ANALYSIS OF PERFECT FRAMES 507

506 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Joint F FFE = 20 kN (Comp.)
4. A truss is shown in Fig. 11.43. Find the forces in 10 kN 15kN 20 kN 20

-1
FFC =0
all the members of the truss and indicate it is in
tension or compression. B~------~C~---------iF C F
(U.P. Tech. University 2000·2001)
20

C
Joint E I:V"" 0, 32.5 - 20 - FCE sin 60"::: 0
60° 60°
AA-~-----4~-----L-A 20 kN
12.5
o 60' sin 60° = FCE = 14.43 kN
t 10kN
o-----L.I-'j E "iR= 0, = FCE
RA I+-- 3 m ----.,.>11...- - 3 m FED COS 60° = 7.215 kNJ

RE = 32.5
Fig. 11.43
[Hint. In the problem, length of members are not given. Assume AD == DE = 3 m and LDAC =
mEC = 60 as from figure it appears that AD = DE and LDAC = LDE<; 5. Determine the forces in the various members of the truss shown in Fig. 11.44.
MA = 0, 10 x 3 + 15 x 3 + 20 x 6 - 6 x RE = 0, [Ans. AB = 1200 N (Comp.)
400N
BC = 800 N (Comp.)
30+45+120 '.
or RE = 6 = 32.5kN 400N 400 N CD = 800 N (Comp.)
DE = 1200 N (Comp.)
and RA = 10 + 15 + 20 + 10 - RE = 55 - 32.5 = 22.5 200N 200N EF = 600 N (Tens.)
Start from joint B where forces in two members are unknown o
AF = 600 N (Tens.)
Joint B ~o
kN F BA = 10 kN (Comp.)
F Be =0
AJf~3~0~'______~c-____~~~
F
BF = DF = 400 N (Comp.)
Fe = 400 N (Tens.)]
1<1.-------- 10 m - - -__--->I
B C
Fig. 11.44
6. A plane truss is loaded and supported as shown in Fig. 11.45. Determine the nature and magni~
A tude of forces in the members 1, 2 and 3.
[Ans. Fl = 833.34 N (Comp.)
Joint A C LV = 0
c
F 2 = 1000 N (Tens.)
B 22.5 - 10 - FAC sin 60° = 0 F3 = 666.66 (Tens.)]
12.5 G
10 60'
F AC = sin 600 = 14.43 kN 2000 N CD
A f--..-J'----- 0
o

e e
Joint D m = 0, FAD = FACcos 60° = 7.215 E
2m --+I+- 2 m --+I+- 2 m --+I+- 2 m
10 B m -------->1
A _-,7-,.2"1,,,5_+':+-0=:;0-_ E
D 7.?15
Fig. 11.45

10kN
,508 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS ANALYSIS OF PERFECT FRAMES 509

7. Determine the forces in all the members of a cantilever truss shown in Fig. 11.46. Joint C A r.F'x = 0, F Be cos 8 = FeD cos e
[Ans. AC:= 1154.7 N (Comp.) FCD= F BC = 17891 N (Comp.)
B1----o10
CD = 2309.4 N (Tens.) Wy = 0, FCA - F Be sin e + FCD sin 8 = 0
AD = 2309.4 N (Comp.) :. FCA :::{) (.: F BC = F CD )
ED = 2309.4 N (Tens.)]
o
Joint A Wy = 0, FAD cos (.( = 12000

12000 N
12000
FAD = sin 450 = 16970
:;J+---5m--->J E B W;c =: 0, FAD= cos (.(- FAE +FBA = 0
2000N
a or _ FAD cos 45° - FAE + 16002 = 0
Fig. 11.46 16970 cos 45? - F AE + 16002 =: 0
8. A cantilever truss is loaded as shown in Fig. 11.47. Find the force in member AB. o F AE = 16002 + 16970 cos 45°
:=: 16002 + 11999 = 28001 N (Tens.)]
[Ans. AB '" 15 kN (Tens;-)]
10. Determine the forces in the truss shown in Fig. 11.49 which carries a horizontal load of 16- kN
5kN and a vertical load of 24 kN. "[Ans. AC::: 24 kN (Tens.)
o AD = 10 kN (Comp.)
6m --+I+c- 16kN

r CD = 24 kN (Tens.)
CB = 24 kN (Tens.)

L1--~-----'{1
BD ::: 30 kN (Comp.)]

A e
C
24 kN
2m .1. 2m

Fig. 11.47 Fig. 11.49

9. Find the axial forces in all the members of the truss shown 12000 N 8000N 11. Find the forces in the member AB and AC of the truss shown in Fig. 11.40 of question 1, using
in Fig. 11.48. method of sections. '- rAns. AB ,= 4.33 kN (Comp.)
[Hint. Start from joint B AC ='"2.5 kN (Comp.)]
First find angles e and a 12. Find the forces in the members marked 1, 3, 5 of truss shown in Fig. 11.41 of question 2, using
method of sections. [Ans. FI :;; 333 N (Comp.)
tanS= ED =~=l e= tan- 1 0.5 = 26.56°
EE 6 2 F3 = 577.5 N (Tens.)
EA 3 F5 = 577.5 N (Tens.)]
tana=-=~ =1 a = tan- 1 1.0 = 45 0
ED 3 13. Find the forces in the members DE, CE and CB of the truss, shown in Fig. 11.42 of question 3,
using method of sections. [Ans. DE ;;: 3.5 kN (Comp.)
Fig. 11.48 CE = 2.598 kN (Comp.)
Joint B 8000 BC = 4.33 kN (Tens.)]
'£Fy = 0, F Be sin 9 = 8000

A-YB 8000 8000

F Be = sin e '" sin 26.560 = 17891 N (Comp.)
14. Using method of section, determine the forces in the members CD, FD and FE of the truss shown
in Fig. 11.43 of question 5. [Am{ CD;;: 800 N (Comp.)

-~
FD = 400 N (Comp.)
2.F.~ = 0 = FBG cos e
FE = 600 N (Tens.)]
::: 17891 x cos 26.56" = 16002 N (Tensile)
C
510 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

15. Using method of section, determine the forces in the members CD, ED and EF of the truss shown
in Fig. 11.50. [Ans. CD '" 4.216 kN (Comp.)
12
1 kN ED"" 3.155 kN (Tens.)
EF "" 2.58 k.N (Tens.)] Deflection of Beams
12.1. INTRODUCTION
If a beam carries uniformly distributed load or a point load, the beam is deflected from
its original position. In this chapter, we shall study the amount by which a beam is deflected
from its position. Due to the loads acting on the beam, it will A B
be subjected to bending moment. The radius of curvature of
c
Fig. 11.50
16. Find the forces in the members AB, AC and BC of the truss shown in Fig. 11.40 of question 1,
the deflected beam is given by the equation M =!!... The ra-

IxE
I R f (a) Beam position before loading
r
using graphical methocl. dius of curvature will be constant if R = ----y;;[" = constant.
A
w B
17. Using graphical method, determine the magnitude and nature of the forces in the members of
the truss shown in Fig. 11.41 of question 2. The term (l x E)IM will be constant, if the beam is subjected
lB. Determine the forces in all the members of a cantilever truss shown in Fig. 11.46 of question 7, to a constant bending momentM. This means that a beam for
using graphical method. Also determine the sections of the cantilever. which, when loaded, the value of (E x J)/M is constant, will c'
19. Acantilever-truss is loaded and supported as shown in Fig. 11.51. Find the value of load P which bend in a circular arc.
(b) Beam position after loading
would produce an axial force of magnitude 3 kN in the member AC using method of section. Fig. 12.1 (a) shows the beam position before any load
(U.P. Tech. University, 2002-2003) is applied on the beam whereas Fig. 12.1 (b) shows the beam Fig. 12.1
position after loading.

12.2. DEFLECTION AND SLOPE OF A BEAM SUBJECTED TO UNIFORM BENDING

MOMENT
A beam AB oflength L is subjected to a uniform bend-
ing moment M as shown in Fig. 12.1 (c). As the beam is sub-
r+-1.5 m-+I_!...- - 3 m---+l jected to a constant bending moment, hence it will bend into
a circular arc. The initial position of the beam is shown by
Fig. 11.51 ACE, whereas the deflected position is shown by AC'B.
[Hint. Force in member AC, F AC "" 3 kN Let R = Radius of curvature of the deflected beam,
Now pass a section cD-cD as shown in Fig. 11.51 (a). y = Deflection of the beam at the centre (i.e., dis-

. n\<:><\7'
tance CC'),
CD ( I = Moment of inertia of the beam section,
E = Young's modulus for the beam material, and
8 = Slope of the beam at the endA (i.e., the angle
made by the tangent atA with the beamAB).

D'--~~:S-F
\CD
For a practical beam the deflection y is a
small quantity.
Fig. 12.1 (c)
1+---3m---+l
Fig. 11.51 (a)
511
Take moments about point D.
'£.MD =0 ;FACx 2-P x 1.5 =0 But
3x2:-Px1.5=0
or 6 = 1.5P or P = 4 kN. Ans.]
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS DEFLECTION OF BEAMS 513

Hence tan a = a where e is in radians. Hence a becomes the slope as slope is 12.3. RELATION BETWEEN SLOPE. DEFLECTION AND RADIUS OF CURVATURE
dy Let the curveAB represents the deflection of a beam as shown in Fig. 12.2 (a). Consider
-~tan8 ~e.
dx a small portion PQ of this beam. Let the tangents at P and Q make angle 'If! and tjJ + d'4' with
L x·axis. Normal at P and Q will meet at C such that
Now AC=BC= -
2 PC=QC=R
Also from the geometry of a circle, we know that
y c y
AC x CB = DC x CC'
L L (.,' DC = DC' - CC' = 2R - y)
- x - = (2R-y) xy
2 2
L2
or ~ = 2Ry_y2
4
,.. For a practical beam, the deflection y is a small quantity. Hence the square of a small
_ quantity will be negligible. Hence neglecting y2 in the above equation, we get A
L2
-=2Ry
4
L2 ... (i) o,L--~~-~~~~------·
y~ 8R o x X
But from bending equation, we have (a) (b)

M E
Fig. 12.2
I R
Exl The point C is known as centre of curvature of the curve PQ.
or R=/Ii- Let the length of PQ is equal to ds.
Substituting the value of R in equation (i), we get From Fig. 12_2 (b), we see that
L2 Angle PCQ = d,/,
Y=---m PQ = ds = R.d,/,
8x-
M ds
or R=-
ML' d,/,
or Y~ 8El But if x andy be the co-ordinates of P, then
The equation (12.1) gives the central deflection of a beam which bends in a circular arc. dy
tan ljl = dx ... W)
Value of Slope (8)
From triangle AOB, we know that . dy

m
SlUlj) = ds
dx
. AC L and cosljJ = ds
sm e = AO = R ~ 2R
Now equation (i) can be written as
Since the angle e is very small, hence sin a = e (in radians)
L
8=-
2R
L .: R == El . (n..))
M from equatIOn
=---m
2x-
(
M
MxL or ... (iii)
= 2El
Equation (12.2) gives the slope of the deflected beam at A or at B.
514 STRENGTH OF' MATERIALS
DEFLECTION OF BEAMS 515
Differentiating equation (ii) w.r.t. x, we get Differentiating equation (12.4) w.r.t. x, we get
2 d'i' d 2 y
sec 1P.-~-- 2 dF ~Eld'y
dr dr d,.", dx 4

or d'i'
dx =
(~n
sec 2 tp
But
dF .
dx = w the rate of loadmg
d'y
Substituting this value Of: in equation (iii), we get
w = EI--
dx'
... (12.5)

Hence, the relation between curvature, slope, deflection etc. at a section is given by :
2 Deflection :::: y
sec lP sec'tj> .sec 1.j.l
d 2y
_ dy
2 Slope -de.;
R=[ d y : dr 2
S~21J)
2
Bending moment = EI d y
dr 2
Taking the reciprocal to both sides, we get Shearing force = EI d':;
dr
d 2y d 2y
1 dx 2 d;2 The rate ofloading = EI d'y
Ii = see 3 tV = (sec 2 1.jJ)3/2
dr' .
2
Units. In the above equations, E is taken in N/mm 2
d y
I is taken in mm4, y is taken in mm,
dr 2
= (1+tan 2 ",)3/2
M is taken in Nm and x is taken in m.

For a practical beam, the slope tan '" at any point is a small quantity. Hence tan 2 liJ can 12.3.1. Methods of Determining Slope and Deflection at a Section in a Loaded
be neglected. Beam. The followings are the important methods for finding the slope and deflection at a
section in a loaded beam:
1 d 2y
... (iu) (i) Double integration method
Ii ~ dr 2
(ii) Moment area method, and
From the bending equation, we have
(iii) Macaulay's method
M E
Incase of double integration method, the equation used is
I R
~ M
2 2
1 M
or ... (v) M = EI d y
dx2 or
d y
dx2 EI
R EI
Equating equations (iu) and Cv), we get
First integration of the above equation gives the value of : or slope. The second inte-
M d 2y
EI ~ dr 2 gration gives the value of y or deflection.
2 The first two methods are used for a single load whereas the third method is sued for
M=EI d y ... (12.3) several loads.
dr 2
Differentiating the above equation w.r.t. x, we get
12.4. DEFLECTION OF A SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM CARRYING A POINT LOAD
dM ~Eld'y AT THE CENTRE
dr dr' A simply supported beam AB of length L and carrying a point load W at the centre is
dM shown in Fig. 12.3.
But d; = F shear force (See page 288)
As the load is symmetrically applied the reactions RA and RB will be equaL Also the
d'y maximum deflection will be at the centre.
F=EI-, ... (12.4)
dr