke (kg) 9.03 kWh/kg of petroleum coke

9
Source: Own material based on data from Annex 8 of the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report 1990-2010 (2012) and from
Annex I of Renewable Energies Plan 2011-2020. kWh according to LHC (lower heat capacity).
10 3
Cubic metres (m ) of natural gas at normal conditions for pressure and temperature.

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Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

 − To calculate the associated emissions, apply the corresponding emission factor,
according to the following:
11
FUEL EMISSION FACTOR

Natural gas (m3) 2.15 kg CO2/Nm3 natural gas

Butane gas (kg) 2.96 kg CO2/kg butane gas
Butane gas (number of cylinders) 37.06 kg CO2/cylinder (considering a 12.5-kg
cylinder)
Propane gas (kg) 2.94 kg CO2/kg propane gas
Propane gas (number of cylinders) 102.84 kg CO2/cylinder (considering a 35-kg
cylinder)
Gas oil (litres) 2.79 kg CO2/l gas oil 12
Fuel oil (kg) 3.05 kg CO2/kg fuel oil
Generic LPG (kg) 2.96 kg CO2/kg generic LPG
National coal (kg) 2.30 kg CO2/kg national coal
Imported coal (kg) 2.58 kg CO2/kg imported coal
Petroleum coke (kg) 3.19 kg CO2/kg petroleum coke

NATURAL GAS EXAMPLE

A household consuming 100 m3 of natural gas per month replaces the boiler with a more
efficient model, which leads to a 5% reduction in total natural gas consumption. The
reduction in associated CO2 emissions is calculated as follows:

INITIAL FINAL
Energy consumption = 100 m3 of Energy consumption = 100 - (100 x
natural gas/month 0.05) = 95 m3ofnatural gas/month
CO2 emissions = (100 m3 x 2.15 CO2emissions = (95 m3 x 2.15 kg/m3) =
kg/m3) = 215.00 kg CO2/month 204.25 kg CO2/month
Therefore the saving in emissions is:
215.00 kg of CO2 - 204.25 kg of CO2 = 10.75 kg of CO2 /month;
10.75 kg of CO2 /month x 12 = 129.00 kg CO2 /year (0.129 t of CO2 /year)

11
Source: Own material based on data from Annex 8 of the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report 1990-2010 (2012).
12 3
Density of gas oil C at 15ºC: 900 kg/m (Royal Decree 1088/2010).
13

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

 GAS OIL EXAMPLE

A household consuming 1,000 litres of heating oil per year changes fuel. It goes over to
natural gas, consuming 931 m3 natural gas/year. The reduction in associated CO2 emissions
is calculated as follows:

INITIAL FINAL
Energy consumption = 1,000 litres gas Energy consumption = 931 m3 of
oil/year natural gas/year
CO2 emissions = (1,000 l/year x 2.79 CO2 emissions = (931 m3/year x 2.15
kg/l) = 2,790.00 kg CO2/year kg/Nm3) = 2,001.65 kg CO2/year

Therefore the saving in emissions is:

2,790.00 kg CO2 - 2,001.65 kg CO2 = 788.35 kg CO2 /year (0.788 t CO2 /year)

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Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

 2.3 Biomass 13
Emission factors 14
• The use of pure biomass 15 as a fuel leads to what are considered neutral
emissions, as the CO2 emitted during combustion had been previously absorbed
from the atmosphere. Therefore, the emission factor applied to pure biomass is
zero (t CO2/TJ or t or Nm3). In order to provide you with further information, Annex
2 contains a list of materials considered pure biomass with an emission factor of
zero (t CO2/TJ, t CO2/t or t CO2/Nm3) 16 .

BIOMASS EXAMPLE
A plant in the ceramics sector with a natural gas consumption of 3.5 million m3 installs a
biomass boiler fuelled with rice and corn husks, which means it can supply 15% of its
energy itself. The reduction in associated CO2 emissions is calculated as follows:

INITIAL FINAL

Energy consumption = 3,500,000 m3 of Energy consumption = 3,500,000 -

natural gas/year (3,500,000 x 0.15) = 2,975,000 m3 of
natural gas/year
CO2 emissions = (3,500,000 m3/year x CO2 emissions = (2,975,000 m3/year x
2.15 kg/Nm3) = 7,525,000 kg CO2/year 2.15 kg/Nm3) = 6,396,250 kg CO2/year
Therefore the saving in emissions is:
7,525,000 kg CO2/year - 6,396,250 kg CO2/year = 1,128,750 kg CO2/year (1,128.75 t
CO2/year)

13
‘Biomass’ means non-fossilised and biodegradable organic material originating from plants, animals and micro-organisms,
including products, by-products, residues and waste from agriculture, forestry and related industries as well as the non-
fossilised and biodegradable organic fractions of industrial and municipal wastes, including gases and liquids recovered from
the decomposition of non-fossilised and biodegradable organic material. http://eur-
lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2007:229:0001:0085:EN:PDF
14
It must be remembered that, when referring to biofuels, this emissions calculation method does not include associated
emissions that may arise from its life cycle.
15
Fuel or material shall qualify as pure biomass if the non-biomass content accounts for no more than 3% of the total quantity of
the fuel or material concerned: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2007:229:0001:0085:EN:PDF
16
Point 9 of Annex 1 of Commission Decision 2004/156/EC:
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2004:059:0001:0074:EN:PDF

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Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

 2.4 Renewable energy
2.4.1 Renewable energy for self-consumption

• The use of renewable energy only for self-consumption results directly in a

reduction of energy consumption (from the electricity grid and/or fossil fuels).

EXAMPLE

A swimming club with total heating requirements of 382,800 kWh a year (initially met by a
natural gas boiler) installs a solar heating system to provide hot water and to heat the
swimming pool, which generates 79,000 kWh/year. The reduction in associated CO2
emissions is calculated as follows:

INITIAL FINAL

Energy consumption = 382,800 Energy consumption = 382,800 - 79,000 =

3
kWh/year x 1 Nm /10.70 kWh = 303,800 kWh/year; 303,800 kWh/year x 1
3
35,775.70 m of natural gas/year Nm3/10.70 kWh = 28,392.52 m3 of natural
gas/year
CO2 emissions = (35,775.70 m3 x 2.15 CO2 emissions = (28,392.52 m3 x 2.15
kg/Nm3) = 76,917.76 kg CO2/year kg/Nm3) = 61,043.93 kg CO2/year

Therefore the saving in emissions is:

76,917.76 kg CO2/year - 61,043.93 kg CO2/year = 15,873.83 kg CO2/year (15.87 t
CO2/year).

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Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

2.4.2 Renewable energy connected to the grid

• Producing renewable energy (e.g. a solar or wind power installation) that is

connected to the grid translates into a reduction of emissions for the total amount
of electricity generated in Spain, that is, the electricity mix decreases
proportionally.

This means a reduction of emissions covered by the Emissions Trading System

Directive, but in no case counts as a reduction of non-ETS emissions.

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Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

 3
Transport

3.1 Cars

3.1.1 Passenger transport

CO2 emissions from motor vehicles (cars) can be calculated differently depending on
the data available. This proposal specifically includes the calculation method for three
types of data 17 :

A. litres of fuel (diesel or petrol) consumed; or, if this data is not available, option
B;
B. amount (in euros) associated with fuel consumption (diesel or petrol); or, if this
data is not available, option C;
C. km covered and make and model of car (diesel or petrol).

It also includes emission factors which are useful when the data available concerns
the distance covered but the make and model of the car are unknown.

17
The most appropriate method is that based on litres of fuel, followed by euros spent on fuel and, finally, calculation based on
kilometres covered and exact make and model of vehicle.
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Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

 A. Litres of fuel (diesel or petrol) consumed

DATA AVAILABLE CALCULATION METHOD AND EMISSION FACTOR

Calculation of CO2 emissions based on the following emission factors 18 :
• Petrol 95 or 98: 2.38 kg CO2/litre
• Diesel: 2.61 kg CO2/litre
• Bioethanol: 2.38 kg CO2/litre - % bioethanol 19
If we use bioethanol 5, the fuel has 5% bioethanol (and 95% petrol
Fuel consumption
95) and the associated emissions are 2.38 – (0.05 x 2.38) = 2.26 kg
(litres diesel or
CO2/litre
petrol)
• Biodiesel: 2.61 kg CO2/litre - % biodiesel 20
If we use biodiesel-30, that means it's 30% biodiesel (and 70% diesel)
and the associated emissions are = 2.61 – (0.3 x 2.61) = 1.83 kg
CO2/litre
• Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG): 1.63 kg CO2/litre 21

It is important to keep in mind that, in the case of electric vehicles, CO2 emissions
cannot be assumed to be zero. Electric vehicles generate CO2 emissions through the
electricity they consume to charge their batteries. Therefore, to calculate the CO2
emissions for an electric vehicle, we must multiply electricity consumption due to
charging the battery (kWh) by the electricity mix, available in section 2.1 of this
Guidance.

18
Source: Own material based on data in the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report 1990-2010 (2012); density of gas oil at 15ºC =
3 3 3
833 kg/m , density of petrol at 15ºC = 748 kg/m , density of LPG at 15ºC = 539 kg/m (Own material based on Royal Decree
1088/2010 and Royal Decree 61/2006).
19
The percentage of bioethanol in fuel may be 5%, 10% or 85%. If this data is unavailable, 5% is considered by default, since
5% bioethanol is valid for all petrol vehicles, with no need for changes to the engine.
20
The percentage of biodiesel in fuel may be 10%, 30%, 50%, 70% or 100%. If this data is unavailable, 30% is considered by
default, as this mixture is frequently used.
21
A 50% propane/50% butane mix is considered.
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Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

 B. Amount (in euros) associated with fuel consumption

DATA
CALCULATION METHOD AND EMISSION FACTOR
AVAILABLE
1.Calculation of litres consumed:
For Catalonia, the following data may be used as a guide 22 :
2012:
• Petrol 95: 143.2 euro cents/l
• Petrol 98: 155.2 euro cents/l
• Diesel: 137.3 euro cents/l
• Biodiesel: 136.5 euro cents/l 23
Cost of fuel
2.Calculation of CO2 emissions based on the following emission factors:
consumption
• Petrol: 2.38 kg CO2/litre
(diesel or petrol)
• Diesel: 2.61 kg CO2/litre
(euros)
• Bioethanol: 2.38 kg CO2/litre - % bioethanol 24
If we use bioethanol 5, the fuel has 5% bioethanol (and 95% petrol 95)
and the associated emissions are 2.38 – (0.05 x 2.38) = 2.26 kg CO2/litre
• Biodiesel: 2.61 kg CO2/litre - % biodiesel 25
If we use biodiesel-30, that means it's 30% biodiesel (and 70% diesel)
and the associated emissions are = 2.61 – (0.3 x 2.61) = 1.83 kg CO2/litre

22
Own material based on
http://www.mityc.es/energia/petroleo/Precios/Informes/InformesAnuales/Paginas/InformesAnuales.aspx
and http://geoportal.mityc.es/hidrocarburos/eess/. The price of motor fuel varies according to autonomous community. If data is
available for the autonomous community where the fuel was loaded (95 petrol or diesel), the data from Annex 5 must be
applied.
23
Biodiesel contains various percentages of metal ester (10%, 20%, 30%, 100%...).
24
The percentage of bioethanol in fuel may be 5%, 10% or 85%. If this data is unavailable, 5% is considered by default, since
5% bioethanol is valid for all petrol vehicles, with no need for changes to the engine.
25
The percentage of biodiesel in fuel may be 10%, 30%, 50%, 70% or 100%. If this data is unavailable, 30% is considered by
default, as this mixture is frequently used.
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Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

 C. km covered and make and model of vehicle (diesel or petrol)

DATA AVAILABLE CALCULATION METHOD AND EMISSION FACTOR

Direct calculation of CO2 (g CO2/km):
• IDAE guide conversion factors according to make and model of vehicle
km covered and
(latest edition of the ‘Guide to Consumption and Emissions for New
make and exact
Vehicles’)
model of vehicle
http://www.idae.es/coches/

If none of the above data is available (fuel consumption, cost of fuel, distance
covered plus make and model of vehicle), and only the distance covered (km) is
known, the following emission factors may be used 26 .

EMISSIONS ACCORDING TO SPEED (g CO2/km)

FUEL CUBIC CAPACITY HIGH (107 km/h)
AVERAGE (70 km/h)
URBAN (21 km/h) Motorways and dual
Other roads
carriageways
<1.4 l 205.87 135.96 156.50
Petrol 1.4 - 2.01 l 252.62 157.34 173.33
>2 l 344.32 192.88 220.33
<2 l 215.90 134.54 160.68
Diesel
>2 l 265.94 169.62 202.22
Hybrid Any 105.43 101.86 129.44
LPG Any 175.95 136.10 175.07

Emissions according to distance covered vary depending on a number of factors,

such as vehicle characteristics and speed limit. The table shows emission factors (g
CO2/km) as an aggregate. The use of emission factors by vehicle type separated by
driving type (g CO2/km), found in Annex 3, is recommended.

26
Source: Own material based on the Corinair Emission Inventory Guidebook 2009 (updated May 2012), chapter 1.A.3.b. Traffic
speeds from SIMCAT 2010 (Information and Modelling System for Territorial Policy Assessment in Catalonia), Ministry of
Territory and Sustainability.
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Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

3.1.2 Goods transport
The same calculation method as for passenger transport emissions (section 3.1.1) is
proposed for goods transport by car.
To give the most realistic results possible, the percentage represented by the load
transported in respect of the vehicle total load must be established. This can be done
based on certain hypotheses according to the data available. The emissions
associated with the transport of certain goods will be proportional to the percentage
that those goods represent of the total load carried.

22

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

 3.2 Lorries, pickups and minivans
3.2.1 Passenger transport
As with cars, the calculation method varies according to the type of data available 27 :

A. Litres of fuel (diesel or petrol) consumed

DATA AVAILABLE CALCULATION METHOD AND EMISSION FACTOR

Calculation of CO2 emissions based on the following emission factors 28 .
• Petrol 95 or 98: 2.38 kg CO2/litre
• Diesel: 2.61 kg CO2/litre
• Bioethanol: 2.38 kg CO2/litre - % bioethanol 29
If we use bioethanol 5, the fuel has 5% bioethanol (and 95% petrol
Fuel consumption
95) and the associated emissions are 2.38 – (0.05 x 2.38) = 2.26 kg
(litres diesel or
CO2/litre
petrol)
• Biodiesel: 2.61 kg CO2/litre - % biodiesel 30
If we use biodiesel-30, that means it's 30% biodiesel (and 70% diesel)
and the associated emissions are = 2.61 – (0.3 x 2.61) = 1.83 kg
CO2/litre
• Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG): 1.63 kg CO2/litre 31

It is important to keep in mind that, in the case of electric vehicles, CO2 emissions
cannot be calculated as zero. Electric vehicles generate CO2 emissions through the
electricity they consume to charge their batteries. Therefore, to calculate the CO2
emissions for an electric vehicle, we must multiply electricity consumption due to
charging the battery (kWh) by the electricity mix, available in section 2.1 of this
Guidance.

27
The most appropriate method is that based on litres of fuel, followed by euros spent on fuel.
28
Source: Own material based on data in the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report 1990-2010 (2012); density of gasoil at 15ºC=
3 3
833 kg/m , density of petrol at 15ºC = 748 kg/m (Own material based on Royal Decree 1088/2010).
29
The percentage of bioethanol in fuel may be 5%, 10% or 85%. If this data is unavailable, 5% is considered by default, since
5% bioethanol is valid for all petrol vehicles, with no need for changes to the engine.
30
The percentage of biodiesel in fuel may be 10%, 30%, 50%, 70% or 100%. If this data is unavailable, 30% is considered by
default, as this mixture is frequently used.
31
A 50% propane/50% butane mix is considered.
23

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

 B. Amount (in euros) associated with fuel consumption (diesel or petrol)

DATA
CALCULATION METHOD AND EMISSION FACTOR
AVAILABLE
1.Calculation of litres consumed (euro cents/litre):
For Catalonia, the following data may be used as a guide 32 :
2012:
• Petrol 95: 143.2 euro cents/l
• Petrol 98: 155.2 euro cents/l
• Diesel: 137.3 euro cents/l
• Biodiesel: 136.5 euro cents/l 33
Cost of fuel
2.Calculation of CO2 emissions based on the following emission factors:
consumption
• Petrol: 2.38 kg CO2/litre
(diesel or petrol)
• Diesel: 2.61 kg CO2/litre
(euros)
• Bioethanol: 2.38 kg CO2/litre - % bioethanol 34
If we use bioethanol 5, the fuel has 5% bioethanol (and 95% petrol 95)
and the associated emissions are 2.38 – (0.05 x 2.38) = 2.26 kg CO2/litre
• Biodiesel: 2.61 kg CO2/litre - % biodiesel 35
If we use biodiesel-30, that means it's 30% biodiesel (and 70% diesel)
and the associated emissions are = 2.61 – (0.3 x 2.61) = 1.83 kg CO2/litre

32
Own material based on
http://www.mityc.es/energia/petroleo/Precios/Informes/InformesAnuales/Paginas/InformesAnuales.aspx
and http://geoportal.mityc.es/hidrocarburos/eess/. The price of motor fuel varies according to autonomous community. If data is
available for the autonomous community where the fuel was loaded (95 petrol or diesel), the data from Annex 5 must be
applied.
33
Biodiesel contains various percentages of metal ester (10%, 20%, 30%, 100%...).
34
The percentage of bioethanol in fuel may be 5%, 10% or 85%. If this data is unavailable, 5% is considered by default, since
5% bioethanol is valid for all petrol vehicles, with no need for changes to the engine.
35
The percentage of biodiesel in fuel may be 10%, 30%, 50%, 70% or 100%. If this data is unavailable, 30% is considered by
default, as this mixture is frequently used.
24

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

If none of the above data is available (fuel consumption, cost of fuel, distance
covered plus make and model of vehicle), and only the distance covered (km) is
known, the following emission factors may be used 36 .

EMISSIONS ACCORDING TO SPEED (g CO2/km)

VEHICLE TYPE AVERAGE (63 HIGH (97 km/h)
URBAN (21 km/h) km/h) Motorways and
Other roads dual carriageways
Light Petrol Any 391.20 210.84 213.71
(minivan) Diesel Any 307.69 194.48 268.78

EMISSIONS ACCORDING TO SPEED (g CO2/km)

VEHICLE TYPE AVERAGE (54 HIGH (84 km/h)
URBAN (12 km/h) km/h) Motorways and
Other roads dual carriageways
<= 14 t 788.53 397.25 410.38
Rigid
Heavy diesel >14 t 1629.90 487.52 470.09
(lorry) <= 34 t 1484.79 573.59 527.76
Articulated
>34 t 2147.16 666.35 590.14

Emissions according to distance covered vary depending on a number of factors,

such as vehicle characteristics and speed limit. The table shows emission factors (g
CO2/km) as an aggregate. The use of emission factors by vehicle type separated by
driving type (g CO2/km), found in Annex 3, is recommended.

36
Source: Own material based on the Corinair Emission Inventory Guidebook 2009 (updated May 2012), chapter 1.A.3.b. Traffic
speeds from SIMCAT 2010 (Information and Modelling System for Territorial Policy Assessment in Catalonia), Ministry of
Territory and Sustainability.
25

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

3.2.2 Goods transport
The same calculation method as for passenger transport emissions (section 3.2.1) is
proposed for goods transport by lorry, pickup and minivan.
To give the most realistic results possible, the percentage represented by the load
transported in respect of the vehicle total load must be established. This can be done
based on certain hypotheses according to the data available. The emissions
associated with the transport of certain goods will be proportional to the percentage
that those goods represent of the total load carried.

26

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

 3.3 Mopeds and motorbikes
3.3.1 Passenger transport

As with cars, the calculation method varies according to the type of data available 37 :

A. Litres of fuel (diesel or petrol) consumed

SOURCE OF
CALCULATION METHOD AND EMISSION FACTOR
DATA

Calculation of CO2 emissions based on the following emission factor 38 :

Fuel consumption
• Petrol 95 or 98: 2.38 kg CO2/litre
(litres petrol)
• Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG): 1.63 kg CO2/litre 39

It is important to keep in mind that, in the case of electric vehicles, CO2 emissions
cannot be calculated as zero. Electric vehicles generate CO2 emissions through the
electricity they consume to charge their batteries. Therefore, to calculate the CO2
emissions for an electric vehicle, we must multiply electricity consumption due to
charging the battery (kWh) by the electricity mix, available in section 2.1 of this
Guidance.

37
The most appropriate method is that based on litres of fuel, followed by euros spent on fuel.
38
Source: Own material based on data in the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report 1990-2010 (2012); density of gas oil at 15ºC =
3 3
833 kg/m , density of petrol at 15ºC = 748 kg/m (Own material based on Royal Decree 1088/2010).
39
A 50% propane/50% butane mix is considered.
27

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

 B. Amount (in euros) associated with fuel consumption

DATA
CALCULATION METHOD AND EMISSION FACTOR
AVAILABLE
1. Calculation of litres consumed (euro cents/litre):
For Catalonia, the following data may be used as a guide 40 :
Cost of fuel 2012:
consumption • Petrol 95: 143.2 euro cents/l
(petrol) (euros) • Petrol 98: 155.2 euro cents/l
2. Calculation of CO2 emissions based on the following emission factor:
• Petrol: 2.38 kg CO2/litre

40
Own material based on
http://www.mityc.es/energia/petroleo/Precios/Informes/InformesAnuales/Paginas/InformesAnuales.aspx
and http://geoportal.mityc.es/hidrocarburos/eess/. The price of motor fuel varies according to autonomous community. If data is
available for the autonomous community where the fuel was loaded (95 petrol or diesel), the data from Annex 5 must be
applied.
28

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

If none of the above data is available (fuel consumption, cost of fuel, distance
covered plus make and model of vehicle), and only the distance covered (km) is
known, the following emission factors may be used 41 .

EMISSIONS ACCORDING TO SPEED (g CO2/km)

VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION AVERAGE (70 HIGH (107 km/h)
URBAN (25 km/h) km/h) Motorways and
Other roads dual carriageways
Conventional 79.58 - -
Moped
Average Euro class 39.87 - -
2 stroke < 250 cc 105.22 85.87 126.32
4 stroke < 250 cc 83.03 80.56 108.48
Motorbike
4 stroke 250-750 cc 134.71 105.73 138.00
4 stroke > 750 cc 169.37 123.60 149.01

Emissions according to distance covered vary depending on a number of factors,

such as vehicle characteristics and speed limit. The table shows emission factors (g
CO2/km) as an aggregate. The use of emission factors by vehicle type separated by
driving type (g CO2/km), found in Annex 3, is recommended.

3.3.2 Goods transport

The same calculation method as for passenger transport emissions (section 3.3.1) is
proposed for goods transport by motorbike.
To give the most realistic results possible, the percentage represented by the load
transported in respect of the vehicle total load must be established. This can be done
based on certain hypotheses according to the data available. The emissions
associated with the transport of certain goods will be proportional to the percentage
that those goods represent of the total load carried.

41
Source: Own material based on the Corinair Emission Inventory Guidebook 2009 (updated May 2012), chapter 1.A.3.b. Traffic
speeds from SIMCAT 2010 (Information and Modelling System for Territorial Policy Assessment in Catalonia), Ministry of
Territory and Sustainability.
29

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

 3.4 Buses and coaches
For petrol, diesel, biofuel or natural gas buses or coaches, the CO2 emission factors
by fuel are 42 :

A. Litres of fuel (diesel or petrol) consumed

DATA AVAILABLE CALCULATION METHOD AND EMISSION FACTOR

Calculation of CO2 emissions based on the following emission factors 43 :
• Petrol 95 or 98: 2.38 kg CO2/litre
• Diesel: 2.61 kg CO2/litre
• Bioethanol: 2.38 kg CO2/litre - % bioethanol 44
• If we use bioethanol 5, the fuel has 5% bioethanol (and 95% petrol
Fuel consumption 95) and the associated emissions are 2.38 – (0.05 x 2.38) = 2.26 kg
(litres diesel or CO2/litre
petrol) • Biodiesel: 2.61 kg CO2/litre - % biodiesel 45
• If we use biodiesel-30, that means it's 30% biodiesel (and 70% diesel)
and the associated emissions are = 2.61 – (0.3 x 2.61) = 1.83 kg
CO2/litre
• Natural gas: 2.74 kg CO2/kg gas natural 46
• Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG): 1.63 kg CO2/litre 47

It is important to keep in mind that, in the case of electric vehicles, CO2 emissions
cannot be calculated as zero. Electric vehicles generate CO2 emissions through the
electricity they consume to charge their batteries. Therefore, to calculate the CO2
emissions for an electric vehicle, we must multiply electricity consumption due to
charging the battery (kWh) by the electricity mix, available in section 2.1 of this
Guidance.

42
The most appropriate method is that based on litres of fuel, followed by euros spent on fuel.
43
Source: Own material based on data in the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report 1990-2010 (2012); density of gas oil at 15ºC =
3 3
833 kg/m , density of petrol at 15ºC = 748 kg/m (Own material based on Royal Decree 1088/2010).
44
The percentage of bioethanol in fuel may be 5%, 10% or 85%. If this data is unavailable, 5% is considered by default, since
5% bioethanol is valid for all petrol vehicles, with no need for changes to the engine.
45
The percentage of biodiesel in fuel may be 10%, 30%, 50%, 70% or 100%. If this data is unavailable, 30% is considered by
default, as this mixture is frequently used.
46
Source: Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report 1990-2010 (2012).
47
A 50% propane/50% butane mix is considered.
30

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

 B. Amount (in euros) associated with fuel consumption

DATA
CALCULATION METHOD AND EMISSION FACTOR
AVAILABLE
1. Calculation of litres consumed:
For Catalonia, the following data may be used as a guide 48 :
2012:
• Petrol 95: 143.2 euro cents/l
• Petrol 98: 155.2 euro cents/l
• Diesel: 137.3 euro cents/l
• Biodiesel: 136.5 euro cents/l 49
Cost of fuel
2. Calculation of CO2 emissions based on the following emission factors:
consumption
• Petrol: 2.38 kg CO2/litre
(diesel or petrol)
• Diesel: 2.61 kg CO2/litre
(euros)
• Bioethanol: 2.38 kg CO2/litre - % bioethanol 50
If we use bioethanol 5, the fuel has 5% bioethanol (and 95% petrol 95)
and the associated emissions are 2.38 – (0.05 x 2.38) = 2.26 kg CO2/litre
• Biodiesel: 2.61 kg CO2/litre - % biodiesel 51
If we use biodiesel-30, that means it's 30% biodiesel (and 70% diesel)
and the associated emissions are = 2.61 – (0.3 x 2.61) = 1.83 kg CO2/litre

48
Own material based on
http://www.mityc.es/energia/petroleo/Precios/Informes/InformesAnuales/Paginas/InformesAnuales.aspx
and http://geoportal.mityc.es/hidrocarburos/eess/. The price of motor fuel varies according to autonomous community. If data is
available for the autonomous community where the fuel was loaded (95 petrol or diesel), the data from Annex 5 must be
applied.
49
Biodiesel contains various percentages of metal ester (10%, 20%, 30%, 100%...).
50
The percentage of bioethanol in fuel may be 5%, 10% or 85%. If this data is unavailable, 5% is considered by default, since
5% bioethanol is valid for all petrol vehicles, with no need for changes to the engine.
51
The percentage of biodiesel in fuel may be 10%, 30%, 50%, 70% or 100%. If this data is unavailable, 30% is considered by
default, as this mixture is frequently used.
31

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

If none of the above data is available (fuel consumption, cost of fuel, distance
covered plus make and model of vehicle), and only the distance covered (km) is
known, the following emission factors may be used 52 .

EMISSIONS ACCORDING TO SPEED (g CO2/km)

VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION AVERAGE (54 HIGH (84 km/h)
URBAN (12 km/h) km/h) Motorways and
Other roads dual carriageways
Standard <= 18 t 1873.20 721.12 596.21
Diesel coach
3 axles > 18 t 2211.94 810.13 665.10

Emissions according to distance covered vary depending on a number of factors,

such as vehicle characteristics and speed limit. The table shows emission factors (g
CO2/km) as an aggregate. The use of emission factors by vehicle type separated by
driving type (g CO2/km), found in Annex 3, is recommended.

To calculate the emissions associated with urban natural gas buses, the following
factor is applied:
EMISSION FACTOR
MODE
(g CO2/passenger/km) 53
URBAN NATURAL GAS-
82.81
POWERED BUS

The emission factor associated with urban buses is an average datum based on
theoretical data on CO2 emissions per kilometre and a hypothetical average
occupancy of urban and intercity buses of 16 passengers/bus.

The urban bus is a mode of public transport that offers citizens a range of
advantages, such as linking areas with no alternative means of transport, as well as
providing the benefits associated with less congestion and improved air quality
thanks to a decrease in private transport.

52
Source: Own material based on the Corinair Emission Inventory Guidebook 2009 (updated May 2012), chapter 1.A.3.b. Traffic
speeds from SIMCAT 2010 (Information and Modelling System for Territorial Policy Assessment in Catalonia), Ministry of
Territory and Sustainability.
53
Source: Own material based on data from http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-emission-inventory-guidebook-
2009/ (chapter 1.A.3.b) and data on theoretical average occupancy of urban and intercity buses.
32

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

 3.5 Sea transport
The CO2 emission factors according to fuel used are:
FUEL EMISSION FACTOR 54

Diesel/Gas oil 3.206 kg CO2/kg gas oil

2.725 kg CO2/l gas oil 55
Light fuel oil 3.151 kg CO2/kg light fuel oil
Heavy fuel oil 3.114 kg CO2/kg heavy fuel oil
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) 3.015 kg CO2/kg LPG
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) 2.750 kg CO2/kg LNG

54
Source: Own material based on Guidelines for Voluntary Use of the Ship Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator (EEOI).
MEPC.1/Circ. 684. http://www.imo.org.
55 3
Density of shipping gas oil at 15ºC= 850 kg/m (Own material based on Royal Decree 1088/2010).

33

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

3.6 Air transport
To estimate the emissions associated with plane journeys, parameters are used for
each type of plane, such as distance covered (kilometres), take-off height and
cruising altitude, amongst others. Therefore, the associated emissions are not
proportional to the kilometres covered. The International Civil Aviation Organization
(ICAO) is a specialised agency of the United Nations that sets the necessary
standards and regulations for the safety, efficiency and regularity of air transport and
its environmental protection. The ICAO has developed a CO2 emissions calculator for
air travel based on a specific methodology. Verified by the ICAO, the methodology
applies the best publicly available industry data and considers factors such as type of
plane, route-specific data, passenger load factors and cargo carried. 56

The ICAO CO2 emissions calculator is available at: ICAO Carbon Emissions
Calculator. To use the calculator, follow this procedure:
• Enter airport of origin in the 'From' field. If the user enters the name of the city of
origin, a drop-down list appears with the codes of the city's airports. Select the
airport of origin from the list.
• Enter destination airport in the 'To' field. If the user enters the name of the city of
destination, a drop-down list appears with the codes of the city's airports. Select
the destination airport from the list.
Once the airport of origin is selected, only an airport to which there is a direct flight
can be entered as a destination. Therefore, on flights with one or more stopovers,
each flight must be entered separately.

The example below shows the steps to follow for a flight with one stopover. To
calculate the emissions for a flight Barcelona (BCN) – Denver (DEN) with a stopover
in London (LHR) (round trip) for one economy-class passenger, follow the steps
below:

56
For more information on the ICAO method, see: ICAO Carbon Emissions Calculator. Version 5. June 2012 MODIFIED LINK.
The ICAO calculator does not consider the radiative forcing index or other multipliers because the scientific community has not
reached a consensus on their use (Questions and answers on the ICAO Carbon Emissions Calculator).
34

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

1. Select ticket type (My ticket is): choose from Economy Class or Premium Class

(Economy Premium, Business, or First). In the example, Economy Class.

2. Select the type of trip: One-Way or Round Trip. In the example, Round Trip.

3. Indicate how many passengers are taking the flight (Number of passengers). In

the example, one.

4. Airport of origin (‘From’ field): BARCELONA, ESP (BCN).

5. Destination airport (‘To’ field): LONDON (GBR) (LHR).

6. Click on Add a flight. This enables us to enter a second flight following a stopover

in London.
7. A new drop-down list is created automatically where the airport of origin is

LONDON (GBR) (LHR), enter DENVER, USA (DEN) in the ‘To’ field
8. Finally, calculate the CO2 emissions by clicking on Calculate.

The result obtained is 1,224.22 kg CO2, and if we click on More Details we can see
other data, such as:
• Distance covered on each flight: 1,146 km from Barcelona to London, and 7,491
km from London to Denver.
• Average fuel consumption (kg): 4,397 kg of fuel on the Barcelona–London stretch
and 59,670 kg of fuel on the London–Denver stretch.

35

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

EXAMPLE

A company with offices in Barcelona wishing to calculate the annual impact its
business flights have on climate change makes the following calculations for its
personnel.
No. of passengers Annual emissions
Origin Destination
taking the flight (kg CO2)
Barcelona
Madrid
(BARCELONA, 5 637.13
(MADRID, ESP (MAD))
ESP (BCN))
Barcelona
Brussels (BRUSSELS,
(BARCELONA, 2 399.40
BEL (BRU))
ESP (BCN))
Denver, with stopover
Barcelona in London
(BARCELONA, DENVER, USA (DEN) 1 1,224.22
ESP (BCN)) (via LONDON, GBR
(LHR))
Annual total 2,260.75

All flights in the example are economy class and round trip. The number of
passengers is given as entry data and the annual emissions for each trip are given
by the ICAO calculator.

36

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

3.7 Rail transport
3.7.1 Passenger transport
To calculate the emissions associated with rail transport, the following factors are
applied, according to mode of transport 57 :

MODE EMISSION FACTOR (g CO2/passenger *km)

RENFE HIGH-SPEED (AVE) 28.8

RENFE AVANT 31.5

RENFE LONG DISTANCE 30.6

RENFE MIIDDLE DISTANCE (REGIONAL) 30.0

RENFE LOCAL 42.0

FGC 32.7

TRAM 73.8

METRO 49.6

The emissions associated with rail transport are covered by the Emissions Trading
System Directive when they involve electric trains.

57
Source: RENFE, FGC and tram: Own material based on Ministry of Territory and Sustainability data. Metro: Own material
based on data for 2011 from Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona (including metro line 9). All emission factors include
electricity consumption due to traction and at stations. The Spanish electricity mix for 2012 has been used (see section 2.1).
37

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

3.7.2 Goods transport
To calculate the emissions associated with rail freight transport, the following factor is
applied 58 :
EMISSION FACTOR
MODE
(g CO2/ t load x km)

RENFE DIESEL 40.85

FGC DIESEL 42.48

RENFE ELECTRIC 21

The emissions associated with rail transport are covered by the Emissions Trading
System Directive when they involve electric trains.

58
Own material based on Ministry of Territory and Sustainability data. For electric trains, the 2012 Spanish electricity mix has
been used (see section 2.1).
38

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

 3.8 Agriculture
To calculate the emissions associated with an agricultural vehicle, the following factor
is applied:
EMISSION FACTOR 59
FUEL
(kg CO2/litre)

Agricultural gas oil 2.67

Liquefied petroleum gas

1.63
(LPG) 60

It is important to keep in mind that, in the case of electric vehicles, CO2 emissions
cannot be calculated as zero. Electric vehicles generate CO2 emissions through the
electricity they consume to charge their batteries. Therefore, to calculate the CO2
emissions for an electric vehicle, we must multiply electricity consumption due to
charging the battery (kWh) by the electricity mix, available in section 2.1 of this
Guidance.
.

59
Source: Own material based on data from the Greenhouse Gas Inventories Report 1990-2010 (2012) and density of
3
agricultural gas oil at 15ºC = 850 kg/m (Own material based on Royal Decree 1088/2010).
60
A 50% propane/50% butane mix is considered.
39

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

 4
Fugitive emissions
4.1 Fluorinated gases

The greenhouse gases (GHG) in the Kyoto Protocol include, amongst others, three
groups of fluorinated gases: hydrofluorocarbons (HFC), perfluorocarbons (PFC) and
sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). Fluorinated gases are used in various types of
products and applications, specifically and depending on the type of gas:
- HFCs are the most common group of fluorinated gases. They are used in
various sectors and in a number of applications, such as refrigerants in
refrigeration, air-conditioning and heat pump equipment, blowing agents for
foams, fire extinguishers, aerosol propellants and solvents.
- PFCs are generally used in the electronics sector and in the cosmetic and
pharmaceutical industry, and to a lesser extent in refrigeration in place of
CFC. In the past, PFCs were also used as fire extinguishers and can still be
found in old fire protection systems.
- SF6 is used mainly as an insulating gas, in high-voltage switchgear and as a
protective gas in magnesium and aluminium production.

To calculate the fugitive emissions of fluorinated greenhouse gases, the emission

factor given in the table in Annex 3 is applied to the quantity of fluorinated gas (unit
mass).
Fugitive emissions may be produced due to unwanted leaks of fluorinated gas. There
are various types of controls to detect such leaks. These controls may be standard,
routine checks on equipment containing 3 kilos or more of F-gas charge, post-repair
checks following detection of a leak, or start-up checks in recently installed
equipment. Likewise, equipment containing 300 kg or more of fluorinated gas must
40

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

 have leakage detection systems which alert the operator on detection. When a leak
is detected, regardless of the type of check made, the quantity of fluorinated gas
added must be noted in the equipment records.

The following are just some examples of how to determine the F-gas charge (kg),
based on which potential GHG emissions are calculated:
A. Equipment labels.
B. Manual or technical specifications from the manufacturer, supplier or
services company.
C. Equipment records.

EXAMPLE OF FUGITIVE FLUORINATED GAS EMISSIONS

A plant has a heat pump with an F-gas charge of 45 kg. The heat pump does not have
a leak detector and during a routine check a leak is detected. It is repaired and 2 kg of
fluorinated gas (HFC-134a) is recharged. The associated CO2 emissions are calculated
as follows:

INITIAL FINAL
F-gas charge = 43 kg HFC-134a
F-gas charge = 45 kg HFC-134a CO2 emissions = 2 kg HFC-134a x
1,300 = 2,600 kg CO2-eq

Total associated emissions: 2,600 kg CO2-eq

41

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

 5
Waste
5.1 Emissions from municipal waste management
To estimate the GHG emissions from municipal waste management, first establish
the amount of waste generated and the type of management it undergoes (separate
collection or otherwise).
The GHG emission factors included in this section consider:
• Municipal solid waste, that is, waste generated in households, shops, offices
and services, and waste not considered hazardous and that can be treated like
waste generated in the aforementioned places and activities. The following are
also considered municipal solid waste: waste from street, green space,
recreation area and beach cleaning; dead pets; discarded furniture, electric and
electronic equipment, clothes, batteries, utensils and abandoned vehicles; waste
and rubble from minor building and domestic repair work. Also included is
commercial waste, defined as waste generated by the retail or wholesale trade,
hotels and restaurants, bars, markets, offices and services. In terms of
management, waste from industry that could be considered municipal also falls
into this subgroup.
• The following fractions: paper and cardboard, glass packaging, light packaging,
organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and the non-segregated
fraction.
• CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions expressed in CO2-eq. In normal operating
conditions, waste management does not generate F-gas emissions (HFC, PFC
or SF6).
• The emissions generated from the moment the product becomes waste and is
put in a bin up to its final treatment. That is, direct and indirect emissions from
the complete management process: collection and transport, transfer plants,
42

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

 pre-treatment plants, and treatment and final disposal plants. Likewise, and
under ISO 14064, part 1, ISO 14069, and the GHG Protocol, emissions savings
obtained from waste treatment processes are not considered.

If there is no separate collection, the emission factor is the same as that of the non-
segregated fraction, that is, 1,028.97 g CO2-eq/kg waste.

With separate collection, the emission factor varies according to the waste fraction.
The amount of waste generated may be given in different units:
A. kg waste per fraction.
B. m3 waste per fraction.

A. kg waste generated per fraction

AVAILABLE DATA CALCULATION METHOD AND EMISSION FACTOR

Calculation of CO2 emissions based on the following emission factors 61 :

• Glass packaging: 36.93 g CO2-eq/kg waste
Waste generation (kg • Light packaging: 126.51 g CO2-eq/kg waste
waste) • Paper/cardboard: 62.84 g CO2-eq/kg waste
• OFMSW: 109.65 g CO2-eq/kg waste
• Non-segregated fraction: 1,028.97 g CO2-eq/kg waste

61
Source: Calculation of GHG emissions from Municipal Waste Management. Method for Organisations. November 2012.
43

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

 B. m3 waste generated by fraction

DATA AVAILABLE CALCULATION METHOD AND EMISSION FACTOR

1. Calculation of kg of waste generated by fraction:
To calculate kilos of waste when the known datum is m3 of waste, apply
the following weight/volume factors 62 :
• Glass packaging: 300 kg/m3
• Light packaging: 28 kg/m3
• Paper/cardboard: 65 kg/m3
• OFMSW: 600 kg/m3
Waste generation
• Non-segregated fraction: 120 kg/m3
(m3 waste)
2. Calculation of CO2 emissions from emission factors in Table A (g CO2-
eq/kg waste):
• Glass packaging: 36.93 g CO2-eq/kg waste
• Light packaging: 126.51 g CO2-eq/kg waste
• Paper/cardboard: 62.84 g CO2-eq/kg waste
• OFMSW: 109.65 g CO2-eq/kg waste
• Non-segregated fraction: 1,028.97 g CO2-eq/kg waste

EXAMPLE OF EMISSIONS DERIVED FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

An elderly care home generates 3,000 kg of waste a year. The home has never segregated
waste since it opened, but this year, the Management decided to segregate paper,
packaging, glass, organic matter and the non-segregated fraction, following the ‘Best
Practice Guidelines’ promoted by the Catalan Ministry of Health.

If we consider that the total amount of municipal waste has not varied from year to year, the
saving in emissions due to a change in waste management (from no segregation to waste
segregation into fractions) is calculated as follows:

62
Source: Waste Agency of Catalonia (ARC): Approximate weight/volume conversion factors of the five main waste fractions.

44

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

 INITIAL

1 ,028 .97 gCO 2 -eq 1 kgCO 2 -eq

Total Waste = 3 , 000 kg × × = 3 ,086 .91 kgCO 2 eq
kg waste 1000 gCO 2 -eq

Total emissions = 3,086.91 kg CO2-eq = 3.09 t CO2-eq

FINAL

36 .93 gCO 2 -eq 1 kgCO 2 -eq

Glass = 200 kg × × = 7.39 kgCO 2 -eq
kg waste 1000 gCO 2 -eq

126 .51 gCO 2 -eq 1 kgCO 2 -eq

Packaging = 600 kg × × = 75 .91 kgCO 2 -eq
kg waste 1000 gCO 2 -eq

62 .84 gCO 2 -eq 1 kgCO 2 -eq

Paper/ = 300 kg × × = 18 .85 kgCO 2 -eq
Cardboard kg waste 1000 gCO 2 -eq

109 .65 gCO 2 -eq 1 kgCO 2 -eq

Organic = 900 kg × × = 98 .68 kgCO 2 -eq
kg waste 1000 gCO 2 -eq

1 , 028 .97 gCO 2 -eq 1 kgCO 2 -eq

Non- = 1000 kg × × = 1 ,028 .97 kgCO 2 -eq
segregated kg waste 1000 gCO 2 -eq

Total emissions = 7.39+75.91+18.85+98.68+1,028.97 = 1,229.80 kg CO2-eq = 1.23 t CO2-

eq

EMISSIONS AVOIDED

So, segregating waste into fractions at source led to a saving in emissions at the home
equivalent to:

Saving: 3,086.91 kg CO2-eq – 1,229.80 kg CO2-eq = 1,857.11 kg CO2-eq, which equals a

60.2% reduction in emissions from waste.

45

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

For detailed information on the calculation method for GHG emissions from municipal
waste management, see the OCCC publication Calculation of GHG Emissions from
Municipal Waste Management. Method for Organisations.

46

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

Annex 1
Estimate of emissions associated with events 63

The holding of events involves GHG emissions, which can be estimated. This annex
covers the aspects to be considered in estimating GHG emissions associated with
the holding of events. It contains a non-exhaustive list, in that it cannot include every
aspect to be considered and therefore can be amended according to the nature of
the event for which we are estimating the GHG emissions.

When holding an event, first, define the type of event. It may be a symposium,
congress, conference, course, opening ceremony, official presentation, etc., and can
last any length of time (one-off or over several days).

Depending on the source of the emissions associated with it, the event can be
classed as:
• Emissions from energy consumption: fossil fuel consumption and electricity
consumption.
• Emissions from transport.
• Emissions from the use of materials and resources: consumption of materials
and resources other than fossil fuels and electricity.

To estimate emissions associated with each of the above, the calculation limits must
be determined. To do so, a series of key factors that condition the calculation must
be defined. These factors are:
• Emissions from energy consumption:
ƒ Define the spatial scope: venue where the event is held, accommodation for
out-of-town visitors, other.
ƒ Define the timeframe: only the days on which the event takes place, or
including assembly/dismantling days.

63
See also the Guide to Environmentally Friendly Events, which aims to serve as a tool for government agencies considering
organising an event, in the context of greening public procurement.
47

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

 ƒ Define the scope of emissions: electricity consumption, air conditioning,
electrical equipment, fossil fuel equipment.
ƒ Identify the calculation method: for example, use of unit emission factors
(electricity mix, fossil fuel mix). The Guidance and the calculator it is based on are
useful tools in this respect.

• Emissions from transport:

ƒ Define the scope of mobility: number of attendees and journeys (origin and
destination)
− Trips by attendees (participants, organisers and speakers) from their home
town to the site of the event.
− Trips linked to specific event activities.
− Trips to accommodation by out-of-town visitors.
− Trips by logistics services (assembly services, material and service
providers).
− Other trips.
In order have this information available, assess the need to request
information on mode of transport and kilometres covered (or starting point and
destination) in the various journeys made by attendees.

ƒ Identify the calculation method: for example, unit emission factors for each
means of transport. The Guidance and the calculator it is based on are useful
tools in this respect.

• Emissions from the use of materials and resources:

ƒ Define the scope of materials and resources (raw materials, water, waste
generated).
ƒ Identify the calculation method: with the Guidance and calculator, emissions
from municipal waste management can now be estimated.

The emissions from each of these areas may be more or less representative of the
total emissions depending on the type of event. Each organisation can decide which

48

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

 emissions categories it wishes to estimate for an event. It is important, however, to
include the more significant emissions categories in the calculation of total emissions.

The method for calculating the emissions associated with events will depend on the
type of data available. The table below shows the type of calculation that can be
done with this Guidance 64 :

Type of calculation Available data Emissions calculation method

ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Emissions from energy
kWh consumed Calculation based on electricity mix
consumption
kWh generated by the fossil
Emissions from fossil fuel Calculation based on
fuel consumed
consumption corresponding emission factor
kg or l fossil fuel consumed
TRANSPORT 65
Calculation based on
Emissions from cars, litres of fuel consumed
corresponding emission factor
lorries/pickups/minivans,
€ spent on fuel consumed
mopeds/motorbikes, Calculation based on estimate of
(not valid for urban natural
buses/coaches litres of fuel consumed
gas-powered bus)
Calculation based on reference
Emissions from cars, vehicle for cars
lorries/pickups/minivans, km covered on journey and Æ Calculation based on average
mopeds/motorbikes, urban mode of transport emission factor for cars (if make
buses, rail transport and model are not known) and for
the other means of transport
Origin and destination Calculation based on ICAO
Emissions from air transport
(including stopovers) calculator
Calculation based on
Emissions from sea transport kg of fuel consumed
corresponding emission factor
WASTE GENERATION
Emissions derived from kg or m3 generated per Calculation based on
municipal waste generation fraction corresponding emission factors

64

Annex 3 of the Guidance lists emission factors according to the data available on the activity.
65
In calculating emissions from transport, two groups are considered:
1. Emissions from organisation-owned transport; therefore, estimates are made based on data such as fuel consumption,
euros spent on fuel or distance covered, and make and model of vehicle (as per section 3 of the Guidance).
2. Emissions from the transport of people taking part: here the degree of estimation will be greater, because average
emission factors will have to be applied per type of vehicle (g CO2/km), as often the exact type of vehicle of each
participant is unknown.
49

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

Annex 2
Calculation of emissions in public authorities

Towns the world over, and in general the different geographical levels of government
agencies, have become aware of the changes taking place and the threats posed by
global warming. They have recognised the need to monitor and manage their
greenhouse gas emissions. By doing so, they can be prepared and establish public
policies and municipal actions that help to mitigate climate change and improve our
ability to adapt to the changes taking place.
The fight against climate change is a huge challenge in which the contribution of local
governments is essential, as many of their policies are capable of affecting
processes that alter the composition of the atmosphere.

Municipal emissions inventories, for instance, include GHG emissions derived

directly from town council activities, such as energy consumption for street lighting,
facilities and vehicle fleets; and also emissions on which town councils can act, albeit
indirectly: the domestic sector, services, transport, waste and water.
Therefore, two parallel levels of inventory can be established:
• Public Authority Inventory: includes emissions from local authority
operations (town council or any other public administration), that can be
calculated like those of any other organisation by applying this Guidance.
• Territorial Inventory: this includes all emissions in a municipality, region or
area defined according to the geopolitical limits of the Administration,
associated with the activities of its inhabitants and the facilities in the territory.
An inventory of these emissions could be comparable to national greenhouse
gas emissions inventories. Such inventories are more complex and require a
specific methodology, which is currently being developed. Within the
framework of ISO 14064, some organisations, such as the ICLEI and the
ADEME, amongst others, are preparing guides and recommendations on
drawing up these inventories.

50

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

The aim of this Annex is to provide town councils and other government agencies
with guidelines for calculating their GHG emissions at organisation level (Public
Authority Inventory). Specifically, it includes emissions related to the authorities'
direct activities, such as energy consumption (electricity and fossil fuels) for street
lighting, municipal or government facilities (town council, municipal education
centres, sports facilities) and municipal or government vehicle fleets.

As in any organisation, three scopes of emissions are defined:

1. Scope 1: direct emissions

This includes direct town council or administration emissions from sources they own
or manage.

This scope includes the following emissions categories:

- Emissions due to fossil fuel consumption in public authority facilities:
o Town Council or government agency offices
o Education centres
o Sports facilities
o Social and cultural centres, civic halls and libraries
o Other (markets, cemeteries, wastewater treatment plants...)
o Etc.

To estimate these emissions, see section 2.2 of this Guidance.

- Emissions generated by fossil fuel consumption in transport owned by the

government:
o Own transport fleet, municipal or government vehicle fleet.
o Urban public transport, owned or managed by the government or town
council.
o Intercity public transport, owned or managed by the government or
town council.

51

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

 To estimate these emissions, see section 3 of this Guidance.

- Process emissions, if applicable. For example, emissions from waste

treatment in public authority-owned plants.

2. Scope 2: indirect emissions from electricity and heat generation

This includes emissions from the consumption of electricity, heating and cooling and
steam in government facilities generated by someone else’s facilities.
This scope includes the following categories:
- Emissions caused by electricity consumption in the aforementioned public
authority facilities.
- Emissions caused by electricity consumption for street lighting.
- Emissions caused by electricity consumption for traffic lights.
- Emissions caused by consumption of steam, heating or cooling in public
authority facilities.

To estimate these emissions, see section 2.1 of this Guidance.

3. Scope 3: other indirect emissions

This includes other indirect emissions from sources not government owned or
managed.

They include emissions from:

- Outsourced vehicle fleet. Examples of such vehicles (may vary according to
town council or authority):
o Street cleaning
o Municipal solid waste collection
o Police
o Beach cleaning
o Etc.

52

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

 - Urban and intercity public transport not owned or managed by the public
authority.
- Activities related to employee transport and trips abroad.

To estimate these emissions, see section 3 of this Guidance.

- Treatment of waste generated in municipal or government facilities in

treatment plants not owned by the public authority. 66
- Purchasing of materials and products, such as office material, paper, etc.
- Other indirect emissions.

EXAMPLE: EMISSIONS CALCULATION FOR A TOWN COUNCIL

A town council wants to calculate its own emissions, that is, its Public Authority
Inventory. It has therefore gathered data on energy consumption in its own operations,
as follows:
• Street lighting and traffic lights: 1,961,000 kWh (electricity)
• Facilities:
o Electricity: 1,942,500 kWh
o Natural gas: 137,140 m3
o Diesel: 15,450 l
• Own vehicle fleet:
o Diesel: 15,250 l
o Petrol: 1,786 l
• Outsourced vehicle fleet:
o Diesel: 122,000 l
o Petrol: 3,975 l
• Public transport:
o Urban (diesel): 46,795 l
o Intercity (diesel): 31,370 l

66
If the treatment plant is owned by the public authority, these emissions should be included in Scope 1 as direct process
emissions.
53

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

In accordance with the corresponding section of this Guidance (sections 2.1 - 2.2 on
calculating emissions associated with energy consumption and sections 3.1 - 3.4 on
emissions associated with consumption in transport), the town council's emissions are:

SOURCE EMISSIONS

Street lighting and traffic lights CO2 emissions = (1,961,000 kWh x

0.300 kgCO2/kWh) = 588,300 kg CO2

Facilities
• Electricity CO2 emissions = (1,942,500 kWh x 0.300 kg
CO2/kWh) = 582,750 kg CO2
• Natural gas CO2 emissions = (137,140 m3 x 2.15 kg
CO2/m3) = 294,851 kg CO2
• Diesel CO2 emissions = (15,450 l x 2.79 kg CO2/l) =
43,106 kg CO2
TOTAL CO2 emissions = 582,750 + 294,851 +
43,106 = 920,707 kg CO2

Own vehicle fleet

• Diesel CO2 emissions = (15,250 l x 2.61 kg CO2/l) =
39,803 kg CO2
• Petrol CO2 emissions = (1,786 l x 2.38 kg CO2/l) =
4,251 kg CO2
TOTAL CO2 emissions = 39,803 + 4,251 = 44,054 kg
CO2

Outsourced vehicle fleet

• Diesel CO2 emissions = (122,000 l x 2.61 kg CO2/l) =
318,420 kg CO2
• Petrol CO2 emissions = (3,975 l x 2.38 kg CO2/l) =
9,461 kg CO2
TOTAL CO2 emissions = 318,420 + 9,460 = 327,881
kg CO2

54

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

 SOURCE EMISSIONS

Public transport
• Urban (diesel) CO2 emissions = (46,795 l x 2.61 kg CO2/l) =
122,135 kg CO2
• Intercity (diesel) CO2 emissions = (31,370 l x 2.61 kg CO2/l) =
81,876 kg CO2
TOTAL CO2 emissions = 122,135 + 81,876 =
204,011 kg CO2

Therefore, total emissions for the town council as a public authority are:
588,300 kg CO2 + 920,707 kg CO2 + 44,054 kg CO2 + 327,881 kg CO2 + 204,011 kg
CO2 = 2,084,953 kg CO2 (2,085 t CO2)

55

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

Annex 3

EMISSION FACTORS FOR ENERGY

ENERGY SOURCE EMISSION FACTOR

Electricity (kWh) 300 g CO2/kWh

3
Natural gas (m ) 2.15 kg CO2/Nm3
Butane gas (kg) 2.96 kg CO2/kg butane gas
Butane gas (no. of cylinders) 37.06 kg CO2/cylinder (considering a 12.5-kg cylinder)
Propane gas (kg) 2.94 kg CO2/kg propane gas
Propane gas (no. of cylinders) 102.84 kg CO2/cylinder (considering a 35-kg cylinder)
67
Gas oil (litres) 2.79 kg CO2/l gas oil
Fuel oil (kg) 3.05 kg CO2/kg fuel oil
Generic LPG (kg) 2.96 kg CO2/kg generic LPG
National coal (kg) 2.30 kg CO2/kg national coal
Imported coal (kg) 2.58 kg CO2/kg imported coal
Petroleum coke (kg) 3.20 kg CO2/kg petroleum coke

EMISSION FACTORS FOR TRANSPORT

MODE OF
ACTIVITY DATA EMISSION FACTOR
TRANSPORT
ƒ Petrol 95 or 98: 2.38 kg CO2/litre
ƒ Diesel: 2.61 kg CO2/litre
ƒ Agricultural gas oil: 2.67 kg CO2/litre
ƒ Car
ƒ Bioethanol: 2.38 kg CO2/litre - % bioethanol
ƒ Lorry, pickup and
ƒ Biodiesel: 2.61 kg CO2/litre - % biodiesel
minivan Litres / kg of fuel
Sea transport
ƒ Motorbike consumed
ƒ Diesel / gas oil: 3.206 kg CO2/kg gas oil
ƒ Bus and coach
ƒ Light fuel oil: 3.151 kg CO2/kg light fuel oil
ƒ Sea transport
ƒ Heavy fuel oil: 3.114 kg CO2/kg heavy fuel oil
ƒ Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG): 3.015 kg CO2/kg LPG
ƒ Liquefied natural gas (LNG): 2.750 kg CO2/kg LNG
ƒ Car 2012:
ƒ Lorry, pickup and ƒ Petrol 95: 143.2 euro cents/litre
minivan Euros spent ƒ Petrol 98: 155.2 euro cents/litre
ƒ Motorbike ƒ Diesel: 137.3 euro cents/litre
ƒ Bus and coach ƒ Biodiesel: 136.5 euro cents/litre

67 3
Density of gas oil C at 15ºC: 900 kg/m (Royal Decree 1088/2010).
56

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

 MODE OF
ACTIVITY DATA EMISSION FACTOR
TRANSPORT
ƒ Car: IDAE guide according to make and model of vehicle (g
CO2/km): http://www.idae.es/coches/
ƒ Urban bus: 82.81 g CO2/passenger*km
ƒ Renfe High-Speed (AVE): 28.8 g CO2/passenger*km
ƒ Renfe AVANT: 31.5 g CO2/passenger*km
ƒ Renfe long distance: 30.6 g CO2/passenger*km
ƒ Car
ƒ Renfe middle distance (regional): 30.0 g CO2/passenger*km
ƒ Urban bus km covered
ƒ Renfe local: 42.0 g CO2/passenger*km
ƒ Rail Mode of transport
ƒ Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya: 32.7 g
CO2/passenger*km
ƒ Tram: 73.8 g CO2/passenger*km
ƒ Metro: 49.6 g CO2/passenger*km
ƒ Renfe (diesel freight): 40.85 g CO2/tonne load*km
ƒ FGC (diesel freight): 42.48 g CO2/tonne load*km
ƒ Renfe (electric freight): 21 g CO2/tonne load*km
ƒ Diesel / gas oil: 3.206 kg CO2/kg gas oil
2.725 kg CO2/l gas oil
Litres of fuel ƒ Light fuel oil: 3.151 kg CO2/kg light fuel oil
ƒ Sea transport
consumed ƒ Heavy fuel oil: 3.114 kg CO2/kg heavy fuel oil
ƒ Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG): 3.015 kg CO2/kg LPG
ƒ Liquefied natural gas: 2.750 kg CO2/kg LNG
Origin and
destination ƒ ICAO calculator: http://www.icao.int/environmental-
ƒ Air transport
(including protection/CarbonOffset/Pages/default.aspx
stopovers)

GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIALS OF FLUORINATED GREENHOUSE GASES

COVERED BY THE KYOTO PROTOCOL 68

GLOBAL WARMING
GAS FORMULA
POTENTIAL IPCC 1995
HYDROFLUOROCARBONS
HFC-23 CHF3 11700
HFC-32 CH2F2 650
HFC-41 CH3F 150
HFC-43-10mee C5H2F10 1300

68
Source: IPPC Second Assessment Report, 1995.

57

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

HFC-125 C2HF5 2800
HFC-134 C2H2F4 (CHF2CHF2) 1000
HFC-134a C2H2F4 (CH2FCF3) 1300
HFC-152a C2H4F2 (CH3CHF2) 140
HFC-143 C2H3F3 (CHF2CH2F) 300
HFC-143a C2H3F3 (CF3CH3) 3800
HFC-227ea C3HF7 2900
HFC-236fa C3H2F6 6300
HFC-245ca C3H3F5 560
PERFLUOROCARBONS
Perfluoromethane CF4 6500
Perfluoroethane C2 F 6 9200
Perfluoropropane C3 F 8 7000
Perfluorobutane C4F10 7000
Perfluorocyclobutane c-C4F8 8700
Perfluoropentane C5F12 7500
Perfluorohexane C6F14 7400
SULPHUR HEXAFLUORIDE SF6 23900

58

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

Emission factors by type of vehicle (g CO2/km) 69
A. Separated by driving type
PETROL CARS: Emission factors: g CO2/km depending on speed
HIGH (107 km/h)
AVERAGE (70 km/h)
TECHNOLOGY CUBIC CAPACITY URBAN (21 km/h) Motorways and
Other roads
dual carriageways
<1.4 l 199.91 138.27 160.60
1.4 - 2.01 l 253.20 156.48 175.11
Prior to Euro 1
>2 l 346.71 184.87 232.59
Average conventional 266.61 159.87 189.43
<1.4 l 211.84 133.65 152.40
1.4 - 2.01 l 252.03 158.21 171.55
Euro 1 and later
>2.01 l 341.92 200.89 208.07
Average Euro 1 and later 268.60 164.25 177.34
Average <1.4 l 205.87 135.96 156.50
Any Average 1.4 - 2 l 252.62 157.34 173.33
Average > 2l 344.32 192.88 220.33

DIESEL CARS Emission factors: g CO2/km depending on speed

HIGH (107 km/h)
AVERAGE (70 km/h)
TECHNOLOGY CUBIC CAPACITY URBAN (21 km/h) Motorways and
Other roads
dual carriageways
Prior to Euro 1 All capacities 253.86 129.31 175.06
<2 l 200.45 134.53 160.14
Euro 1
>2 l 269.96 183.06 211.28
<2 l 213.55 138.21 159.60
Euro 2
>2 l 269.96 183.06 211.28
<2 l 195.72 136.10 147.91
Euro 3
>2 l 269.96 183.06 211.28
Average <2 l 215.90 134.54 160.68
Any
Average >2 l 265.94 169.62 202.22

HYBRID CARS (PETROL): Emission factors: g CO2/km depending on speed

HIGH (107 km/h)
AVERAGE (70 km/h)
TECHNOLOGY CUBIC CAPACITY URBAN (21 km/h) Motorways and
Other roads
dual carriageways
Euro 4 All capacities 105.43 101.86 129.44

LPG CARS Emission factors: g CO2/km depending on speed

HIGH (107 km/h)
AVERAGE (70 km/h)
TECHNOLOGY CUBIC CAPACITY URBAN (21 km/h) Motorways and
Other roads
dual carriageways
Any All capacities 175.95 136.10 175.07

69
Source: Own material based on the Corinair Emission Inventory Guidebook 2009 (updated May 2012), chapter 1.A.3.b. Traffic
speeds from SIMCAT 2010 (Information and Modelling System for Territorial Policy Assessment in Catalonia), Ministry of
Territory and Sustainability.
59

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

 OTHER VEHICLES Emission factors: g CO2/km depending on speed
HIGH
AVERAGE (Motorways
TYPE OF VEHICLE SUBCATEGORY URBAN
(Other roads) and dual
carriageways)
Standard <= 18 t 1,873.20 721.12 596.21
Diesel coaches 70
3 axle >18 t 2,211.94 810.13 665.10
Rigid <=7.5 t 500.09 291.53 339.58
Rigid 7.5 - 12 t 874.48 436.20 437.03
Rigid 12 - 14 t 991.02 464.02 454.53
Rigid 14 - 20 t 1,295.62 562.33 518.69
Rigid 20 - 26 t 1,616.33 694.42 610.05
Rigid 26 - 28 t 1,639.17 742.30 641.68
Rigid 28 - 32 t 1,720.54 852.63 744.64
Rigid 32 t 1,877.85 842.61 721.31
Diesel lorries 71 Average rigid 1,314.39 610.75 558.44
Articulated 14 - 20 t 1,254.75 546.14 487.02
Articulated 20 - 28 t 1,566.96 705.97 603.19
Articulated 28 - 34 t 1,632.66 746.30 628.98
Articulated 34 - 40 t 1,916.96 854.09 701.59
Articulated 40 - 50 t 2,081.89 952.15 778.07
Articulated 50 - 60 t 2,442.63 1,138.69 918.81
Average articulated 1,815.97 823.89 686.28
Average total 1,565.18 717.32 622.36
Prior to Euro 1 360.46 193.86 196.35
Petrol light-duty
vehicles 72 Euro 1 and later 421.94 227.82 231.07
Average light petrol 391.20 210.84 213.71
Prior to Euro 1 321.89 206.56 284.53
Diesel light-duty vehicles Euro 1 and later 293.48 182.41 253.04
Average light diesel 307.69 194.48 268.78
Conventional 79.58 - -
Euro 1 47.75 - -
Euro 2 38.45 - -
Mopeds 73
Euro 3 33.42 - -
Average Euro 39.87 - -
Average mopeds 59.72 - -
Motorbikes 74 2 stroke < 250 cc Prior to Euro 1 109.52 90.13 133.61
2 stroke < 250 cc Euro 1 and later 100.92 81.61 119.03
4 stroke < 250 cc Prior to Euro 1 97.04 96.72 131.35
4 stroke < 250 cc Euro 1 79.80 80.11 110.38
4 stroke < 250 cc Euro 2-3 72.25 64.84 83.71
4 stroke 250-750 cc Prior to Euro 1 146.90 112.91 141.16

70
Coach speed: urban 12 km/h, average 54 km/h and top 84 km/h.
71
Heavy vehicle speed: urban 12 km/h, average 54 km/h and top 84 km/h.
72
Light vehicle speed: urban 21 km/h, average 63 km/h and top 97 km/h.
73
Moped speed: urban 25 km/h.
74
Motorbike speed: urban 25 km/h, average 70 km/h and top 107 km/h.

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Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

 4 stroke 250-750 cc Euro 1 135.24 106.50 141.60
4 stroke 250-750 cc Euro 2-3 122.00 97.77 131.24
4 stoke > 750 cc Prior to Euro 1 171.50 130.63 160.71
4 stroke > 750 cc Euro 1 171.70 120.91 140.41
4 stroke > 750 cc Euro 2-3 164.90 119.25 145.93
Average 2 stroke < 250 cc 105.22 85.87 126.32
Average 4 stroke < 250 cc 83.03 80.56 108.48
Average 4 stroke 250-750 cc 134.71 105.73 138.00
Average 4 stroke > 750 cc3 169.37 123.60 149.01

B. Average values by any type of speed 75

EMISSION
TYPE OF VEHICLE CUBIC CAPACITY TECHNOLOGY FACTOR
g CO2 / km
Prior to Euro 1 206.90
<1.4 l
Euro 1 and later 178.25
Prior to Euro 1 245.09
Petrol cars 1.4 - 2.01 l
Euro 1 and later 210.08
Prior to Euro 1 302.39
>2.01 l
Euro 1 and later 273.74
Prior to Euro 1 197.69
<2.0 l
Euro 1 and later 172.59
Diesel cars
Prior to Euro 1 235.35
>2.0 l
Euro 1 and later 229.07
Hybrid cars 1.4 - 2.01 l Euro 1 and later 82.76
Prior to Euro 1 177.83
LPG cars 1.4 - 2.01 l
Euro 1 and later 171.81
Prior to Euro 1 270.56
Petrol light-duty vehicles < 3.5 t
Euro 1 and later 318.30
Prior to Euro 1 279.28
Diesel light-duty vehicles < 3.5 t
Euro 1 and later 251.04
Prior to Euro I 392.25
<= 7.5 t
Euro I and later 316.94
Prior to Euro I 571.12
7.5 - 16 t
Euro I and later 486.39
Diesel lorries
Prior to Euro I 787.64
16 - 32 t
Euro I and later 658.98
Prior to Euro I 931.99
> 32 t
Euro I and later 787.64
Prior to Euro I 825.29
Diesel coaches Standard <= 18 t
Euro I and later 775.09
Prior to Euro 1 79.58
Euro 1 47.75
Mopeds < 50 cc
Euro 2 38.20
Euro 3 35.01

75
These emission factors are average values regardless of type of journey. Using them may give more approximate results than
using emission factors according to journey type (Section A. Annex 3).
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Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

 Prior to Euro 1 105.04
Euro 1 79.58
2 stroke > 50 cc
Euro 2 73.21
Euro 3 54.11
Prior to Euro 1 101.86
Motorbikes 4 stroke < 250 cc
Euro 1 and later 114.59
Prior to Euro 1 117.77
4 stroke 250-750 cc
Euro 1 and later 114.59
Prior to Euro 1 143.24
4 stroke > 750 cc
Euro 1 and later 146.42

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C. Year of entry into force of regulations defining technology for various modes of
transport

Year
TYPE OF VEHICLE SUBCATEGORY TECHNOLOGY technology
was applied

<1.4 l Prior to Euro 1 1985

Petrol cars 1.4 - 2.01 l
>2.01 l Euro 1 1993

Prior to Euro 1 until 1992

Euro 1 1993
<2.0 l
Diesel cars
>2.0 l
Euro 2 1997

Euro 3 2000
Hybrid cars 1.4 - 2.01 l Euro 4 2005
Prior to Euro 1 until 1992
Petrol light-duty vehicles < 3.5 t
Euro 1 and later 1993
Prior to Euro 1 until 1992
Diesel light-duty vehicles < 3.5 t
Euro 1 and later 1993
<= 7.5 t Prior to Euro I until 1991
7.5 - 16 t
Diesel lorries
16 - 32 t
> 32 t Euro I and later 1992

Prior to Euro I until 1991

Standard <= 18 t
Diesel coaches
Articulated > 18 t
Euro I and later 1992

Prior to Euro 1 until 1998

Mopeds < 50 cc Euro 1 1999
Euro 2 2002
Prior to Euro 1 until 1998
2 stroke > 50 cc
4 stroke < 250 cc Euro 1 1999
Motorbikes
4 stroke 250-750 cc Euro 2 2003
4 stroke > 750 cc
Euro 3 2006

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Annex 4 76
List of CO2-neutral biomass
This is a list, by no means exhaustive, of some materials that, in applying these
guidelines, are considered biomass and weighted with an emission factor of 0 [t
CO2/TJ or t or m3]. The peat and fossil fractions of the materials listed below shall not
be considered biomass.

1) Plants and parts of plants, amongst others:

- Straw
- Hay and grass
- Leaves, wood, roots, stumps, bark
- Crops; for example, maize and triticale

2) Biomass wastes, products and by-products, amongst others:

- Industrial waste wood (waste wood from woodworking and wood processing
operations and waste wood from operations in the wood materials industry)
- Used wood (used products made from wood, wood materials) and products and by-
products from wood processing operations
- Wood-based waste from the pulp and paper industries; for example, black liquor
- Forestry residues
- Animal, fish and food meal, fat, oil and tallow
- Primary residues from food and beverage production
- Manure
- Agricultural plant residues
- Sewage sludge
- Biogas produced by digestion, fermentation or gasification of biomass
- Harbour sludge and other waterbody sludge and sediments
- Landfill gas
3) Biomass fractions of mixed materials, amongst others:
- Biomass fraction of flotsam from waterbody management

76
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2007:229:0001:0085:EN:PDF
64

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

- Biomass fraction of mixed residues from food and beverage production
- Biomass fraction of composites containing wood
- Biomass fraction of textile wastes
- Biomass fraction of paper, cardboard, pasteboard
- Biomass fraction of municipal and industrial waste
- Biomass fraction of processed municipal and industrial waste

4) Fuels whose components and intermediate products have all been produced from
biomass, amongst others:
- Bioethanol
- Biodiesel
- Etherised bioethanol
- Biomethanol
- Biodimethylether
- Bio-oil (a pyrolysis oil fuel) and bio-gas

65

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Annex 5
Average motor fuel prices 77

Prices with tax by

Unleaded petrol 95 Motor gas oil
autonomous
community (euro
2012 2012
cents/litre)
Andalusia 143.1 137.4
Aragon 138.3 132.3
Asturias 141.6 135.5
Balearic Islands 143.9 138.1
Cantabria 142.2 136.7
Castile and León 143.5 137.8
Castile-La Mancha 143.3 137.4
Catalonia 143.2 137.3
Community of Valencia 144.2 138.4
Extremadura 143.2 137.3
Galicia 141.7 135.0
La Rioja 138.8 133.3
Madrid 140.8 135.2
Murcia 141.3 134.4
Navarre 139.3 132.6
Basque Country 139.1 133.7
National average 142.5 136.5

77
Own material based on
http://www.mityc.es/energia/petroleo/Precios/Informes/InformesAnuales/Paginas/InformesAnuales.aspx
and http://geoportal.mityc.es/hidrocarburos/eess/
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Annex 6
Rail distances on Renfe high-speed lines:

LAV Barcelona-Madrid (Madrid-Zaragoza-Barcelona-French border)

(north-eastern corridor)
ORIGIN DESTINATION DISTANCE (km)
Madrid - Puerta de Guadalajara - Yebes 64.4
Atocha Las Inviernas 116
Ariza AV 182.7
Calatayud 221.1
Plasencia de Jalón 273.4
Zaragoza Delicias 306.7
Bifurcació Osca 311.7
Bujaraloz 356.5
Lleida Pirineus 442.1
Lleida 452.5
Artesa 448.6
Segrià 452.5
Les Borges 456.6
L'Espluga 488.9
L'Alcover 509.3
LAV Mediterranean corridor 512.8
El Camp de Tarragona 520.9
La Gornal 549.3
L'Arboç 552.7
Vilafranca del Penedès 565.9
Gelida 579.6
Sant Vicenç dels Horts 595.8
El Llobregat 610.4
Estació del Prat 613.1
Barcelona - Sants 620.9

LAV Madrid-Toledo
ORIGIN DESTINATION DISTANCE (km)
Madrid - Puerta de Los Gavilanes 14.3
Atocha Parla 24.4
LAV Madrid-Levante 28
Yeles 35.3
LAV- Mad-Seville/Malaga 53.7
Río Tajo 63.4
Toledo 74.5

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 LAV Madrid-Segovia-Valladolid (northern corridor)
ORIGIN DESTINATION DISTANCE (km)
Madrid - Puerta de Soto del Real 35
Atocha Segovia-Guimar 67.8
Garcillán 85.5
Olmedo 132.5
Valladolid - Campo Grande 179.1

LAV Madrid-Ciudad Real-Cordoba-Seville

(NAFA = new rail access to Andalusia)
ORIGIN DESTINATION DISTANCE (km)
Madrid - Puerta de Los Gavilanes 14.3
Atocha Parla 24.4
LAV Madrid-Levante 28
Yeles 35.3
La Sagra (LAV to Toledo) 53.7
Río Tajo 63.4
Mora 89.5
Urda 119.7
Ciudad Real 170.7
Calatrava 196.56
Puertollano 209.81
Venta la Inés 244.5
Conquista 267.3
Villanueva de Córdoba 285.2
Córdoba Central 345.2
Bifurcació a LAV a Málaga 358
Hornachuelos 387.1
Guadajoz 426.1
Cantillana 442.7
Majarabique 460.5
Sevilla Santa Justa 470.8

LAV Cordoba-Malaga (NAFA = new rail access to Andalusia)

ORIGIN DESTINATION DISTANCE (km)

Fork to LAV in Malaga Río Guadalquivir 5.8

Santaella 34.6
Estac. Puente Genil-Herrera 61.4
Estac. Antaquera-Santa Ana 96.6
Los Prados 149.5
Málaga-María Zambrano 154.5

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RENFE local rail distances:

Barcelona stations
ORIGIN DESTINATION DISTANCE (km)
Bellvitge Sant Andreu Comtal 12.4
Sant Andreu Comtal Montcada Bifurcació 4.7
L’Hospitalet Montcada Bifurcació 17
Passeig de Gràcia Estació de França 4.8
Estació de França La Sagrera 5.6

Sant Vicenç de Calders-Barcelona-Maçanet Massanes line

ORIGIN DESTINATION DISTANCE (km)
Sant Vicenç de Barcelona 52
Calders Arenys de Mar 96

Maçanet Massanes 133

Lleida-La Pobla de Segur line

ORIGIN DESTINATION DISTANCE (km)
Lleida Pirineus Alcoletge 7.031
Vilanova de la Barca 12.759
Térmens 16.657
Vallfogona de Balaguer 25.52
Balaguer 26.101
Gerb 30.494
Sant Llorenç de Montgai 35.848
Vilanova de la Sal 41.77
Santa Linya 44.6
Àger 54.93
Cellers-Llimiana 63.144
Guàrdia de Tremp 68.2
Palau de Noguera 72.375
Tremp 76.2
Salàs de Pallars 84.265
La Pobla de Segur 88.89

Molins de Rei-Barcelona-Mataró-Blanes-Maçanet Massanes line

ORIGIN DESTINATION DISTANCE (km)
Molins de Rei Barcelona-La Sagrera 9
Arenys de Mar 53
Maçanet Massanes 90

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Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat-Vic-Puigcerdà-La Tor de Querol line
ORIGIN DESTINATION DISTANCE (km)
L’Hospitalet Barcelona-Passeig de Gràcia 6.6
Montcada Bifurcació 17
Montcada i Reixac-Sant Joan 18.5
Ripollet 20.2
Santa Perpètua de Mogoda 23.2
Mollet 25.2
Parets del Vallès 28.1
Granollers 36.6
Les Franqueses de Vallès 39.3
Llerona 41.6
La Garriga 45.5
El Figaró 50.2
Sant Martí de Centelles 55.4
Centelles 60.6
Balenyà - Els Hostalets 62.7
Balenyà - Tona-Seva 66.1
Taradell - Mont-rodon 71
Vic 76.9
Manlleu 85.3
Borgonyà 95.6
Torelló 93
Sant Quirze de Besora 101.3
La Farga de Bebiè 104.9
Ripoll 113.5
Campdevànol 117.9
Aigües de Ribes 124.4
Ribes de Freser 127
Planoles 133.7
Toses 142.9
La Molina 148.6
Urtx-Alp 155.1
Puigcerdà 158.2
La Tor de Querol 165.8

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RENFE middle distance rail lines:

Saragossa-Lleida-Manresa-Barcelona
ORIGIN DESTINATION DISTANCE (km)
Saragossa Selgua 122.8
Montsó-Riu Cinca 127.5
Binèfar 138.3
Tamarit-El Torricó 149
Almacelles 159.3
Raimat 165.2
Lleida Pirineus 183.6
Pla de Vilanoveta 185.9
Bell-lloc d'Urgell 196.4
Mollerussa 206.1
Golmés 208.9
Castellnou de Seana 212
Bellpuig 215.8
Anglesola 221.5
Tàrrega 266.8
Cervera 240.1
Sant Guim de Freixenet 254
Sant Martí de Sesgueioles 262.4
Calaf 266.8
Seguers-Sant Pere Sallavinera 276.7
Aguilar de Segarra 282.1
Rajadell 289.2
Manresa 301.6
Montcada Bifurcació 356.7

Valencia-Tarragona line
ORIGIN DESTINATION DISTANCE (km)
Valencia Ulldecona-Alcanar-la Sénia 162.2
L'Aldea-Amposta-Tortosa 185.2
Camarles-Deltebre 190.7
L'Ampolla-el Perelló-Deltebre 195.9
L'Ametlla de Mar 207.3
Vandellòs 236.3
L'Hospitalet de l'Infant 243
Mont-roig del Camp 251.1
Cambrils 257.1
Salou 263.5
Port Aventura 265.6
Tarragona 275.6

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 Tarragona-Barcelona-Granollers-Girona-Figueres-Portbou line
ORIGIN DESTINATION DISTANCE (km)
Tarragona Altafulla-Tamarit 10.8
Torredembarra 13.6
Sant Vicenç de Calders 59.1
Martorell 73.2
L’Hospitalet de Llobregat 95.2
Barcelona-Passeig de Gràcia 101.8
Barcelona-Sant Andreu Comtal 113.2
Granollers centre 134.6
Sant Celoni 157.1
Maçanet Massanes 175.6
Sils 183.4
Caldes de Malavella 189.4
Riudellots de la Selva 195.7
Fornells de laSelva 200.4
Girona 205.6
Celrà 214.7
Bordils-Juià 218.2
Flaçà 221.9
Sant Jordi Desvalls 224.4
Camallera 230.6
Sant Miquel de Fluvià 236.6
Tonyà 238.5
Vilamalla 241.6
Figueres 247
Peralada 253.2
Vilajuïga 258.9
Llançà 266.2
Platja de Garbet 269.1
Colera 270.8
Portbou 273.1

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 Madrid-Saragossa-Riba-roja-Móra-Reus-Picamoixons-Valls-Roda de Barà-
Vilanova-Barcelona line
Via Roda de Barà
ORIGIN DESTINATION DISTANCE (km)
Madrid Saragossa 326
Caspe 453
Favara de Matarranya 470.6
Nonasp 479.9
Faió-la Pobla de Massaluca 490.2
Riba-roja d'Ebre 504.2
Flix 511.6
Ascó 518.5
Móra la Nova 531.3
Els Guiamets 540.6
Capçanes 544
Marçà Falset 551.3
Pradell 556.1
Duesaigües l'Argentera 561.6
Riudecanyes Botarell 566.8
Les Borges del Camp 571.9
Reus 579.5
La Plana Picamoixons 596.3
Valls 602.4
Roda de Barà 625
Vilanova i la Geltrú 636
Bellvitge 688.1

Tarragona-Lleida line
ORIGIN DESTINATION DISTANCE / km
Lleida Pirineus Puigverd de Lleida 11.6
Juneda 19.5
Les Borges 24.5
La Floresta 29.1
PAET canal d'Urgell 32.9
Vinaixa 40.4
PAET riu Milans 47.1
Vimbodí 48.2
L'Espluga de Francolí 53
Montblanc 59.5
Vilaverd 64.1
La Riba 66.5
La Plana de Picamoixons 68.6
Alcover 74
La Selva del Camp 80.3
Reus 85.4
Vila-seca 94.3
Tarragona 103.5
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 ORIGIN DESTINATION DISTANCE (km)

Barcelona A Coruña 1,891

Ávila 1,165
Badajoz (via Cáceres) 1,172
Badajoz (via Ciudad Real) 868
Bilbao 688
Burgos 605
Cáceres 1,053
Cadiz (via Cáceres) 1,522
El Ferrol 1,908
Gijón 1,635
Huelva Cargas 1,418
Huelva Término 1,422
Huesca 336
Irún 692
Jerez de los Caballeros 1,237
Jerez de la Frontera (via Cáceres) 1,469
León 1,464
Lleida Pirineus 183
Logroño 516
Lugo 1,773
Madrid 697
Mérida (via Cáceres) 1,125
Ourense 1,748
Oviedo 1,603
Palencia 771
Pamplona 536
Plasencia 972
Pontevedra 1,946
Salamanca 1,276
San Sebastián 675
Santander 842
Santander 1,559
Santiago (via A Coruña) 1,959
Santiago (via Ourense) 1,878
Segovia 798
Seville (via Cáceres) 1,364
Valladolid 727
Valladolid 1,293
Vigo (via A Coruña) 2,044
Vigo (via Ourense) 1,854
Vitoria 631
Zafra 1,190
Zamora 859
Zamora 1,341
Zaragoza 371

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 Madrid stations
ORIGIN DESTINATION DISTANCE (km)

Chamartín Puerta de Atocha 8

North-western area
ORIGIN DESTINATION DISTANCE (km)

Madrid Ávila 121

Segovia 101
Salamanca 232
Zamora 297
Valladolid 249
Palencia 298
León 420
Santander 515
Oviedo 559
Gijón 591
Lugo 729
A Coruña 847
El Ferrol 864
Ourense 704
Santiago (via A Coruña) 915
Santiago (via Ourense) 834
Pontevedra 983
Vigo (via A Coruña) 1,000
Vigo (via Ourense) 816

Eastern area
ORIGIN DESTINATION DISTANCE (km)

Madrid Castellón 554

Castellón (via Saragossa) 692
Cartagena 531
Cuenca 209
Huesca 405
Gandia 553
Lleida Pirineus 514
Manresa 632
Móra 508
Reus 556
Tarragona (via Saragossa) 575
Teruel 514
Valencia (Euromed) 491
Valancia (via Cuenca) 408
Valancia (via Saragossa) 685
Xàtiva 435
Saragossa (via Guadalajara) 326

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 Northern area
ORIGIN DESTINATION DISTANCE (km)

Madrid Burgos (direct to Madrid) 281

Burgos (via Valladolid) 371
Bilbao 473
Bilbao (via Valladolid) 563
Guadalajara 57
Irún 550
Irún (via Valladolid) 640
Logroño 350
Logroño (via Valladolid) 440
Pamplona 498
Pamplona (via Valladolid -Vitoria) 588
Pamplona (via Valladolid-Logroño) 594
San Sebastián 533
San Sebastián (via Valladolid) 623
Soria 250
Vitoria 403
Vitoria (via Valladolid) 493
Zaragoza 495
Zaragoza (via Valladolid-Logroño) 585

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Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

 Eastern and southern area
ORIGIN DESTINATION DISTANCE (km)

Madrid Alicante 464

Albacete 288
Algeciras (via Granada) 804
Almería 564
Aranjuez 57
Badajoz (via Cáceres) 458
Badajoz (via Ciudad Real) 497
Cáceres 339
Cáceres (via Ciudad Real) 510
Cadiz (via Badajoz) 855
Cadiz (via Cordoba-Seville) 737
Cadiz (via Granada-Seville) 882
Ciudad Real 269
Cordoba 450
Fuengirola (via Cordoba) 654
Fuengirola (via Granada) 727
Granada 497
Huelva Cargas 704
Huelva Término 708
Jaén 382
Jerez de la Frontera (via
Cordoba) 684
Jerez de la Frontera (via
Granada) 829
Jerez de los Caballeros 570
Jerez de la Frontera (via
Badajoz) 802
Malaga (via Cordoba) 624
Malaga (via Granada) 697
Manzanares 205
Mérida (via Ciudad Real) 438
Mérida (via Cáceres) 411
Murcia 466
Plasencia 275
Seville (via Cordoba) 579
Seville (via Granada) 724
Seville (via Badajoz) 697
Valencia Alcàntara 426
Zafra 523

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Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.

Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat rail distances:

Barcelona - Manresa line

ORIGIN DESTINATION DISTANCE (km)
Barcelona – Plaça Magòria - La Campana 1.52
d’Espanya Ildefons Cerdà 2.09
Europa/Fira 2.8
La Gornal 3.46
Sant Josep 4.54
L’Hospitalet - Av. del Carrilet 5.22
Almeda 6.79
Cornellà de Llobregat – La
Riera 7.98
Sant Boi de Llobregat 10.39
Molí Nou - Ciutat Cooperativa 11.79
Colònia Güell 12.58
Santa Coloma de Cervelló 13.53
Sant Vicenç dels Horts 15.67
Can Ros 17.05
Quatre Camins 17.94
Pallejà 19.61
Sant Andreu de la Barca 23.37
El Palau 24.76
Martorell - Vila 27.86
Martorell - Central 29.57
Martorell - Enllaç 30.17
Abrera 34.68
Olesa de Montserrat 37.46
Montserrat - Aeri 44.61
Monistrol de Montserrat 46.55
Castellbell i el Vilar 50.76
Sant Vicenç - Castellgalí 54.03
Manresa - Viladordis 61.18
Manresa - Alta 62.67
Manresa baixador 62.92

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 Barcelona - Igualada line
ORIGIN DESTINATION DISTANCE (km)
Barcelona – Plaça Magòria - La Campana 1.52
d’Espanya Ildefons Cerdà 2.09
Europa/Fira 2.8
La Gornal 3.46
Sant Josep 4.54
L’Hospitalet - Av. del Carrilet 5.22
Almeda 6.79
Cornellà de Llobregat – La
Riera 7.98
Sant Boi de Llobregat 10.39
Molí Nou - Ciutat Cooperativa 11.79
Colònia Güell 12.58
Santa Coloma de Cervelló 13.53
Sant Vicenç dels Horts 15.67
Can Ros 17.05
Quatre Camins 17.94
Pallejà 19.61
Sant Andreu de la Barca 23.37
El Palau 24.76
Martorell - Vila 27.86
Martorell - Central 29.57
Martorell - Enllaç 30.17
Sant Esteve Sesrovires 33.13
La Beguda 37.75
Can Parellada 38.25
Masquefa 40.18
Piera 46.42
Vallbona d'Anoia 51.57
Capellades 53.65
La Pobla de Claramunt 58.26
Vilanova del Camí 62.66
Igualada 63.71

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Annex 7
Electricity mix calculation method

To calculate the mix that reflects the emissions from the Spanish electricity grid
associated with gross electricity production, the OCCC has used the latest
available data from official sources on the date of publication of the Guidance in
March 2013.

The method used consists of applying the emission factors by technology to the
energy sources in the electricity balance. Specifically, to calculate the electricity mix
for 2012, the following sources were used:

- REE data on the Spanish electricity balance for 2012 dated 5 February 2013
(report downloaded on 18 February 2013). Gross electricity generation data are
used 78 .

- IDAE emission factors for electricity by technology 2011 79 . Emission factor data
for electricity at generator terminals is used. In regard to emission factors by
technology, some hypotheses posed are:

o Emission factor for non-renewable thermal energy: assuming it is equivalent

to the 2011 emission factor for cogeneration 80 . The emission factor for
cogeneration, obtained from the Energy Situation and Energy Balance
Reports 81 , is the average emission factor by technology (combined cycle,
internal combustion engine, heat-recovery gas turbine, counter pressure
steam turbine and condensing steam turbine), weighted with data from 2011
on total electricity production from cogeneration.

o Emission factor for coal: assuming the same emission factor regardless of
the type of coal.

78
Spanish electricity balance 2012
79
IDAE Emission Factors of Electricity by Technology 2008-2011
80
IDAE Bulletin of Cogeneration Energy Statistics 2011
81
Bulletin on the Energy Situation and Energy Balances
80

Guidance on Calculating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 2013.