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ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
Concrete Design
As Per
Indian Codes
0 Nov-07 Issued for Review Yogendra TI DD SCD
DAT Written Approved
REV STATUS Checked by HOD
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Civil, Structural &
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CONTENTS
Sl. No. Description of Item Page No.
4.0 Design of Isolated Footing
4.1 Symbols
4.2 Assumptions
4.3 Design Procedure
4.3.1 Data Given
4.3.2 Stability Check for footing
4.3.3 Check for bearing pressure
4.3.4 Design for Flexure
4.3.5 Check for One-way and Two-way Shear
4.3.6 Check for Development Length
4.3.7 Check for dowel bar requirement
4.4 References.
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4.0 DESIGN OF ISOLATED FOOTINGS -
4.1 Assumptions – Refer Cl. 37.1 IS 456
i) The analysis & design has been done as per IS 456-2000, IS 875 , IS 1893 & SP-16-1984.
ii) Allowable soil Bearing pressure has been increased by 25% in case of wind & seismic cases.
iii) Soil tension has not been considered under gross pressure.
iv) Design moment has been calculated at face of pedestal. Design shear has been calculated at a
distance of effective depth.
v) The density of steel has been considered as 7850 Kg/m3; Density of soil has been taken as 18
KN/m3
vi) The percentage of steel from bending moment consideration has been calculated from cl.
2.3.1 of SP-16-1984.
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4.2 Symbol:
fck Characteristic strength of Concrete
fy Yield strength of Steel
D Depth of footing
d effective depth footing
cc Clear cover to tension reinforcement
Ast Area of tension reinforcement
Pt Percentage of tension reinforcement
Mu Ultimate moment of resistance
Vu Shear force
τv actual Shear stress
τc Shear strength of concrete
Es Modulus of elasticity of steel
Ld Development length of steel bar
db Diameter of steel bar
τbd Bond strength between steel and concrete
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4.3 Design Procedure:
4.3.1
Step-1 Data given
Vertical load (Unfactored Load) = Py
Horizontal load in x-direction = Hx
Horizontal load in z-direction = Hz
Moment about x-x direction = Mx
Moment about z-z direction = Mz
Safe bearing capacity of soil = qsafe (minimum of shear or settlement criteria)
Depth of foundation = D
Depth of water table = Dw
Width of pedestal = dx
Grade of concrete = fck
Grade of steel = fy
Depth of pedestal = dz
Factor of safety against sliding = Fsd
Factor of safety against overturning = Fot
Unit weight of soil = γsoil
Unit weight of concrete = γconc
Coefficient of friction = μ
Submerge density of soil = γsub_soil
Step-2 Calculate the size of footing based on the vertiacal load and safe bearing capacity of soil
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Area of footing required = Py / qsafe
Form area propionate the size of footing as Lx , Lz and depth of footing do
Calculate the effective depth of footing d = do – (clear cover + bar dia/2)
And also calculate the projection lx and lz corresponding to size of pedestal
Step-3 Calculate the section properties of footing section and gross bearing capacity of soil
Area of footing provided A = Lx x Lz
Section modulus @ X-direction Zxx = Lx x Lz2 / 6
Section modulus @ Z-direction Zzz = Lz x Lx2 / 6
Gross bearing capacity of soil
qgross = qsafe + (D-Dw*γsoil) +(Dw *γsub_soil)
Step-4 Calculate the moment at footing bottom level
Total Vertical load at base P = Py + (self wt. of footing)
Total moment @ x-direction Mxx = Mx + Hz x (h+d)
Total moment @ z-direction Mzz = Mz + Hx x (h+d)
Step-5 Calculate the effective eccentricity due to moments M xx and Mzz at footing base level by
taking the moment about edge.
Eccentricity form z-axis ex = Lx/2 – ((P*Lx/2 + Mzz) / P)
Eccentricity from x-axis ez = Lz/2 – ((P*Lz/2 + Mxx) / P)
4.3.2 Stability Check for footing
Step-6 Check for sliding- in x-direction μ x P / Hx = > Fsd (factor of safety in sliding)
in z-direction μ x P / Hz = > Fsd (factor of safety in sliding)
if above checks are not satisfied then revise the size of footing otherwise follow next step
Step-7 Check for Overturning –
in x-direction P*(Lx/2-ex) / Mzz = > Fot (Factor of safety against Overturning)
in z-direction P*(Lz/2-ez) / Mxx = > Fot (Factor of safety against Overturning)
if above checks are not satisfied then revise the size of footing otherwise follow next step
4.3.3 Check for Bearing Pressure
Step-8
(a) Footing subjected to Uniaxial moment only (i.e Hz = 0 and Mx = 0 )
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i) compare with eccentricity
if ex < = Lx / 6 then smax = P / A + P*ex / Zzz
and smin = P / A - P*ex / Zzz
ii) (when footing loose it’s contact with soil)
And if ex > Lx/6 then smax = P / A (4*Lx / (3*Lx – 6*ex))
and smin = 0 at distance 3*(Lx/2 – ex)
Check above values with gross bearing capacity smax < qgross
and smin > 0
Contact area with soil A*((3.Lx – 6.ex) / 2.Lx) > 50% of actual area A
if above check is not satisfy then increase the footing size otherwise follow next step.
(b) Footing subjected to biaxial moment
i) compare with eccentricity
if ex < = Lx / 6 and ez < = Lz/6 then smax = P / A + P*ex / Zzz + P*ez / Zxx
and smin = P / A - P*ex / Zzz - P*ez / Zxx
ii) (when footing loose it’s contact with soil)
if ex < = Lx / 6 and ez < = Lz/6 then calculate the values of ex/Lx and ez/Lz
iii) By using the Teng’s Chart find the values of K, X and Z corresponding to the values of
ex/Lx and ez/Lz. And also the case type from chart.
For Case-I
The base pressure can be calculated from smax = P / A + P*ex / Zzz + P*ez / Zxx
and smin = P / A - P*ex / Zzz - P*ez / Zxx
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Percentage contact area = 100 %
For Case-II
The base pressure smax = K x (P / A )
and smin = 0
Percentage contact area = (1 – 0.5 * X * Z) %
For Case-III
The base pressure smax = K x (P / A )
and smin = 0
Percentage contact area = 0.5 * X * Z %
iv) Check above values with gross bearing capacity smax < qgross
and smin > 0
Percentage Contact area with soil > 50%
if above check is not satisfy then increase the footing size otherwise follow next step.
Step-9 Draw base pressure diagram as per values of Maximum and Minimum base pressure in x and
z directions
4.3.4 Design for Flexure:
Step-10 Calculate maximum Top and Bottom bending moment in X and Z directions
Mux-bot = Maximum bending moment at bottom in X-direction
Mux-top = Maximum bending moment at top in X-direction
Muz-bot = Maximum bending moment at bottom in Z-direction
Muz-top = Maximum bending moment at top in Z-direction
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Step-11 For above values of maximum bending moment calculate Mu/bd2 for unit width of footing
Step-12 Find the value of pt (Percentage of tension reinforcement) form Table1 to Table 4 of SP:16
corresponding to grade of steel and concrete.
Step-13 Find area of steel according to value of pt, Ast = pt.b.d / 100
And provide the reinforcement bars and spacing as per A st. And check minimum
reinforcement requirement as per Cl.26.5.2.1 of IS:456.
4.3.5 Check for One-way shear:
Step-14 Calculate maximum one-way shear Vu from base pressure diagram at section at d distance
from the face of pedestal. And calculate nominal shear stress
tv = Vu / b.d
Step15 Find the value of design shear strength τc from Table- 16 of SP:16 And as per percentage of
area of steel provided ptprovided., and compare the tv and τc
If τc < tv Revise the depth of footing
And τc > tv O.K. and follow next step.
Check for Two-way shear: (as per Cl.31.6.3.1 of IS:456)
Step-16 Calculate the punching perimeter b0 = 2 x (dx + dz + 2x effective depth ‘d’ )
Calculate value of Kc = 0.5 + (short side of ped. / long side of ped.)
If Kc > 1.0 then consider Kc = 1.0
Calculate Area of punching shear A0 = b0 x d
Calculate actual punching shear stress
tv = P / A0
Calculate allowable shear stress
τc = Kc x 0.25 x √fck
Compare the tv and τc
If τc < tv Revise the depth of footing
And τc > tv O.K., and follow next step.
4.3.6 Check for Development Length:
Step-17 Calculate the anchorage length Lb of reinforcement bar from face of pedestal up to edge of
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footing
Calculate the development length of reinforcement bar Ld = db.fs/4.tbd
Here tbd = bond strength between bar and concrete
Check for anchorage length if Lb > Ld O.K.
Otherwise increase the length of reinforcement bar.
4.3.7 Check for Dowel bar requirement:
Step-18 Calculate the actual bearing stress τbact = Pu / (dx x dz) (here Pu=1.5.Py)
Calculate the Area of footing A1 = Lx x Lz
Calculate the area of pedestal A2 = dx x dz
Calculate the ratio √(A1 / A2)
Calculate the design bearing stress at the base of pedestal
τb = √(A1 / A2) x 0.45.fck
If τb >= τbact O.K.
Provide minimum dowel bars as per Cl.34.4.3 of IS:456
And τb < τbact dowel bars required
Calculate extra force to be resisted by dowel bars
F = (τbact - τb) x A2
Area of dowel bars are required Asd = F / (0.75.fy)
As per Asd, provide at least 4 nos. of dowel bar
4.4 References:
1. IS:456-2000 Code of practice for reinforced concrete
2. SP:16 Design Aid to IS:456 for reinforced concrete
3. Design of reinforced concrete by S.K.Sinha
